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ST Qalabka & technology LLC (STET) kalasooca suunka tribo-electrostatic ayaa ku habboon ka -faa'iideystayaal aad u fiican (<1μm) si dhexdhexaad ah aan dhab ahayn (500μm) maaddada macdanta, leh marin aad u sareeya. Natiijooyinka tijaabada ah waxay muujiyeen awoodda kala -sooca STET si ay uga faa'iideystaan shaybaarada bauxite iyadoo la kordhinayo alumina la heli karo iyadoo isla mar la yareynayo falcelinta iyo silica guud. Teknolojiyadda STET waxaa loo soo bandhigaa inay tahay hab kor loogu qaadayo oo xoogga la saarayo kaydinta bauxite-ka si loogu isticmaalo wax soo saarka alumina. Ka -shaqaynta qallalan ee leh STET SEPARATOR waxay sababi doontaa in la yareeyo kharashyada hawlgalka ee warshadaynta sababtuna tahay isticmaalka hoose ee soodhaha caustic, keydinta tamarta sababtuna tahay mugga hoose ee oksaydhka aan firfircoonayn iyo hoos u dhaca mugga haraaga macdanta alumina (ARR ama dhoobo cas). Intaa waxaa dheer, farsamada STET ayaa laga yaabaa inay siiso milkiilayaasha alumina faa'iidooyin kale oo ay ku jiraan kaydka dhagaxa oo kordhay, kordhinta nolosha wasakhda casaanka goobta, iyo kordhinta nolosha hawlgalka ee miinooyinka bauxite ee hadda jira iyada oo la wanaajinayo adeegsiga qodista iyo ugu badnaan soo kabashada. Alaab-biyo-la'aan iyo kiimiko-la'aan-soo-saarka oo ay soo saartay habka STET ayaa loo adeegsan karaa soo-saaridda sibidhka caddad aad u badan iyada oo aan hore loo daweyn, taas oo ka duwan dhoobada cas ee xadidan isticmaalkeedu xadidan yahay.
1.0 Hordhac
wax soo saarka Aluminum waa muhiim dhexe ee warshadaha macdanta iyo metallurgy iyo aasaasiga ah ee kala duwan oo ka mid ah warshadaha [1-2]. Iyadoo aluminium waa element ugu badan macdan laga helo dhulka, ee ku saabsan tirada guud ee 8% oo ka mid ah dhulka udubyadiisa, sida element ah waa Waxyeelo oo sidaas daraaddeed ma caadi ma [3]. Sidaa awgeed, baahida ore aluminium-hodan ah inuu la safeeyey inay alumina soo saarka iyo aluminium, taasoo keentay in qarnigan la taaban karo ee ku harta [4]. Sida tayada kayd bauxite adduunka hoos u dhac, qarniga korodhka hadhay, caqabado warshadaha alumina iyo aluminium-qaadashada marka loo eego kharashka ka baaraandegidda, kharashka qubo iyo saameynta ay ku leeyihiin deegaanka [3].
Qoraalkani wuxuu ku bilaabo aasaasiga ah ee turxaan aluminium waa bauxite, isha ugu weyn dunida ee ganacsi ee aluminium [5]. Bauxite waa dhagax weyn hydroxide aluminium la xoojiyey ah ku aasan, soo saaray ka laterization iyo cimilada dhagaxyada hodan ku oxides birta, oxides aluminium, ama labadaba caadi ahaan ka kooban quartz iyo maadado sida kaolin [3,6]. dhagaxyada bauxite ka kooban yahay inta badan oo ka mid ah gibbsite macdanta aluminium (Al(OH)3), boehmite (c-ALO(OH)) iyo diaspore (a-ALO(OH)) (Miis 1), oo waxaa badanaa lagu qaso laba oxides birta goethite (Feo(OH)) iyo hematite (Fe2O3), kaolinite macdanta dhoobo aluminium, xaddi yar oo anatase iyo / ama titania (TiO2), macdanta ilmenayt (FeTiO3) iyo nijaasta kale oo tiro yar ama raad [3,6,7].
