Tīpakohia Reo:
Te ST Taputapu & hangarau LLC (STET) tribo-electrostatic belt separator is ideally suited for beneficiating very fine (<1μm) ki tika makaka (500μm) mineral particles, with very high throughput. Experimental findings demonstrated the capability of the STET separator to beneficiate bauxite samples by increasing available alumina while simultaneously reducing reactive and total silica. STET technology is presented as a method to upgrade and pre-concentrate bauxite deposits for use in alumina production. Dry processing with the STET separator will result in a reduction in operating costs of refinery due to lower consumption of caustic soda, savings in energy due to lower volume of inert oxides and a reduction in volume of alumina refinery residues (ARR or red mud). I tua atu, the STET technology may offer alumina refiners other benefits including increased quarry reserves, extension of red mud disposal site life, and extended operating life of existing bauxite mines by improving quarry utilization and maximizing recovery. The water-free and chemical-free by-product produced by the STET process is usable for manufacture of cement in high volumes without pre-treatment, in contrast to red mud which has limited beneficial reuse.
1.0 Kupu Whakataki
Ko production Aluminium o faufaa pokapū mo te ahumahi keri me te metallurgy me faufaa mo te momo o ahumahi [1-2]. Ahakoa konumohe Ko kitea te huānga konganuku noa te nuinga i runga i te whenua, i roto i te katoa e pā ana ki 8% o kirinuku o te whenua, rite te huānga he urupare reira, a na reira e kore e puta fakanatula [3]. No reira, hiahia ore konumohe-taonga ki te kia parakore ki hua alumina me te konumohe, hua i roto i te whakatupuranga nui o toenga [4]. Ka rite ki te kounga o te heke putunga bauxite ao, te whakatupuranga o te piki toenga, araunga wero ki te ahumahi alumina me konumohe-hanga i roto i ngā o utu te tukatuka, utu o te hokonga atu, me te pānga i runga i te taiao [3].
Ko te rauemi tīmatanga tuatahi mō te konumohe tahu para bauxite, puna arumoni matua o te ao o te konumohe [5]. Bauxite Ko te toka parataiao e whai take konumohe waihā, whakaputaina i te laterization me huarere, o toka taonga i roto i te waikura rino, waikura konumohe, ranei e rua nuitia kei roto kiripaka me uku rite kaolin [3,6]. toka bauxite ngā nuinga o te gibbsite kohuke konumohe (al(OH)3), boehmite (c-Ålö(OH)) me diaspore (he-Ålö(OH)) (ripanga 1), me te nuinga o te wā i konatunatua ki te waikura rino e rua goethite (FeO(OH)) a hematite (Fe2O3), te kaolinite kohuke konumohe paru, moni iti o te anatase Titania me / ranei (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) me ētahi atu poke i roto i te iti wahi ranei moni [3,6,7].
Ko ngā trihydrate me e noa monohydrate whakamahia e te ahumahi ki te rerekëtanga ngā momo o bauxite. Bauxite te huaina e rawa tata katoa whanau gibbsite ranei ko te ore trihydrate; ki te boehmite diaspore ranei ko nga kohuke tino e tuku i te reira ki rite monohydrate ore [3]. E noa ranunga o gibbsite me boehmite i roto i ngā momo katoa o bauxites, boehmite me diaspore iti noa, a gibbsite me diaspore onge. Ia momo o hakari ore bauxite ona mau tamataraa ake i roto i ngā o te kohuke tukatuka me te beneficiation mo te whakatupuranga o te alumina [7,8].
ripanga 1. hanganga matū o Gibbsite, Boehmite ko Diaspore [3].
| Composition matū | Pūwaro AL(OH)3 Al rānei2O3.3H2Ko te | Pūwhārangi(OH) Al rānei2Ko te3.H2Ko te | Hāngai ALO(OH) Al rānei2Ko te3.H2Ko te |
|---|---|---|---|
| al2Ko te3 wt% | 65.35 | 84.97 | 84.98 |
| (OH) wt% | 34.65 | 15.03 | 15.02 |
putunga bauxite he horapa te ao, te nuinga tupu i roto i te rohe pārūrū pārū ranei [8]. Ko e ngákaunuitia ki te maina o te tahi atu kohuke ahumahi keri bauxite o e rua tokahuke kōeke metallurgical me kore-metallurgical. Te tikanga, iti te te beneficiation maimoatanga o bauxite ranei ki kuru, sieving, horoi, me te maroke o te ore masivesivá [3]. Kua tēnei waka kua mahi hoki i te whakahoutanga o tokahuke bauxite etahi iti-kōeke, heoi e kore kua reira kï tino whiriwhiri i whakakahore kaolinite, he puna nui o te silica urupare rawa i roto i bauxites trihydrate [9].
