Zabi Harshe:
A ST Boats & Technology LLC (STET) tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR yana da kyau don amfana sosai (<1μm) to moderately m (500μm) ma'adinan ma'adinai, tare da kayan aiki mai yawa. Gwaje -gwajen binciken sun nuna iyawar mai rarrabewar STET don cin gajiyar samfuran bauxite ta hanyar haɓaka samfuran alumina yayin da a lokaci guda rage mai aiki da jimlar silica.. STET fasahar da aka gabatar a matsayin hanyar ha upgradeaka da pre-tattara bauxite adibas don amfani a alumina samar. Bushe aiki tare da STET SEPARATOR zai haifar da a rage a cikin aiki halin kaka na matatar saboda ƙananan amfani da caustic soda, tanadin kuzari saboda ƙarancin ƙaramin iskar oxide da raguwar adadin ragowar matatun mai na alumina (ARR ko ja laka). Bugu da kari, fasahar STET na iya ba alumina masu tacewa alumina wasu fa'idodi da suka haɗa da haɓakar ma'adinai, tsawo na jan laka dashi shafin rayuwa, da kuma tsawaita aikin da ake samu na hakar ma'adinai ta hanyar inganta yin amfani da kayan kwalliya da kara murmurewa. Samfurin da ba shi da ruwa kuma ba shi da sinadarai wanda tsarin STET ya samar yana da amfani don ƙera ciminti ba tare da fara magani ba, ya bambanta da jan laka wanda ya iyakance sake amfani da shi.
1.0 Gabatarwa
Aluminum samarwa ne daga tsakiyar muhimmancin da karafa da kuma metallurgy masana'antu da kuma muhimman hakkokin for wani iri-iri na masana'antu [1-2]. Duk da yake aluminum ne ya fi kowa ƙarfe kashi samu a duniya, a total game da 8% na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi, kamar yadda wani kashi shi ne mai amsawa, kuma haka ba ya faruwa ta halitta [3]. Saboda haka, aluminum-arziki tama bukatun da za a mai ladabi ga kayan alumina da aluminum, sakamakon gagarumin ƙarni na sharan [4]. Kamar yadda ingancin haƙar adibas duniya ƙi, da ƙarni na saura ƙaruwa, inda kodayaushe kalubale ga alumina da aluminum-yin masana'antu cikin sharuddan sarrafa halin kaka, halin kaka na zubar da tasiri a kan yanayi [3].
A farko farawa abu don aluminum refining ne haƙar, duniya main kasuwanci tushen aluminum [5]. Haƙar ne don inganta aluminum hydroxide sedimentary dutse, samar daga cikin laterization da weathering na kankara mai arziki a cikin baƙin ƙarfe oxides, aluminum oxides, ko duka biyu fiye dauke da ma'adini da clays kamar kaolin [3,6]. Haƙar duwatsu kunshi mafi yawa daga cikin aluminum ma'adanai gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (c-Alo(OH)) kuma diaspore (a-Alo(OH)) (Table 1), kuma yawanci ana gauraye da biyu baƙin ƙarfe oxides goethite (FeO(OH)) kuma hematite (Fe2O3), da aluminum lãka ma'adinai kaolinite, adadi kaɗan na anatase da / ko titania (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) da kuma sauran impurities a qananan ko alama yawa [3,6,7].
The sharuddan trihydrate da monohydrate ana amfani da masana'antu da bambance daban-daban iri haƙar. Haƙar cewa an kaucewa ko kusan dukkan gibbsite hali da aka kira wani trihydrate tama; idan boehmite ko diaspore ne rinjaye ma'adanai shi ake cewa monohydrate tama [3]. Gaurayawan na gibbsite da boehmite ne kowa a iri daban-daban bauxites, boehmite da diaspore ƙasa da na kowa, kuma gibbsite da diaspore rare. Kowane irin haƙar tama gabatar da kansa kalubale cikin sharuddan ma'adinai aiki da kuma beneficiation ga ƙarni na alumina [7,8].