Ereyada trihydrate iyo laktosmonohydrat caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo by warshadaha in la kala saaro noocyada kala duwan ee bauxite. Bauxite la gebi ahaan ama ku dhawaad oo dhan dhalista gibbsite waxaa lagu magacaabaa ore trihydrate a; haddii boehmite ama diaspore yihiin macdanta badan, waxaa loo yaqaan laktosmonohydrat ore [3]. ANAAD of gibbsite iyo boehmite waa wax caadi ah in dhammaan noocyada bauxites, boehmite oo caadi diaspore yar, iyo gibbsite iyo dhif diaspore. nooc kasta oo hadiyado ore bauxite caqabadaha u gaarka ah marka la eego processing macdanta iyo beneficiation farcanka reer alumina [7,8].
Miis 1. Halabuurka kiimikada ee Gibbsite, Boehmite iyo Diaspore [3].
| Qaab dhismeedka Chemical | Shabakada Internetka AL(OH)3 ama Al2O3.3H2The | Boehmite ALO(OH) ama Al2The3.H2The | Qurbajoogta ALO(OH) ama Al2The3.H2The |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al2The3 WT% | 65.35 | 84.97 | 84.98 |
| (OH) WT% | 34.65 | 15.03 | 15.02 |
kayd bauxite yihiin caalamka oo dhan faafidda, inta badan ka dhaca gobollada kulaylaha ama dadka fareen [8]. macdanta bauxite labada senti fasalka qodniinka- iyo non-qodniinka- waa le'eg oo lagu macdanta ee macdano kale warshadaha. Sida caadiga ah, beneficiation ama daaweynta bauxite waxaa ku koobnayn burburiyo, sieving, dhaqidda, iyo qalajinta ee dhadhaab ee cayriin [3]. Sabeynta ayaa u shaqeeya, waayo, casriyeyn ee senti bauxite gaar ah fasalka hooseeyo, Si kastaba ha ahaatee ma waxa uu xaqiijiyay sare ee doorashada ee kaolinite iyagoo gaala ah, il weyn ee silica Waxyeelo gaar ahaan bauxites trihydrate [9].
bulk of bauxite soo saaray dunida oo dhan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida feed for soo saarta ee alumina via habka Bayer ah, hab kiimiko qoyan oo kiimiko ah kaas oo Al_2 O_3 lagu kala dareeray dhagaxii bauxite iyadoo la adeegsanayo xal qani ku ah soodhaha caustic heerkulka iyo cadaadiska sare [3,10,11]. Ka dibna waxa, bulk of alumina waxaa looga faa'iideysan sidii feed soo saarka ee biraha aluminium via nidaamka Hall-Héroult, kaas oo ku lug leedahay hoos u electrolytic of alumina qubeyska ah cryolite (Na3AlF6). Waxay qaadataa oo ku saabsan 4-6 tan oo bauxite qalajiyey in wax soo saarka 2 t of alumina, taas oo wax-soosaarkooda markooda 1 t bir aluminium [3,11].
habka Bayer ayaa waxaa bilaabay by qodan maydhay iyo Barandho dhulka bauxite xal Culaacushu ah. slurry ka dhalanaya kooban 40-50% cunnooyinka adkaha ah waxaa ka dibna cadaadiyay iyo kululaynta la uumi. Talaabadani waxay qaar ka mid ah alumina waa baabba'ay iyo foomamka aluminate sodium L (NaAlO2), laakiin ay sabab u tahay jiritaanka silica Waxyeelo, sodium silicate aluminium adag oo ah sidoo kale precipitates oo ka dhigan khasaaro ah alumina iyo soda labada. slurry ka dhalanaya la maydhay, Oo intii ka hadhay ahbaa (i.e., dhoobo cas) waxaa decanted. aluminate Sodium waxaa markaas aloosnayd baxay sida trihydrate aluminium (Al(OH)3) iyada oo loo marayo geedi socod seeding. The keentay xal Soodhaha waxaa recirculated galay xal Culaacushu ah. Ugu dambeyntii, trihydrate alumina adag ku sifeeyo oo markaan soo maydhay waxaa rasaas ama calcined in alumina Midho [3,11].