whakamahia te nuinga o te bauxite whakaputaina i roto i te ao kei te rite kai mō te hokohoko i o alumina mā te tukanga Bayer, a wet-chemical caustic-leach method in which the Al_2 O_3 is dissolved out of the bauxite rock by using a caustic soda rich solution at elevated temperature and pressure [3,10,11]. muri, whakamahia te nuinga o te alumina te rite kai mo te hanga o te konumohe whakarewa mā te tukanga Hall-Héroult, e whai wāhi whakaiti -hiko o te alumina i roto i te pati o te cryolite (Na3AlF6). e te reira i pā ana ki 4-6 toni o bauxite maroke ki hua 2 t o alumina, i roto i te hohoko loto 1 t o konumohe whakarewa [3,11].
tīmataria te tukanga Bayer e ranu horoi me miro hurihia bauxite ki te otinga ngate. Ko te slurry hua kei roto 40-50% totoka te ka pressurized ka hana ki te mamaoa. I tenei taahiraa rewa etahi o te alumina te me hanga konutai aluminate wairewa (NaAlO2), engari e tika ana ki te aroaro o te silica urupare, he konutai magnesium konumohe matatini hoki tīwharawhara e tohu te mate o rua alumina me te houra. horoia te slurry hua te, ka hangaia te toenga (i.e., paru whero) kei te decanted. Kei te ka Nā Konutai aluminate i rite konumohe trihydrate (al(OH)3) i roto i te tukanga matomato. Kei te recirculated te otinga waihā houra hua ki te otinga ngate. I te pae hopea, pupuhi te te trihydrate alumina totoka tātari, ka horoi calcined ki hua alumina ranei [3,11].
kia ngā wīra pāmahana i 105 ° C ki te 290 ° C, me te hāngai faaheporaa ngā i 390 kPa ki 1500 kPa. E whakamahia Lower pāmahana awhe mō bauxite i roto i te mea hakari rite gibbsite tata katoa te alumina e wātea ana. Ko ngā mātau teitei ake e hiahiatia ana ki te ōrau ōrau nui o te ōrau o te pūmawe me te hīporo. Ki ngā mātau o te 140°C, iti iho rānei i ngā rōpū me ngā rōpū kaolin anake i roto i te māwhero pūwhā, ā, ka manakohia taua mātau mō te tukanga o te alumina toruhono . I pāmahana nui atu i 180 ° C alumina hakari rite trihydrate me monohydrate e whakahoki i roto i te otinga, me te uku e rua, me te kiripaka free hei urupare [3]. tikanga whakahaere pērā i te pāmahana, pēhanga me te inenga kaiwhakahohe e awe e te momo o bauxite me reira e hāngai ia whakatere whakapai alumina ki te momo motuhake o te ore bauxite. Ko te mate o te konutai waihā utu (NaOH) me te whakatupuranga o te paru whero e pā ana e rua ki te kounga o te bauxite whakamahia i roto i te tukanga para. I roto i te whānui, te raro te ihirangi Al_2 O_3 o bauxite, te nui te rōrahi o te paru whero kia e ka hanga, rite e paopao i te wāhanga kore-Al_2 O_3 rite paru whero. I tua atu, te teitei te kaolinite ihirangi takawai urupare o bauxite ranei, ka te paru atu whero kia hanga [3,8].
Kei ake High-kōeke bauxite ki 61% Al_2 O_3, a he tokomaha putunga bauxite whakahaere -typically tuku rite kōeke kore-metallurgical- He pai i raro i tenei, wā rite iti rite 30-50% Al_2 O_3. No te mea te hua e hiahiatia ana ko te whakaaro ma tiketike
Al_2 O_3, te toe waikura i roto i te bauxite (Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, rauemi organic) E wehea i te Al_2 O_3 me paopao rite alumina toenga whakatere whakapai (faanahohia) ranei paru whero mā te tukanga Bayer. I roto i te whānui, te kounga o raro te bauxite (i.e., lower Al_2 O_3 content) te paru atu whero i hanga e te ia ton o alumina hua. I tua atu, ara etahi kohuke whanau Al_2 O_3, pērā kaolinite, hua tauhohe taha houhou i roto i te tukanga para, me te arahi ki te hua i roto i te whakatupuranga paru whero, me te te mate o te utu matū konutai waihā, he utu tāupe nui i roto i te tukanga para bauxite [3,6,8].