Table 1. Chemical abun da ke ciki na Gibbsite, Boehmite da Diaspore [3].
| Chemical Abun da ke ciki | Gibbsite AL(OH)3 ko Al2O3.3H2A | Boehmite ALO(OH) ko Al2A3.H2A | Diasporaasashen waje ALO(OH) ko Al2A3.H2A |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al2A3 wt% | 65.35 | 84.97 | 84.98 |
| (OH) wt% | 34.65 | 15.03 | 15.02 |
Haƙar adibas ne baza a dukan duniya, mafi yawa abin da ke faruwa a wurare masu zafi ko subtropical yankuna [8]. Haƙar ma'adinai na biyu metallurgical da kuma wadanda ba metallurgical sa ores ne analogous zuwa karafa na sauran masana'antu ma'adanai. kullum, da beneficiation ko magani daga haƙar aka iyakance zuwa crushing, sieving, wanka, da bushewa da danyen tama [3]. Flotation an aiki domin da haɓaka na wasu low-sa haƙar ores, duk da haka shi bai tabbatar sosai zabe a kãfirtarsu kaolinite, manyan tushen amsawa silica musamman a trihydrate bauxites [9].
The girma na haƙar samar a cikin duniya da aka yi amfani da matsayin abinci ga masana'antu na alumina via da Bayer tsari, hanyar caustic-leach mai jika-sinadarai wanda Al_2 O_3 ya narke daga cikin dutsen bauxite ta amfani da ruwan soda mai ɗorewa a yanayin zafi da matsin lamba. [3,10,11]. Daga bisani, da girma da alumina da ake amfani a matsayin abinci da samar da aluminum karfe via da Hall-Héroult tsari, wanda ya shafi electrolytic akan rage alumina a wanka na cryolite (Na3AlF6). Yana daukan game da 4-6 ton na bushe haƙar zuwa kayan 2 t alumina, wanda a jũya ake samu 1 t daga aluminum karfe [3,11].
A Bayer tsari ne qaddamar da hadawa wanke da kuma finely ƙasa haƙar da leach bayani. A sakamakon slurry dauke da 40-50% daskararru ne to matsa kuma mai tsanani tare da tururi. A wannan mataki wasu daga cikin alumina an narkar da kuma siffofin narkewa sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), amma saboda da gaban amsawa silica, wani hadadden sodium aluminum silicate ma precipitates wanda wakiltar wani asarar biyu alumina da soda. A sakamakon slurry an wanke, da kuma sauran generated (Ina nufin, ja laka) an decanted. Sodium aluminate aka sa'an nan precipitated fita kamar yadda aluminum trihydrate (Al(OH)3) ta seeding tsari. A sakamakon caustic soda bayani ne recirculated cikin leach bayani. A karshe, da tace da kuma wanke m alumina trihydrate aka kora ko calcined zuwa kayan alumina [3,11].
Leaching yanayin zafi na iya Range daga 105 ° C zuwa 290 ° C da kuma m matsin lamba Range daga 390 kPa zuwa 1500 kPa. Lower yanayin zafi jeri ana amfani da haƙar a wanda kusan duk samuwa alumina ne ba kamar yadda gibbsite. Ana buƙatar yanayin zafi mafi girma don digedepositsst bauxite yana da babban kashi na boehmite da diaspore. A yanayin zafi na 140 ° C ko lessasa da gibbsite da ƙungiyoyin kaolin kawai suna narkewa a cikin ruwan giyar soda kuma sabili da haka irin wannan zafin jiki ya fi son aiki da alumina . A yanayin zafi mafi girma daga 180 ° C alumina ba kamar yadda trihydrate da monohydrate ne recoverable a cikin bayani da kuma duka clays da free ma'adini zama mai amsawa [3]. Aiki da yanayi kamar zazzabi, matsa lamba da kuma reagent sashi an rinjayi da irin haƙar sabili da haka kowane alumina matata aka kera su a takamaiman irin haƙar tama. A asarar tsada caustic soda (NaOH) da kuma ƙarni na ja laka suna da alaka da ingancin haƙar amfani a cikin refining tsari. a general, da runtse da Al_2 O_3 abun ciki na haƙar, da ya fi girma da girma na ja laka cewa za a generated, a matsayin wadanda ba Al_2 O_3 manzilõli, an ƙaryata a matsayin ja laka. Bugu da kari, mafi girma da kaolinite ko amsawa silica abun ciki na haƙar, da mafi ja laka za a generated [3,8].