heerkulka Leaching u dhaxayn kartaa 105 ° C inay 290 ° C iyo cadaadiska dhiganta dhaxayn 390 KPA in 1500 KPA. heerkulka safafka Hoose waxaa loo isticmaalaa bauxite, taas oo ku dhawaad oo dhan alumina la heli karo waa hadiyad sida gibbsite. Heerkulka sare waxaa looga baahan yahay digedepositsst bauxite oo leh boqolkiiba tiro badan oo boehmite iyo diaspore. Heerkulka 140 ° C ama ka yar oo kaliya shabakada iyo kooxaha kaolin ayaa lagu liqi karaa cabitaanka soodhada caustic sidaas darteed heerkulka noocan oo kale ah ayaa loo doortaa ka shaqeynta alumina trihydrate . At heerkul ka badan 180 ° C joogo alumina sida trihydrate iyo laktosmonohydrat waxay yihiin in xal iyo labada maadado iyo quartz free noqdaan Waxyeelo weyn [3]. xaaladaha ka hawlgala sida heerkulka, cadaadiska iyo qiyaasta reagent waxaa saameeyay nooca bauxite oo sidaas daraaddeed Warshad alumina kasta waxaa loogu talagalay in nooca gaarka ah ee ore bauxite a. Guuldaradii ugu of Soodhaha qaali (NaOH) iyo jiilka of dhoobo cas ayaa labadaba la xiriira tayada bauxite isticmaalo geedi socodka turxaan ah. Guud, ee hoos ku content Al_2 O_3 ah bauxite, mugga weyn ee dhoobo cas in la ahbaa doonaa, sida weji non-Al_2 O_3 waxaa diiday sida dhoobada cas. Intaa waxaa dheer, sare kaolinite ama content silica Waxyeelo ah bauxite, dhoobada more cas loo ahbaa doonaa [3,8].
bauxite fasalka-Sare ka kooban yahay ilaa 61% Al_2 O_3, iyo kayd badan bauxite hawlgalka -typically gudbiyo sida fasalka non-qodniinka-- waa si fiican hoos this, mararka qaar yar intii 30-50% Al_2 O_3. Maxaa yeelay, wax soo saarka la doonayo waa ka khayroon daahirnimo sare
Al_2 O_3, oxides haray in bauxite ah (Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, wax organic) kala O_3 Al_2 iyo diideen sida alumina harta warshad sifeeysa (Aar oo) ama dhoobo cas via habka Bayer ah. Guud, tayada hoose bauxite ah (i.e., hoose Al_2 O_3 waxa ku jira) dhoobada more cas in ahbaa per ton ah ee badeecada alumina. Intaa waxaa dheer, xitaa qaar ka mid ah macdanta dhalista Al_2 O_3, gaar ahaan kaolinite, soo saaro reactions dhinaca loo baahnayn lagu guda jiro hawsha turxaan iyo waxay keeni in la kordhiyo qarniga dhoobo cas, iyo sidoo kale khasaaraha ka mid ah mid qaali ah kiimikada Soodhaha, kharashka variable weyn ee geedi socodka turxaan bauxite [3,6,8].