paru Whero fokotu'utu'u ranei tohu te nui, me te i runga i-haere wero mo te ahumahi konumohe [12-14]. Kei paru Whero waihā wäriu toenga matū nui i te tukanga para, a ko tino kawakore, maha ki te pH o 10 - 13 [15]. Kei te hanga te reira i roto i ngā pukapuka nui te ao - rite ki te USGS, tata production alumina ao ko 121 miriona toni i roto i 2016 [16]. Tenei hua i roto i te whakatau tata 150 miriona toni o paru whero hangaia i roto i te wā kotahi [4]. Ahakoa rangahau haere tonu, paru whero tēnei wā he torutoru ara arumoni taea ki painga re-whakamahi. Kei te tata te reira e iti rawa o te paru whero ko nga painga o re-whakamahia te ao [13-14]. Engari, mäminga i te paru whero kei i te whakatere whakapai alumina ki impoundments rokiroki landfills ranei, te wahi e rongoa ai, ka aroturuki i te utu nui [3]. Na reira, e rua e taea te hanga he tautohe ohaoha, me te taiao mō te whakapai ake i te kounga o te bauxite mua ki te para, i roto i ngā ki te taea te mahi taua whakapai ake i roto i iti-pūngao tikanga tinana wehenga.
Ahakoa e tika ana rāhui kï o bauxite ki muri mō ngā tau e maha, Kei te heke te kounga o te rahui e taea te ōhanga uru [1,3]. hoki kaimahi koura, e te hunga i roto i te mahi o te tukatuka bauxite ki hanga alumina, me whakarewa iku konumohe, Ko te wero ki e rua pānga pūtea, me te taiao tenei
tikanga maroke pērā i te wehenga hiko kia o moni o te ahumahi bauxite mo te mua-kukū o bauxite mua ki te tukanga Bayer. tikanga wehenga hiko e whakamahi whakapā, ranei tribo-hiko, e mea he particularity ngā no o ratou pūmanawa ki te wehe i te whānui o ngā ranunga kei roto conductive momo, tuuraa i, me matūriki āhua-conductive. e mea tribo-hiko puta ka motuhake, tutuku matūriki Nä ki tetahi ki tetahi, ranei ki te mata tuatoru, hua i roto i te rerekētanga tiaki mata i waenganui i nga momo matūriki e rua. Ko te tohu me te nui o te rerekētanga tiaki tei wahi i runga i te rerekētanga i roto i te irahiko pakuwha (pānga ranei te mahi) i waenganui i nga momo matūriki. taea reira wehenga te tutuki te whakamahi i te mara hiko waho tono.
Ko te tikanga i whakamahia i industrially i poutū momo noa-hinga whakawehe. I roto i te whakawehe free-hinga, te matūriki tuatahi whiwhi tiaki, Na hinga i mahara i roto i te pūrere ki ātete electrodes e tono he mara kaha hiko ki te faaapiapi i te trajectory o te matūriki rite ki tohu me te nui o to ratou tiaki mata [18]. Ka taea e ngā whakawehe Free-hinga e whai hua mō ngā matūriki maminga, engari he kore whai hua i matūriki whāwhā kaitahi atu e pā ana ki 0.075 ki 0.1 mm [19-20]. Ko tētahi o nga whanaketanga hou te nuinga te fafau i roto i māvaé kohuke maroke ko te whakawehe whitiki tribo-hiko. Kua atu tenei hangarau te whānuitanga rahi matūriki ki kaitahi matūriki atu tikanga hangarau wehenga hiko, ki te whānuitanga wahi i tēnei waka anake kua angitu i roto i te mua.
wehenga tribo-hiko e faaohipahia rerekētanga tiaki hiko i waenganui i ngā rauemi whakaputaina e te mata whakapā ranei utu triboelectric. I roto i te mau rave'a taurite, ina e rua ngā rauemi i roto i te whakapā, te rauemi ki te ara pakuwha teitei mō electros hua irahiko kupu taui tōraro, i te rauemi ki raro pakuwha irahiko utu pai.