High-sa haƙar ƙunshi har zuwa 61% Al_2 O_3, da yawa aiki haƙar adibas -typically ake magana a matsayin da ba-metallurgical sa- lafiya a kasa wannan, lokaci-lokaci kamar yadda low kamar yadda 30-50% Al_2 O_3. Saboda da ake so samfurin ne a high tsarki
Al_2 O_3, sauran oxides a haƙar (Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, Organic abu) rabu da Al_2 O_3 kuma suka ƙaryata, a matsayin alumina matata sharan (arr) ko ja laka via da Bayer tsari. a general, ƙananan ingancin haƙar (Ina nufin, ƙananan abun ciki na Al_2 O_3) da mafi ja laka cewa an generated da ton na alumina samfurin. Bugu da kari, har ma da wasu Al_2 O_3 hali ma'adanai, musamman irin kaolinite, nuna a ke so gefen halayen a lokacin refining tsari da kuma kai wa ga wani karuwa a ja laka ƙarni, kazalika da asarar tsada caustic soda sinadaran, a manyan m kudin a haƙar refining tsari [3,6,8].
Red laka ko arr wakiltar babban kuma a kan-faruwa kalubale ga aluminum masana'antu [12-14]. Red laka ƙunshi gagarumin saura caustic sinadaran ragaggen daga refining tsari, kuma shi ne sosai alkaline, sau da yawa tare da PH na 10 - 13 [15]. An generated a babban kundin duniya - bisa ga USGS, kiyasta duniya alumina samarwa ya 121 ton miliyan a 2016 [16]. Wannan sa a wani kiyasta 150 ton miliyan na ja laka generated lokacin daidai wannan lokacin [4]. Duk da gudana bincike, ja laka a halin yanzu yana da 'yan kudi ne mai yiwuwa hanyoyi don amfani sake amfani. An kiyasta cewa, sosai kadan na ja laka ne beneficially sake amfani a duniya [13-14]. maimakon, da ja laka pumped daga alumina matatar cikin ajiya impoundments ko landfills, inda aka adana da kuma kula a manyan kudin [3]. Saboda haka, biyu da wani tattalin arziki da kuma muhalli da shawara za a yi don inganta ingancin haƙar kafin refining, musamman idan irin wannan ci gaba za a iya yi ta hanyar low-makamashi jiki rabuwa dabaru.
Duk da yake tabbatar da reserves na haƙar da ake sa ran karshe shekaru da yawa, ingancin da reserves cewa za a iya tattalin arziki isa aka ragewa [1,3]. domin refiners, suke a cikin kasuwanci na sarrafa haƙar yi alumina, kuma ƙarshe aluminum karfe, wannan shi ne wani kalubale da duka kudi da kuma muhalli da abubuwan
Dry hanyoyin kamar electrostatic rabuwa iya zama ban sha'awa na haƙar masana'antu domin pre-maida hankali haƙar kafin da Bayer tsari. Electrostatic rabuwa da hanyoyin da cewa amfani da lamba, ko tribo-lantarki, caji ne particularity ban sha'awa saboda su m, su raba wani m iri-iri garwayayye dauke da conductive, insulating, da kuma Semi-conductive barbashi. Tribo-lantarki caji faruwa a lokacin da mai hankali, Mabambantan barbashi yi karo da juna, ko da wani na uku surface, sakamakon shi a surface cajin bambanci tsakanin biyu barbashi iri. The ãyã, kuma girma na cajin bambanci dogara jera a kan bambanci a electron dangantaka (ko aiki aiki) tsakanin barbashi iri. Rabuwa sannan za a samu ta amfani da mai externally amfani lantarki filin.
A m an amfani industrially a tsaye free-fall irin separators. A free-fall separators, barbashi farko saya cajin, sa'an nan fada da nauyi ta hanyar na'ura tare da tsaurin wayoyin da tambaya mai karfi lantarki filin to barinta yanayin daga cikin barbashi bisa ga alamar da kuma girma na surface cajin [18]. Free-fall separators iya zama tasiri ga m barbashi amma ba su tasiri a tarbiyyar barbashi finer fiye da game 0.075 to 0.1 mm [19-20]. Daya daga cikin mafi alkawarin sabon aukuwa a bushe ma'adinai separations ne tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR. Wannan fasaha ya mika barbashi size iyaka ga finer barbashi fiye da na al'ada electrostatic rabuwa fasahar, cikin kewayon inda kawai flotation ya cin nasara a baya.
Tribo-electrostatic rabuwa utilizes lantarki cajin da bambance-bambance tsakanin kayan samar da surface lamba ko triboelectric caji. A simplistic hanyoyi, a lokacin da biyu kayan su ne a lamba, da kayan da hakan dangantaka for electros samu electrons haka ya canjãwa korau, yayin da kayan da ƙananan electron dangantaka zarginta da kyau.