dhoobo Red ama Aar oo ka dhigan mid weyn iyo mid ku socda tartan loogu talagalay warshadaha aluminium ah [12-14]. dhoobo Red ku jira dhamayta haraaga kiimikada hadhay weyn ka geedi socodka turxaan ah, oo waa heer sare ah xumadoodu, oo inta badan leh pH ah 10 - 13 [15]. Waxaa la ahbaa in tiro badan oo dunida ah - sida ay USGS ku, lagu qiyaasay saarka alumina caalamiga ahaa 121 million tons in 2016 [16]. Tani waxay keentay in dad lagu qiyaasey 150 million tons of dhoobo cas ahbaa isla muddadaas [4]. In kasta oo cilmi-socda, dhoobo cas hadda dhowr Waddooyinkiisa ganacsi-gal ah in ay faa'iido dib-u-isticmaalka. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in aad u yar ee dhoobo cas beneficially waa dib-u-loo isticmaalo dunida oo dhan [13-14]. halkii, dhoobada cas waxaa gareeyeen ka Warshad alumina galay impoundments kaydinta ama meelha, halkaasoo lagu kaydiyo oo lagula socdaa qiimaha weyn [3]. Sidaa darteed, labada muran dhaqaalaha iyo deegaanka waxaa la samayn karaa si loo hagaajiyo tayada bauxite ka hor turxaan, gaar ahaan haddii horumar sida la samayn karaa iyada oo loo marayo low-tamarta farsamooyinka-soociddiisa jirka.
Iyadoo kaydka la xaqiijiyay of bauxite ayaa la filayaa in la soo dhaafay oo sannado badan, tayada kaydka ah waa in laga heli karaa dhaqaale hoos u [1,3]. Waayo, dahabtumayaashii, ku jira ganacsiga ee bauxite baaraandegidda in alumina samaynaysaa, iyo biraha ugu danbeyn aluminium, tani waa caqabad ku ah labada saamaynta dhaqaale iyo deegaanka
Hababka qallalan sida soociddiisa electrostatic laga yaabaa oo xiiso of warshadaha bauxite ee pre-fiirsashada of bauxite ka hor habka Bayer ah. hababka kala go'ida Electrostatic in isticmaali xiriir, ama tribo-korontada, xukun xiiso particularity sababtoo ah iman kara ay u kala soocaan kala duwan oo isku kooban tabinta, qalabada, iyo qayb semi-tabinta. xukun Tribo-korontada dhacdaa marka Discrete, Qurub duwana isku mid kale, ama dusha saddexaad, taasoo keentay in farqiga lacag dusha u dhexeeya laba nooc oo walxaha. The calaamad iyo magnitude of farqiga amarka qayb ahaan ku xiran tahay farqiga u xididnaa electron (ama hawlaha shaqada) u dhexeeya nooc walxaha. Kala ka dibna waxaa lagu gaari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo beerta korontada ah oo dibadda laga codsadaa.
Farsamada ayaa waxaa looga faa'iideysan industrially in separators nooca free-dayrta toosan. In separators free-dayrta, Qurub ugu horeysay helaan lacag, ka dibna dhici by cuf iyada oo qalab la soo horjeeda electrodes in codsan a beerta korontada xoog leh leexiyo dhabbihii ka mid ah qayb ka ah sida calaamad oo magnitude la'aan dusha ay u [18]. separators Free-dayrta noqon kartaa wax ku ool ah waayo qayb ka dhab ahayn laakiin aan wax ku ool ah at qayb ka qabashada qaadhaan badan oo ku saabsan 0.075 si ay u 0.1 mm [19-20]. Mid ka mid ah ugu ballanqaadaan horumarka cusub ee kala macdanta qalalan waa SEPARATOR tribo-electrostatic suunka. Technology Tani ayaa kala duwan ee size walxaha si ay qaadhaan Qurub badan teknoolajiyada-soociddiisa electrostatic caadiga ah, galay kala duwan halkaas oo sabeynta kaliya ayaa guul ee la soo dhaafay.
separation Tribo-electrostatic isticmaalaan kala duwan lacag korontada dhexeeya alaabta soo saaray xiriir dusha ama xukun triboelectric. Siyaabo sahlay, marka labada qalabka la xiriirto, waxyaabaha la xidhiidh buuna sare electros guulaha electrons sidaas badala negative, halka waxyaabaha hoose buuna electron eedeeyo wanaagsan.