Te ST Taputapu & hangarau (STET) tribo-hiko whitiki whakawehe e horo'a nei i te ara beneficiation pukapuka ki mua-kareti tokahuke bauxite. Ko te tukanga STET maroke wehenga e horo'a bauxite kaihanga ranei kaimahi koura bauxite ha faingamālie ki te mahi i mua-Bayer-tukanga whakahoutanga o te ore bauxite ki te whakapai ake i te kounga. He maha ngā painga tenei huarahi, tae atu: Whakaitinga i roto i te utu whakahaere o whakatere whakapai e tika ana ki te kohi raro o te konutai waihā mā te whakaiti tāuru takawai urupare; penapena i roto i te pūngao i roto i para tika ki raro rōrahi o waikura e mangere (Fe2Ko te3, tio2, SiO Non-urupare2) tomo ki te bauxite; iti rere papatipu o bauxite ki whakatere whakapai me te reira iti whakaritenga pūngao ki te wera me te pressurize; whakaiti i roto i te whakatupuranga rōrahi paru whero (i.e., paru whero ki alumina ōwehenga) mā te tango i takawai urupare me te waikura e mangere; a, mana kita ki runga i tāuru bauxite kounga e whakaiti tukanga raruraru, me te taea kaimahi koura ki te pai ūnga taumata takawai urupare ki te whakanui poke makanga. mana kounga ake i runga i kai bauxite ki whakatere whakapai hei kaha hoki wāmahi me hua. ano, whakaiti i roto i te rōrahi paru whero whakawhiti ki te iti iho maimoatanga me te tikanga utu, me te pai whakamahi o landfills ngā.
Ko te preprocessing o ore bauxite mua ki te tukanga Bayer kia whakahere painga nui i roto i ngā o te tukatuka me hoko o tailings. Haunga te paru whero, tailings i te tukanga hiko maroke i roto i kahore matū, me te kore e tohu i te taunahatanga rokiroki taiao wā roa-. Haunga te paru whero, maroke e-hua / taea tailings i te mahi tukatuka i mua i-bauxite kia whakamahia i roto i te raima hanga rite reira he kore whakaritenga ki te tango i te konutai, i te mea tuukino ki sima hanga. I roto i te meka - ko kē bauxite he rauemi raw noa mō te Portland sima ahumahi. kia hoki kia tae whakawhānui ora whakahaere o ngā maina bauxite mā te whakapai ake rua kohatu whakamahi me te whakanui whakaora.
2.0 whakamātau
2.1 Materials
whakahaeretia STET rangahau mua whaihuanga-i roto i runga i 15 tauira bauxite rerekē i wāhi rerekē huri noa i te ao mā te whakamahi i te whakawehe pae-tauine. o enei, 7 he tauira rerekē
ripanga 2. Hua o ngā tauira bauxite tātari matū.
2.2 Methods
whakahaeretia ngā i te whakamahi i te whitiki whakawehe tribo-hiko pae-tauine, a muri ake kīia rite 'whakawehe benchtop'. whakamātautau pae-tauine ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te tukanga whakatinanatanga hangarau e toru-wāhanga (Tirohia te Ripanga 3) tae atu te aromātai pae-tauine, whakamātautau pairati-tauine, me te whakatinanatanga arumoni-tauine.
Kei te whakamahia te whakawehe benchtop mō te tātari mō te taunakitanga o e mea tribo-hiko, me te ki te whakatau, ki te ko te rauemi he kaitono pai mō te beneficiation hiko. E te aroaro nga rerekētanga matua i waenganui i wahi ia o te taputapu i roto i te Ripanga 3. Ahakoa te taputapu e whakamahia ana i roto i ia wāhanga rerekē i roto i te rahi, Ko parau te parau tumu mahi te taua.
ripanga 3. tukanga whakatinanatanga-wāhanga e toru te whakamahi i STET hangarau whitiki whakawehe tribo-hiko
| Wāhanga | I whakamahia mō: | Hikohiko Roa cm | Momo Tukanga |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Arotake Tauine Tūranga | Arotakenga Āhuatanga | 250 | Tāpiri |
| 2- Tauine Pūrere Testing | Arotakenga ā-tūtohu | 610 | Tāpiri |
| 3- Whakatinanatanga Tauine Tauine Pātahi | Kohanga Whakatauranga | 610 | Haere tonu |
I taea te kite i roto i Ripanga 3, te rerekētanga matua i waenganui i te whakawehe benchtop me pairati-tauine me whakawehe arumoni-tauine ko e te roa o te whakawehe benchtop ko āhua 0.4 wā te roa o ngā waeine pairati-tauine, me te arumoni-tauine. Ka rite ki te tōtika whakawehe ko te mahi o te roa kawehiko, e kore e taea te whakamahi whakamātautau pae-tauine rite te whakakapinga mō te whakamātautau kaiurungi-tauine. he tika whakamātautau pairati-tauine ki te whakatau i te whānuitanga o te wehenga i te tukanga STET taea te whakatutuki, a ki te whakatau, ki te taea te whakatau tukanga STET nga ngā taumata hua i raro i reiti kai homai. Engari, whakamahia te kaiwehe benchtop te ki te whakahaere tikanga i roto i ngā rauemi kaitono e he pea ki te whakaatu i tetahi wehenga nui i te taumata pairati-tauine. Ka Hua whiwhi i runga i te pae-tauine kia papaitia-kore, me te wehenga kitea he iti iho i te e pai kia kitea i runga i te whakawehe STET rahi arumoni.