A ST Boats & Technology (STET) tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR tayi wani labari beneficiation hanya zuwa pre-tattara haƙar ores. A STET bushe rabuwa aiwatar tayi haƙar kera ko haƙar refiners wata damar yin pre-Bayer-aiwatar da haɓaka na haƙar tama don inganta ingancin. Wannan dabarar yana da yawa amfanin, ciki har da: Raguwa a aiki da kudin na matata saboda ƙananan amfani da caustic soda ta rage shigar amsawa silica; tanadi a samar da makamashi a lokacin refining saboda runtse girma na inert oxides (Fe2A3, TiO2, Non-amsawa Sio2) shigar da haƙar; karami taro kwarara daga haƙar zuwa matatar sabili da haka ƙasa da makamashi da ake bukata don zafin rana, kuma pressurize; raguwa a ja laka tsara girma (Ina nufin, ja laka to alumina rabo) ta cire amsawa silica da inert oxide; da kuma, tighter iko a kan shigar da haƙar ingancin wanda rage aiwatar kofi da kuma damar refiners zuwa manufa manufa amsawa silica matakin ya kara najasa kin amincewa. Ingantattun ingancin iko a kan haƙar abinci ga matata ma maximizes uptime da kuma yawan aiki. Haka kuma, raguwa a ja laka girma fassara a cikin ƙasa da magani da kuma zubar da halin kaka da kuma fi yin amfani da data kasance landfills.
A preprocessing na haƙar tama kafin da Bayer tsari na iya bayar da muhimmanci abũbuwan amfãni cikin sharuddan sarrafa da kuma tallace-tallace na tailings. Ba kamar ja laka, tailings daga wani bushe electrostatic tsari dauke da wani sunadarai, kuma kada ku wakiltar wani dogon lokacin da muhalli ajiya alhaki. Ba kamar ja laka, bushe da-kayayyakin / tailings daga haƙar pre-sarrafa aiki za a iya amfani da ciminti yi yadda babu wani da ake bukata don cire sodium, wanda shi ne detrimental zuwa ciminti yi. A gaskiya - haƙar riga na kowa albarkatun kasa domin Portland sumunti masana'antu. Mikawa aiki rayuwa data kasance haƙar ma'adinai ƙila za a kai ta hanyar inganta quarry yin amfani da maximizing dawo da.
2.0 Abubawan
2.1 Materials
STET gudanar da pre-yiwuwa karatu a kan 15 daban-daban haƙar samfurori daga wurare daban-daban a duniya ta yin amfani da wani benci-sikelin SEPARATOR. daga cikin wadannan, 7 daban-daban samfurori da aka
Table 2. Haifar da sunadarai analysis haƙar samfurori.
2.2 Hanyar
Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar ta amfani da wani benci-sikelin tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR, Lãhira ake magana a matsayin 'benchtop SEPARATOR'. Benci-sikelin gwaji ne lokaci na farko da na wata uku-lokaci fasahar aiwatar tsari (Dubi Table 3) ciki har da benci-sikelin gwaji, matukin jirgi sikelin-gwaji da kuma kasuwanci sikelin-aiwatar.
A benchtop SEPARATOR da ake amfani da nunawa ga shaidar tribo-electrostatic caji da kuma sanin ko idan wani abu ne mai kyau ga takarar electrostatic beneficiation. Babban bambancin dake tsakanin kowane yanki na kayan aiki aka gabatar a Table 3. Duk da yake cikin kayan aiki amfani a cikin kowane lokaci ya bambanta a size, da aiki manufa ne tushen wannan.
Table 3. Uku-lokaci aiwatar aiwatar amfani STET tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR fasahar
| Lokaci | An yi amfani dashi don: | Lantarki Tsayin cm | Nau'in aiwatarwa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Bincike Sikeli | Ualimar cancanta | 250 | Batch |
| 2- Matsakaicin matukin jirgi Testing | Girman kimantawa | 610 | Batch |
| 3- Aiwatar da sikelin kasuwanci | Kirkirar Kasuwanci | 610 | Ci gaba |
Kamar yadda za a iya gani a Table 3, babban bambanci tsakanin benchtop SEPARATOR da kuma matukin jirgi sikelin-da kasuwanci sikelin-separators ne cewa tsawon na benchtop SEPARATOR ne kamar 0.4 sau da tsawon matukin-sikelin da kasuwanci sikelin-raka'a. Kamar yadda SEPARATOR yadda ya dace shi ne a yi aiki da lantarki tsawon, benci-sikelin gwaji ba za a iya amfani da a matsayin maimakon matukin-sikelin gwaji. Pilot-sikelin gwaji wajibi ne don sanin ko har na rabuwa da cewa STET tsari za a iya cimma, da kuma sanin ko idan STET tsari zai iya saduwa da samfurin hari a karkashin ba feed rates. maimakon, da benchtop SEPARATOR da ake amfani da sarauta daga takarar da kayayyakin da suke da kamar wuya domin ya nuna wani gagarumin rabuwa a matukin jirgi sikelin-matakin. Sakamakon samu a benci-sikelin za a ba gyara, kuma rabuwa lura shi ne kasa da abin da za a lura a kan wani ciniki sized STET SEPARATOR.