ST Qalabka & technology (STET) tribo-electrostatic suunka dalabyo SEPARATOR wadada beneficiation novel in pre-shancosbitaal senti bauxite. The dalab habka STET qalalan-soociddiisa bauxite saarayaasha ama dahabtumayaashii bauxite fursad ay ku qabtaan casriyeyn pre-Bayer-habka of ore bauxite si loo hagaajiyo tayada. Habkan leedahay faa'iidooyin badan, lugu daro: Dhimista in kharashka ka hawlgala warshadda sifeeynta ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka hoose ee Soodhaha by yareynta silica aqbasho Waxyeelo; kaydka tamarta intii lagu turxaan ay sabab u tahay hoos u mugga of oxides inert (Fe2The3, TiO2, SiO Non-Waxyeelo2) galaya la bauxite; socodka mass yar bauxite in lagu sifeeyo oo looga baahan yahay tamar sidaas daraaddeed yar kulaylka iyo cadaadis; hoos qarniga dhoobo cas mugga (i.e., dhoobo cas ratio alumina) iyadoo la fogeynayo silica Waxyeelo iyo xabagta inert; iyo, control adag in ka badan tayada bauxite aqbasho taas oo yaraynaysa khalkhal habka iyo ogolaanaya dahabtumayaashii si fiican bartilmaameedka heerka silica Waxyeelo si aan u weyneyno diidmada nijaasta daahiriya. gacanta kor u qaadida tayada badan feed bauxite in lagu sifeeyo sidoo kale uptime iyo wax soo saarka aan qabano. Waxaa intaa dheer, hoos mugga dhoobo cas tarjumaysaa kharashka daaweynta iyo qashin ka yar iyo isticmaalka wanaagsan ee meelha jira.
preprocessing ee ore bauxite ka hor habka Bayer ayaa laga yaabaa in ay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin la taaban karo marka la eego ka baaraandegidda iyo iibinta tailings. Si ka duwan dhoobo cas, tailings ka habka qallalan electrostatic ku jira kiimikooyin lahayn oo aan matalin liability kaydinta deegaanka oo waqti dheer ah. Si ka duwan dhoobo cas, qalalan by-products / tailings ka howlgal pre-baaraandegidda bauxite loo isticmaali karo in soo saaridda sibidhka sida ma jiraan wax looga baahan yahay in meesha laga saaro sodium ah, taasoo dhaawici soo saaridda cement. Dhab ahaantii - bauxite horeba waa wax caadi ah sida xawliga ah u Portland saarka cement. Kordhinta nolosha hawlgalka ee miinooyinka bauxite jira sidoo kale lagu gaarey waxaa laga yaabaa in ay hagaajinta isticmaalka meeshii laga soo qoday iyo fidinta dib u soo kabashada.
2.0 tijaabooyin
2.1 qalabka
STET sameeyay waxbarashada pre-Bulshda ka badan 15 baarka bauxite ka duwan meelo kala duwan oo adduunka ah oo isticmaalaya SEPARATOR kursiga keydka-miisaan. Kuwaas oo kala ah, 7 -baarka kala duwan ahaayeen
Miis 2. Natiijo ah baarka bauxite falanqayn kiimikada.
2.2 Methods
Tijaabo ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo kursiga keydka baaxad tribo-electrostatic SEPARATOR suunka a, Aakhiro gudbiyo sida 'SEPARATOR benchtop'. imtixaanka kursiga keydka-miisaanka waa wajiga hore ee geedi socodka a saddex waji technology fulinta (Eeg Shaxda 3) oo ay ku jiraan qiimaynta keydka baaxad, imtixaanka pilot-baaxadda iyo fulinta ganacsi oo baaxad.