Whakamatautau i te tipu pairati he tika i mua ki te whakamahinga tauine arumoni, Heoi, ākina whakamātautau i te pae-tauine te rite te wāhanga tuatahi o te tukanga whakatinanatanga mo tetahi rauemi hoatu. I tua atu, i roto i te wā i roto i i iti rauemi wātea te, whakarato te kaiwehe benchtop he taputapu whai hua mo te āta o kaupapa angitu pea (i.e., kaupapa i roto i e taea te tutaki kiritaki me te ahumahi ngā taumata kounga whakamahi hangarau STET).
2.2.1 STET Triboelectrostatic Belt Whakawehe
I roto i te whitiki whakawehe tribo-hiko (Figure 1 me Figure 2), Kei te whangai rauemi ki te āputa kikokore 0.9 - 1.5 cm i waenganui i rua electrodes planar whakarara. Kei te triboelectrically whakatupato nga matūriki i te interparticle whakapā. Hei tauira, i roto i te take o te tauira bauxite e he gibssite kaipōti matua, kaolinite me matūriki kohuke kiripaka, te pai i ako (gibssite) me te tōraro i ako (kaolinite me te kiripaka) E ngā ki electrodes ritenga. Kei te ka kahakina te matūriki ake mā te neke i te whitiki tuwhera-mata tonu, a tuku i roto i ngā tohutohu ritenga. Ko te whitiki neke te matūriki pātata ki ia kawehiko ki pito ritenga o te whakawehe. Ko te mara hiko titauhia anake neke i te matūriki te hautanga iti o te hēnimeta ki te neke i te korakora i te awa maui-neke ki te tika-pokarekarenga. Ko te counter rere o nga matūriki wehe me nāianei tuturu triboelectric mea ai e collisions matūriki whakarato hoki te wehenga maha-wā me te hua i roto i te viivii ore pai me te ora i roto i te kōwae kotahi-haere. Te tere whitiki tiketike āhei hoki throughputs tiketike rawa, ki runga ki 40 tana ia haora i runga i te whakawehe kotahi. Na roto i te whakahaere ngā tawhā tukanga, te pūrere ka taea hoki arotautanga o kōeke kohuke me te whakaora.
Figure 1. Schematic o whakawehe whitiki triboelectric
Ko ngā ohie te hoahoa whakawehe. Ko te whitiki, me te awa e hāngai ana ko nga wahi anake neke. He pahoho me tito o te rauemi tika roa nga electrodes. hanga te whitiki e o rauemi kirihou. Ko āhua i te roa whakawehe kawehiko 6 mita (20 ft.) me te whanui 1.25 mita (4 ft.) hoki rahi tonu wae arumoni. Ko iti iho i te kohi mana 2 kirowati-haora ia tone o rauemi tukatuka ki te nuinga o te kaha pau e rua motors peia te whitiki.
Figure 2. Taipitopito o te rohe wehenga
Ko te katoa maroke te tukanga, titau kahore rauemi atu, me te hua kore wai ururua tukunga rangi ranei. Hoki māvaé kohuke whakarato te whakawehe i te hangarau ki te whakaiti te whakamahi wai, whakawhānui ora rāhui, me te / ranei ora me te reprocess tailings.
Ko te compactness o te pūnaha e āhei hoki ngāwari i roto i whakaaro tāutanga. He pakari me te industrially kï te hangarau whitiki wehenga tribo-hiko, me te i te tuatahi tono industrially ki te tukatuka o rere ngingiha waro pungarehu i roto i 1997. he whai hua i roto i te wehe matūriki waro i te ngingiha otikore o waro te hangarau, i te matūriki aluminosilicate kohuke waiwai i roto i te pungarehu rere. Ko te hangarau kua mauihaa i roto i te faatupu hangarua o te pungarehu ngaro kohuke-taonga rite te whakakapinga sima i roto i te hanga raima.
Mai 1995, ki runga 20 Kua tukatuka miriona tana o rere hua pungarehu i te whakawehe STET tāuta i roto i te USA. whakarārangitia te hītori ahumahi o te wehenga rere pungarehu i roto i Ripanga 4.