Gwaji a matukin jirgi shuka wajibi ne kafin kasuwanci sikelin tayin, duk da haka, gwaji a benci-sikelin aka karfafa a matsayin rukunin farko na aiwatar da tsari ga wani ba abu. Bugu da ƙari, a lokuta a cikinsa abu kasancewa aka iyakance, da benchtop SEPARATOR samar da wani amfani ga kayan aiki da nunawa na yuwuwar nasara ayyukan (Ina nufin, ayyukan a wadda abokin ciniki da masana'antu ingancin hari za a iya yin amfani da gana STET fasahar).
2.2.1 STET Triboelectrostatic Belt SEPARATOR
A tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR (Figure 1 kuma Figure 2), abu ne ciyar a cikin bakin ciki rata 0.9 - 1.5 cm tsakanin biyu a layi daya planar wayoyin. A barbashi an triboelectrically cajin da interparticle lamba. Misali, a yanayin saukan wani haƙar samfurin wanda babban yayan ne gibssite, kaolinite da ma'adini ma'adinai barbashi, da gaskiya ma cajin (gibssite) da kuma barnatar da cajin (kaolinite da ma'adini) suna janyo hankalin zuwa gaban wayoyin. A barbashi an sa'an nan share up da a ci gaba da motsi bude-raga bel da kuma isar da a gaban kwatance. A bel motsa barbashi m zuwa kowane lantarki wajen m iyakar da SEPARATOR. A lantarki filin bukata kawai motsa barbashi wani kankanin sulusi da murabba'i na wani santimita don matsar wani barbashi daga hagu-motsi zuwa dama-dabba ba a kanta rafi. A counter halin yanzu kwarara daga cikin raba barbashi kuma riƙa triboelectric caji da barbashi collisions azurta wani Multi-mataki da rabuwa da kuma sakamakon a kyau kwarai tsarki da kuma dawo da a guda-izinin naúrar. A high bel gudun ma sa sosai high throughputs, har zuwa 40 ton a kowace awa a kan wani guda SEPARATOR. By iko daban-daban aiwatar sigogi, da na'urar damar domin ingantawa ma'adinai sa da kuma dawo da.
Figure 1. Schematic na triboelectric bel SEPARATOR
A SEPARATOR zane ne in mun gwada sauki. A bel da Associated rollers ne kawai motsi sassa. A wayoyin ne na kullum da kuma hada da wani kasafi m kaya. A bel da aka sanya na roba abu. A SEPARATOR lantarki tsawon shi ne kamar 6 mita (20 ft.) da kuma fadin 1.25 mita (4 ft.) ga cikakken size kasuwanci raka'a. Da ikon amfani ne kasa da 2 kilowatt-hour da tonne da kayan sarrafa shi da mafi yawan ikon cinye ta biyu Motors tuki da bel.
Figure 2. Detail na rabuwa zone
A tsari ne gaba ɗaya bushe, bukatar wani ƙarin kayan da kuma samar da wani sharar gida da ruwa ko iska watsi. Ga ma'adinai separations da SEPARATOR samar da wani fasahar don rage ruwa amfani, mika ajiye rayuwa da / ko mai da kuma reprocess tailings.
A Compactness daga cikin tsarin damar domin sassauci a shigarwa kayayyaki. A tribo-electrostatic bel rabuwa fasahar ne robust kuma industrially tabbatar da aka farko amfani industrially ga aiki na ci konewa gardama ash a 1997. The fasaha ne tasiri a raba carbon barbashi daga cikin bai cika konewa na ci, daga idon yayi kamar gilashi aluminosilicate ma'adinai barbashi a cikin gardama ash. A fasahar ya instrumental a kunna maimaita na ma'adinai-arziki gardama ash a matsayin ciminti maye a kankare samarwa.
tun 1995, a kan 20 ton miliyan na samfurin gardama ash an sarrafa ta STET separators shigar a cikin USA. A masana'antu tarihi na gardama ash rabuwa da aka jera a cikin Table 4.