SEPARATOR benchtop Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameynayaa caddeynta xukun tribo-electrostatic iyo si loo ogaado haddii ay wax a uu yahay musharaxa wanaagsan beneficiation electrostatic. Faraqa ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya gabal kasta ee qalabka waxaa lagu soo bandhigay Shaxda 3. Iyada oo qalabka loo isticmaalo gudahood marxalad kasta kala duwan ee size, Mabda 'hawlgalka aasaas ahaan waa isku mid.
Miis 3. geedi socodka fulinta saddex waji oo isticmaalaya STET technology SEPARATOR suunka tribo-electrostatic
| Phase | loo isticmaalo: | koronto Dherer cm | Nooca Nidaamka |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Qiimeynta Miisaaniyadda | Qiimaynta Tayada ah | 250 | Dufcaddii |
| 2- Miisaanka pilot Tijaabinaya | Qiimeynta tirada | 610 | Dufcaddii |
| 3- Hirgelinta Iskeelka Ganacsiga | Wax Soo Saarka Ganacsiga | 610 | Sii socda |
Sida laga arki karo in Table 3, farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya SEPARATOR benchtop iyo pilot-baaxadda iyo separators ganacsi baaxad waa in dhererka SEPARATOR benchtop waa qiyaastii 0.4 jeer dhererka unugyada pilot-baaxadda iyo ganacsi oo baaxad. Sida oolnimada SEPARATOR waa shaqo ah oo dhererkeedu yahay koronto ah, imtixaanka kursiga keydka-miisaanka ma loo isticmaali karaa bedel imtixaanka pilot-baaxadda. imtixaanka Pilot-qiyaasta loo baahan yahay si loo ogaado inta uu la egyahay-soociddiisa oo ah in geeddi-socodka STET wuxuu gaadhi karaa, iyo si loo ogaado haddii habka STET kulmi kartaa bartilmaameedyada sheyga hoos heerka feed siiyey. halkii, SEPARATOR benchtop loo isticmaalo inuu meesha ka saaro waxyaabaha musharax in ay yihiin lagama yaabo in ay muujiyaan wax-soociddiisa oo muhiim ah heer pilot-iskeelka. Natiijooyinka helay on the keydka baaxad la non-filaayo doonaa, iyo kala arkay ka yar tahay taas oo laga dheehan lahaa on a SEPARATOR STET xajmi ganacsi.
Baarista ee warshad duuliyaha lagama maarmaan ah ka hor inta qiyaasta ganacsi geeyo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, imtixaanka ee keydka baaxad waxaa lagu dhiirigelinayaa sidii wajiga hore ee geedi socodka fulinta ee wax kasta oo la siiyo. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, xaaladaha kuwaas oo la heli karo wax ku xaddidan, SEPARATOR benchtop waxay siisaa qalab waxtar u leh baaritaanka mashaariic ka iman kara guul (i.e., mashruuc kaas oo macaamiisha iyo warshadaha bartilmaameedyada tayada la kulmay karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo technology STET).