I roto i te kohuke tukatuka, Kua te triboelectric hangarau whitiki whakawehe kua whakamahia ki te wehe i te whānui o ngā rauemi whānui tae atu konupāhiko / kiripaka, talc / magnesite, me barite / kiripaka.
Figure 3. Arumoni whakawehe whitiki tribo-hiko
ripanga 4. tono Industrial o wehenga whitiki tribo-hiko mō te rere pungarehu.
| taputapu / teihana mana | wāhi | Tīmata o ngā mahi arumoni | taipitopito wāhi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | Te Tai Tokerau Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Kaiwhakawehe |
| reo Energy- Brandon takutai | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Kaiwhakawehe |
| Power Scottish- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Jacksonville Electric-St. Pānga Hiko a Hōne Awa | Florida USA | 2003 | 2 Kaiwhakawehe |
| Hiko Hiko -R.D i te Tonga o R.D. apopo | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| New Brunswick Power-Belledune | New Brunswick Canada | 2005 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| O npower-Didcot Station | Ingarangi UK | 2005 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Taonga O te Moutere Pūkū-Pūkorangi | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Kaiwhakawehe |
| Tampa Electric-Big Bend Station | Florida USA | 2008 | 3 Kaiwhakawehe |
| O npower Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| EDF Energy-Te Hau-ā-uru Burton Station | Ingarangi UK | 2008 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| ZGP (Ārge Cement /Ciech Janikoshoho JV) | Poland | 2010 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Korea Tonga Power- Pirika | South Korea | 2014 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Mātā-Tīmata | Poland | 2018 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Taiheiyo Cement Company-Chichibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Aātea Rere a Aāpako- Pūrekara | Philippines | 2019 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
| Korea Tonga Power- Pahūpo | South Korea | 2019 | 1 kaiwhakawehe |
2.2.2 whakamātautau pae-tauine
Standard process trials were performed around the specific goal to increase Al_2 O_3 concentration and to reduce the concentration of gangue minerals. i whakahaere whakamātautau i runga i te whakawehe benchtop i raro i ngā āhuatanga puranga, ki whakamatautau ka whakamana i roto i te tārite ki te whakatau i te āhua tonu, a te whakarite kia kore i tetahi pānga haapiiraa mana'o taea i te huru o mua whakaaro. I mua ki ia whakamātautau, i kohia he iti-tauira kai iti (whakaritea rite 'Whāngai'). Ki runga ki te whakatakoto taurangi mahi katoa, i whangai te rauemi ki te whakawehe benchtop mā te whakamahi i te pūwhāngai vibratory hiko i roto i te pokapū o te whakawehe benchtop. i kohia tauira i te mutunga o ia whakamātau, me nga pauna o te mutunga hua 1 (whakaritea rite 'E1') me te mutunga hua 2 (whakaritea rite 'E2') i takoto te whakamahi i te ture-mo-hokohoko tauine tatau. Hoki tauira bauxite, hāngai 'E2' ki te hua bauxite-taonga. Hoki ia huinga o te iti-tauira (i.e., whāngai, E1 ko E2) TURE, matua te waikura hanganga e XRF, kua takoto takawai urupare me te alumina e wātea ana. whakamana XRD kiripuaki i runga i tīpakohia iti-tauira.
3.0 Hua me te Aparauraa
3.1. tauira Mineralogy
E ngā Hua o te tätari XRD ine mō tauira kai i roto i Ripanga 5. Ko te nuinga o nga tauira i matua tito o gibbsite me te rerekē moni o goethite, hematite, kaolinite, me te kiripaka. Ilmenite me anatase i hoki kitea i roto i te moni iti i roto i te nuinga o nga tauira.
He ko he huringa i roto i te hanganga kohuke mo t6 me S7 rite i enei tauira kai matua tito o diaspore ki moni iti o te konupūmā, hematite, goethite, boehmite, kaolinite, gibbsite, kiripaka, anatase, me te kitea rutile. I kitea ano hoki i te wāhanga amorphous i S1 ko S4 me hora i āhua 1 ki 2 ōrau. Ko pea tenei e tika ana ki te aroaro o te kohuke smectite rānei, ranei rauemi kore-tioata. Mai kore i taea te whanganga tika tenei rauemi, kia whakaaro hua mo enei tauira āwhiwhiwhi.
3.2 ngā pae-tauine
He raupapa o rere whakamātautau i whakamana i runga i ia tauira kohuke e hāngai ana i te whakanui Al2O3 me heke SiO_2 ihirangi. Momo tutonu i ki te hua bauxite-taonga, ka kia tohu o te whanonga utu pai. E whakaaturia Hua i roto i te Ripanga 6
ripanga 5. tātari XRD o tauira kai.
ripanga 6. whakarāpopototanga Ngā Hua.