A ma'adanai aiki, da triboelectric bel SEPARATOR fasahar da aka yi amfani da su raba mai fadi da kewayon kayan ciki har da calcite / ma'adini, talc / magnesite, kuma barite / ma'adini.
Figure 3. Commercial tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR
Table 4. Industrial aikace-aikace na tribo-electrostatic bel rabuwa for gardama ash.
| mai amfani / ikon tashar | location | Fara kasuwanci ayyukan | Facility bayani |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | North Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Separators |
| Energy harsuna- Brandon gaba | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Separators |
| Scottish Power- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Jacksonville Electric-St. Gidan Wuta na Johns River | Florida USA | 2003 | 2 Separators |
| Kudancin Lashin Wutar Lantarki ta Kudu -R.D. Morrow | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| New Brunswick Power-Belledune | New Brunswick Canada | 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| OF npower-Didcot Station | Ingila UK | 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Harsuna Harshen Tsibiri na makamashi-Brunner | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Separators |
| Tampa Electric-Big Bend Station | Florida USA | 2008 | 3 Separators |
| OF npower Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| EDF Energy-West Burton Station | Ingila UK | 2008 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| ZGP (Lafarge Cement / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | 2010 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Korea kudu maso gabas Power- Yeongheung | Koriya ta Kudu | 2014 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| PGNiG Termika-Sierkirki | Poland | 2018 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Kamfanin Kula da Cement na Taiheiyo-Chichibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Armstrong Fly Ash- Cewayar Cele | Philippines | 2019 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Korea kudu maso gabas Power- Samcheonpo | Koriya ta Kudu | 2019 | 1 SEPARATOR |
2.2.2 Benci-sikelin gwaji
An gudanar da gwajin daidaitattun matakan a kusa da takamaiman burin don haɓaka haɓakar Al_2 O_3 da rage ɗimbin ma'adanai na gangue. Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a kan benchtop SEPARATOR a karkashin tsari da yanayi, tare da jarabawa na yi a Kwafin canzawa kwari jihar, da kuma tabbatar da cewa wani zai yiwu carryover sakamako daga baya yanayin da aka gani ba,. Kafin kowane gwajin, a kananan feed sub-samfurin da aka tattara (kaddamarda kamar yadda 'Hay'). Bayan kafa duk aiki canji, da kayan da aka ciyar da a cikin benchtop SEPARATOR amfani da wani lantarki vibratory Feeder ta tsakiyar benchtop SEPARATOR. Samfurori da aka tattara a karshen kowane gwaji da kuma nauyi na samfurin karshen 1 (kaddamarda kamar yadda 'E1') da samfurin karshen 2 (kaddamarda kamar yadda 'E2') da aka ƙayyade yin amfani da doka-ga-cinikayya kirgawa sikelin. Domin haƙar samfurori, 'E2' dace to haƙar mai arzikin samfurin. Ga kowane sa na sub-samfurori (Ina nufin, Hay, E1 kuma E2) DOKA, babban abun da ke ciki oxides da XRF, amsawa silica da kuma samuwa alumina aka ƙaddara. XRD faye hali da aka yi a kan zaba sub-samfurori.
3.0 Results da Tattaunawa
3.1. samfurori Mineralogy
Sakamako na gwada yawa XRD ƙididdiga ga feed samfurori suke kunshe a Table 5. Mafiya yawa daga cikin samfurori da aka farko hada da gibbsite da sãɓãwar launukansa yawa na goethite, hematite, kaolinite, kuma ma'adini. Ilmenite da anatase sun ma bayyana a qananan yawa a mafiya yawa daga cikin samfurori.
Akwai wani canji a cikin ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na S6 da kuma S7 kamar yadda wadannan abinci samfurori da aka farko hada da diaspore tare da qananan yawa na calcite, hematite, goethite, boehmite, kaolinite, gibbsite, ma'adini, anatase, kuma rutile ana gano. An amorphous lokaci aka kuma gano a S1 da S4 da kuma jeri daga kimanin 1 to 2 kashi. Wannan ya yiwuwa saboda ko dai kasancewar wani smectite ma'adinai, ko ba-crystalline abu. Tun da yake wannan abu ba za a iya kai tsaye auna, sakamakon na wadannan samfurori kamata a yi la'akari m.
3.2 Benci-sikelin gwaje-gwajen
A jerin gwajin runs da aka yi a kan kowane ma'adinai samfurin da nufin maximizing Al2O3 da ragewa SiO_2 abun ciki. Species fuskanto zuwa haƙar mai arzikin samfurin zai zama nuni da kyau caji hali. Results aka nuna a Table 6
Table 5. XRD bincike na abinci samfurori.
Table 6. Takaitacciyar Results.
Gwaji da STET benchtop SEPARATOR nuna gagarumin yunkuri na Al2O3 ga duk samfurori. Rabuwa da Al2O3 aka lura ga S1-5 da suke yafi gibbsite, da ma ga S6-7 da suke yafi diaspore. Bugu da kari, da sauran manyan abubuwa na Fe2O3, SiO2 da TiO2 nuna gagarumin yunkuri a mafi yawan lokuta. Domin duk samfurori, motsi na hasara a kan ƙonewa (DOKA) bi motsi Al2O3. A cikin sharuddan amsawa silica da kuma samuwa alumina, domin S1-5 wanda kusan duk gibbsite (aluminum trihydrate) dabi'u kamata a yi la'akari a 145 ° C yayin for S6-7 ga wanda rinjaye ma'adinai ne diaspore (aluminum monohydrate) dabi'u da ya kamata a kiyasta a 235 ° C. Domin duk samfurori gwajin tare da STET benchtop SEPARATOR nuna wani gwaji karuwa a samuwa alumina da wani gagarumin raguwa a amsawa silica zuwa samfurin duka biyu trihydrate da monohydrate haƙar samfurori. Movement of manyan ma'adinai jinsunan da aka yi ma lura da aka graphically nuna a kasa a Figure 4.
A cikin sharuddan mineralogy, STET benchtop SEPARATOR nuna taro na alumina hali jinsunan gibbsite da diaspore zuwa haƙar mai arzikin samfurin yayin da lokaci guda kãfirtarsu sauran gangue jinsunan. Figures 5 da kuma 6 nuna selectivity na ma'adinai manzilõli, to haƙar mai arzikin samfurin for trihydrate da monohydrate samfurori, bi da bi. Selectivity aka lasafta kamar yadda bambanci tsakanin taro deportment zuwa samfurin domin kowane ma'adinai jinsunan da sauran taro dawo zuwa samfurin. A tabbatacce selectivity ne da ke nuni ma'adinai maida hankali ga haƙar mai arzikin samfurin, da kuma na wani] aukacin m caji hali. Sabanin, wani mummunan selectivity darajar ne da ke nuni maida hankali ga haƙar-ramammu coproduct, da kuma na wani] aukacin korau caji hali.
Domin duk trihydrate low-zazzabi samfurori (Ina nufin, S1, S2 da S4) kaolinite nuna wani mummunan caji hali da kuma mayar da hankali ga haƙar-ramammu co-samfurin yayin gibbsite mayar da hankali ga haƙar mai arzikin samfurin (Figure 5). Domin duk monohydrate high-zazzabi samfurori (Ina nufin, S6 da kuma S7) biyu amsawa silica hali ma'adanai, kaolinite da ma'adini, nuna wani mummunan caji hali. Ga karshen, diaspore da boehmite ruwaito haƙar mai arzikin samfurin da kuma nuna wani tabbatacce caji hali (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Selectivity na ma'adinai manzilõli, to samfurin.
Figure 6. Selectivity na ma'adinai manzilõli, to samfurin.
Ma'aunai na samuwa alumina, kuma amsawa silica nuna gwaji motsi. Domin low zazzabi bauxites (S1-S5), da adadin amsawa silica ba da naúrar na samuwa alumina an rage daga 10-50% a kan wani zumunta akai (Figure 7). A irin wannan raguwa da aka lura a cikin high zazzabi bauxites (S6-S7) kamar yadda za a iya gani a Figure 7.
Haƙar zuwa alumina rabo da aka lasafta a matsayin kishiya na samuwa alumina. Haƙar zuwa alumina rabo da aka rage ta tsakanin 8 - 26% a zumunta sharuddan ga duk samfurori gwada (Figure 8). Wannan shi ne m kamar yadda wakiltar wani m raguwa a taro kwarara daga haƙar cewa yana bukatar da za a ciyar da Bayer tsari.
Figure 7. Amsawa SiO2 da naúrar na Rasu Al2O3
Figure 8. Haƙar zuwa alumina rabo.