Whakamatautau ki tino i te kaupapa STET benchtop whakawehe faaite o Al2O3 mō tauira katoa. i kitea wehenga o Al2O3 mo S1-5 i i te nuinga gibbsite, a hoki hoki S6-7 i i te nuinga diaspore. I tua atu, te tahi atu āhuatanga nui o Fe2O3, whakaatu SiO2 ko TiO2 kaupapa nui i roto i te nuinga o te wā. Hoki tauira katoa, te kaupapa o te mate i runga i pātīmata (TURE) kaupapa aru o Al2O3. I roto i ngā o te silica urupare me te alumina e wātea ana, hoki S1-5 e he tata katoa gibbsite (konumohe trihydrate) kia whakaaro ngā uara i 145 ° C i mo S6-7 hoki i te mea te kohuke tino diaspore (konumohe monohydrate) kia aromatawaitia ngā uara i 235 ° C. Hoki ngā tauira katoa whakamatautau ki te whakawehe STET benchtop faaite te hua nui i roto i te alumina e wātea ana, me te whakaiti nui i roto i te takawai urupare ki te hua mo e rua trihydrate me monohydrate tauira bauxite. I kitea ano hoki Movement o momo kohuke nui, me te te kauwhata whakaaturia i raro nei i roto i te Whakaahua 4.
I roto i ngā o te mineralogy, STET benchtop whakawehe whakaatu kukū o te alumina momo whanau gibbsite me diaspore ki te hua bauxite-taonga i te wā kotahi patoi atu momo gangue. whika 5 a 6 whakaatu selectivity o ngā wāhanga kohuke ki te hua bauxite-taonga mō te trihydrate me te monohydrate tauira, aua. I tātai selectivity rite te rerekētanga i waenganui i te whakahaere papatipu ki te hua mō ia momo kohuke me te whakaora papatipu whānui ki te hua. He tohu o te kohuke kukū te selectivity pai ki te hua bauxite-taonga, me o te whanonga utu pai whānui. anga ke, He tohu o te kukū te uara tōraro selectivity ki te Huatahi bauxite-kikokore, me o te whanonga utu kino whānui.
Hoki trihydrate tauira iti-pāmahana katoa (i.e., S1, S2 ko S4) whakaatu kaolinite he negative tohutohutia whanonga me hāngai ki te tahi-hua bauxite-kikokore i hāngai gibbsite ki te hua bauxite-taonga (Figure 5). Hoki monohydrate tauira nui-pāmahana katoa (i.e., T6 ko S7) e rua ngā kohuke takawai te whanau urupare, kaolinite me te kiripaka, faaite te negative tohutohutia whanonga. Hoki te whakamutunga, korerotia diaspore me boehmite ki te hua bauxite-taonga a faaite i te whanonga utu pai (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Selectivity o ngā wāhanga kohuke ki hua.
Figure 6. Selectivity o ngā wāhanga kohuke ki hua.
Ngä inenga o alumina e wātea ana, me te takawai urupare whakaatu kaupapa nui. Hoki bauxites pāmahana iti (S1-g5), i heke te nui o urupare hakari takawai ia wae o alumina wātea i 10-50% i runga i te pūtake whanaunga (Figure 7). kitea te whakaiti rite i roto i te bauxites tiketike pāmahana (T6-S7) rite taea te kite i roto i te Whakaahua 7.
I tatau te bauxite ki alumina ōwehenga rite te kōaro o te alumina e wātea ana. Ko te bauxite ki alumina ōwehenga i heke e waenganui i 8 - 26% i roto i ngā whanaunga hoki tauira katoa whakamatauria (Figure 8). Ko te whai kiko tenei rite tohu reira he whakaiti ōrite i roto i te rere papatipu o te bauxite e hiahia ana hoki kia whangaia ki te tukanga Bayer.
Figure 7. SiO2 urupare ia wae o Al2O3 wātea
Figure 8. Bauxite ki Alumina ōwehenga.