3.3 tattaunawa
A gwaji data nuna cewa STET SEPARATOR ya karu samuwa Al2O3 yayin da lokaci guda rage SiO_2 abun ciki. Figure 9 gabatar da wani na ra'ayi zane na sa ran amfanin hade da akan rage amsawa silica da kuma karuwa na samuwa alumina kafin da Bayer Tsari. A mawallafa lissafi da cewa kudi amfani ga wani alumina refiner zai zama a cikin kewayon $15-30 USD da ton na alumina samfurin. Wannan ya nuna kauce masa kudin daga caustic soda rasa to de-silicaton samfurin (DSP), makamashi tanadi daga rage shigar da haƙar da matata, raguwa a ja laka tsara da kuma kananan kudaden shiga rafi generated daga sayar da low-sa haƙar by-samfurin zuwa ciminti kera. Figure 9 shaci sa ran amfanin da za'a aiwatar STET triboelectrostatic fasahar matsayin nufin zuwa pre-tattara haƙar tama kafin da Bayer tsari.
Shigarwa na STET rabuwa tsari ga haƙar pre-aiki da za a iya yi ko dai a alumina matata ko haƙar nawa kanta. Duk da haka, da STET tsari na bukatar bushe nika na haƙar ores kafin rabuwa, 'yanto da gangue, saboda haka da dabaru na nika da kuma sarrafa haƙar a matatar iya zama mafi saukin ganewa.
Kamar yadda daya zabin – da bushe haƙar zai iya kasa yin amfani da-kafa bushe nika fasahar, misali a tsaye nadi niƙa ko tasiri niƙa. A finely ƙasa haƙar za a rabu da STET tsari, tare da high-alumina haƙar samfurin aika zuwa alumina matatar. A shigarwa na bushe nika zai ba da damar domin kawar da rigar nika al'ada amfani a lokacin da Bayer tsari. An zaci cewa aiki kudin busassun nika zai zama wajen m zuwa aiki kudin rigar nika, musamman idan akai la'akari da rigar nika yi a yau aka yi a kan wani sosai alkaline cakuda, manyan zuwa babba tabbatarwa ta halin kaka.
A bushe low-sa haƙar co-samfurin (tailings) daga rabuwa tsari za a sayar wa ciminti yi a matsayin alumina source. Haƙar ne fiye kara wa ciminti yi, da kuma bushe co-samfurin, sabanin ja laka, ba ya dauke da sodium wanda zai hana ta yin amfani a cikin ciminti yi. Wannan na samar da matata da wani Hanyar valorizing abu da zai in ba haka ba fita da refining aiwatar kamar yadda ja laka, kuma zai bukaci dogon lokaci ajiya, wakiltar wani kudin.
An aiki kudin lissafi yi da mawallafa yi kiyasin wani aikin amfanin $27 USD da ton na alumina, tare da manyan tasirin samu ta hanyar rage a caustic soda, raguwa a ja laka, valorization na co-samfurin da kuma man fetur tanadi saboda ƙananan girma na haƙar da matata. Saboda haka wani 800,000 ton a kowace shekara matata iya sa ran wani kudi amfanin $21 M USD a kowace shekara (Dubi Figure 10). Wannan bincike ba la'akari da m tanadi daga rage shigo da ko dabaru halin kaka na haƙar, wanda zai iya kara inganta aikin dawo.
Figure 10. Amfanin amsawa silica rage Rasu alumina karuwa.
4.0 karshe
a takaice, bushe aiki tare da STET SEPARATOR tayi damar don samar da darajar for haƙar kera da kuma refiners. A pre-aiki na haƙar kafin refining zai rage sinadaran halin kaka, runtse da girma na ja laka generated da kuma rage aiwatar kofi. STET fasaha zai iya ba da damar haƙar sarrafawa juya ba metallurgical sa a cikin metallurgical sa haƙar - wanda zai iya rage bukatar shigo da haƙar da / ko mika exiting quarry hanya rai. STET tsari za a iya aiwatar da su janye fi inganci ba metallurgical sa da kuma metallurgical sa haƙar, kuma ciminti sa haƙar by-kayayyakin kafin da Bayer tsari.
A STET tsari na bukatar kadan pre-jiyya na ma'adinai da kuma aiki a high iya aiki - har zuwa 40 sautunan awa. Kuzarinsu ne kasa da 2 kilowatt-hours per ton na kayan sarrafa. Bugu da ƙari, da STET tsari ne mai cikakken commercialized fasahar a cikin ma'adanai sarrafa, kuma saboda haka ba ya bukatar ci gaban sabon fasaha.
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