3.3 Aparauraa
Ko te raraunga whakamātau whakaatu e nui haere te whakawehe STET Al2O3 wātea i te wā kotahi whakaiti SiO_2 ihirangi. Figure 9 hakari he hoahoa ariā o te painga tūmanakohia e pā ana ki te whakaiti o te silica urupare me te hua o te alumina e wātea ana i mua ki te Tukanga Bayer. Ko te kaituhi tātai e te painga pūtea ki te kaitahi alumina e kia i te whānuitanga o $15-30 USD ia ton o alumina hua. whakaata ana tēnei utu karohia i konutai waihā ngaro ki de-silicaton hua (DSP), penapena pūngao i whakaiti i te tāuru o bauxite ki te whakatere whakapai, whakaiti i roto i te whakatupuranga paru whero me te awa moni iti hangaia i hoko te bauxite iti-kōeke e-hua ki kaihanga sima. Figure 9 Fokotu'utu'u nga hua e tūmanakohia ana o te whakatinana i STET hangarau triboelectrostatic rite te toharite ki te mua-kareti bauxite ore i mua i te tukanga Bayer.
taea te whakamana tāutatanga o te tukanga wehenga STET mō bauxite mua tukatuka-rānei i te whakatere whakapai alumina te toku bauxite iho ranei. Heoi, titau maroke te tukanga STET huri o te tokahuke bauxite mua ki te wehenga, ki te tukua e te gangue, kia reira nga logistics o huri me te tukatuka i te bauxite i te whakatere whakapai ake māmā.
Ka rite ki te kotahi kōwhiringa – te bauxite maroke e kia hurihia te whakamahi i maroke huri hangarau pai-whakapumautia, hei tauira te mira takai pānga ranei mira poutū. Ko te bauxite miro hurihia e kia wehea e te tukanga STET, ki te nui-alumina hua bauxite tonoa ki te whakatere whakapai alumina. Ko te tāutanga o te huri maroke e tukua mo te whakakorenga o mākū huri ngā whakamahia i roto i te tukanga Bayer. Kei te riro te reira e e kia pakeke rite ki te utu whakahaere o huri mākū te utu whakahaere o huri maroke, tautautefito ki whakaaro i te huri mākū whakamana i tenei ra whakamana i runga i te ranunga tino kawakore, ārahi ki ngā utu tiaki nui.
Ko te iti-kōeke bauxite tahi-hua maroke (tailings) i e kia hokona te tukanga wehenga ki sima hanga hei puna alumina. Bauxite kei te tāpiri ki te sima hanga, me te maroke tahi-hua, paru pērā whero, e kore i roto i te konutai e pai ārai tona whakamahi i roto i te raima hanga. E whakarato ana tēnei i te whakatere whakapai ki te tikanga o te valorizing rauemi e pai te kore putaatu i te tukanga para rite paru whero, a e rapu utu rokiroki wā roa, e tohu ana i te utu.
He tātai utu whakahaere whakamana e te kaituhi whakatau tata te painga kaupapa o $27 USD ia ton o alumina, ki te pānga matua tutuki i roto i whakaiti i roto i te konutai waihā, whakaiti i roto i te paru whero, valorization o te tahi-hua, me te wahie penapena tika ki rōrahi raro o bauxite ki te whakatere whakapai. Na reira te 800,000 ton ia tau whakatere whakapai taea e titau i te painga pūtea o $21 M USD ia tau (Tirohia te Figure 10). e kore e tenei tātari whakaaro pea penapena i te whakaiti kawemai logistics ranei utu o bauxite, atu ai e whakarei ake hoki te kaupapa.
Figure 10. Hua o urupare piapia Whakaitinga me hua Alumina wātea.
4.0 whakatau
I roto i te whakarāpopototanga, tukatuka maroke nga whai wāhitanga STET whakawehe horo'a ki ki te whakaputa uara mō ngä bauxite me kaimahi koura. Ko te mua-tukatuka o bauxite mua ki te para ka whakaiti i ngā utu matū, raro i te rōrahi o te paru whero hangaia, ka whakaiti tukanga raruraru. hangarau STET taea tukua pūtukatuka bauxite ki te tahuri kōeke kore-metallurgical ki bauxite kōeke metallurgical - e taea te whakaiti i hiahia mō te bauxite kawemai me / ranei whakawhānui putanga ora rauemi whakapai. taea hoki tukanga STET kia whakatinana ki te whakaputa kore-metallurgical bauxite kōeke me te metallurgical kōeke kounga teitei, me te sima auroro bauxite i-hua i mua ki te tukanga Bayer.
E titau te tukanga STET iti i mua i-maimoatanga o te kohuke, me te mahi i te kaha nui - ki runga ki 40 pepe ia haora. Ko iti iho i te Energy kohi 2 kirowati-haora ia ton o rauemi tukatuka. I tua atu, te tukanga STET ko te hangarau tino commercialized i roto i ngā kohuke tukatuka, a kore e reira e rapu te whanaketanga o te hangarau hou.
Tohutoro
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