2.2.1 STET Triboelectrostatic Belt SEPARATOR
In SEPARATOR tribo-electrostatic suunka (Jaantuska 1 iyo Jaantuska 2), wax la quudiyey galay farqiga khafiif ah 0.9 - 1.5 cm u dhexeeya labada electrodes planar isku midka ah. qayb ka yihiin triboelectrically eedeeyay by xiriir interparticle. Tusaale ahaan, in ay dhacdo muunad bauxite ah oo dadka deegaanka ugu muhiimsan yihiin gibssite, kaolinite iyo qayb ka macdanta quartz, ugu wanaagsan eedeeyay (gibssite) iyo si xun u eedeeyay (kaolinite iyo quartz) waxaa soo jiitay in electrodes soo horjeeda. qayb ka yihiin ka dibna isagoo xaaqan oo ay si joogto ah u dhaqaaqin suunka-mesh furan iyo gaadhsiiyey jiho ka soo horjeeda. Suunka guuro qayb ka ku xiga si ay koronto kasta xagga ugu shishaysa soo horjeeda ee SEPARATOR ah. duurka oo korontada guurto baahan kaliya qayb ka ah jajab yar oo centimitir ah inuu u dhaqaaqo walxaha ka durdur bidix u dhaqaaqo a xaq-dhaqaaq. counter socodka hadda ka mid ah qayb ka kala oo joogtada ah triboelectric xukun by shilalka walxaha siinayaa a kala go'ida iyo natiijooyinka multi-yada ka khayroon daahirnimo fiican iyo soo kabashada ee unit-hal baas. The xawaaraha suunka sare ayaa sidoo kale u saamaxaaya throughputs mid aad u sarreeya, ilaa 40 tan saacadiiba hal SEPARATOR a. By gacanta beegyada uu nidaamka kala duwan, qalabka u oggolaanaysa in ayna fasalka macdanta iyo soo kabashada.
Jaantuska 1. Schematic of SEPARATOR suunka triboelectric
design SEPARATOR waa mid yara fudud. The suunka iyo rollers la xiriira waa qaybo ka mid kaliya uusan u dhaqaaqin. electrodes waa taagan oo ka kooban qalab ah oo ku haboon raagaya. Suunka laga sameeyey qalab caag ah. dhererka koronto SEPARATOR waa qiyaastii 6 mitir (20 ft.) iyo width ah 1.25 mitir (4 ft.) for size buuxa unugyada ganacsi. isticmaalka Awooda waa in ka yar 2 kilowatt-saac tonne ee wax baaraandegi leh ugu xoogga baabbi'iyey laba matoorrada wadista suunka.
Jaantuska 2. Detail ee zone-soociddiisa
Geedi socodka gebi ahaanba qalalan, wuxuu u baahan yahay ma qalab dheeraad ah oo soo saarta oo aan lahayn biyo qashinka ama qiiqa hawada. Waayo, kala macdanta SEPARATOR bixisaa technology ah si loo yareeyo isticmaalka biyaha, kordhiyo nolosha reserve iyo / ama soo kabsado iyo reprocess tailings.
compactness The nidaamka u oggolaanaysa in dabacsanaan naqshadooda rakibaadda. technology The tribo-electrostatic-soociddiisa suunka waa adag iyo industrially xaqiijiyay oo markii ugu horaysay la industrially codsatay in ay howsha ash dhuxusha Daqsi sari ee 1997. technology waa wax ku ool ah kala qayb carbon ka sari ee aan dhamaystirnayn oo dhuxusha, ka qayb macdanta aluminosilicate madxafka in ash Daqsi. Technology ayaa qeyb muhim ah in awood recycle of ash macdanta qaniga Daqsi bedelka cement ee wax soo saarka la taaban karo a.
Tan iyo markii ay 1995, ka badan 20 milyan oo tan oo ash dhoobnayd alaabta lagu farsameeyo by separators STET ku rakiban ee USA. Taariikhda warshadaha nijaasta ash dhoobnayd waxaa ku qoran Shaxda 4.
In macdanta processing, technology SEPARATOR suunka triboelectric ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu kala tiro balaadhan oo ah qalabka ay ku jiraan calcite / quartz, Rusheyn kartaa / magnesite, iyo barite / quartz.
Jaantuska 3. Commercial SEPARATOR suunka tribo-electrostatic
Miis 4. codsiga Industrial nijaasta suunka tribo-electrostatic for ash dhoobnayd.
| utility / saldhiga korontada | Location | Start hawlgallada ganacsi | faahfaahinta Facility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | North Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Separators |
| luqadaha Energy- Brandon xeebaha | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Separators |
| Power Scottish- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Jacksonville Electric-St. Beerta Korantada ee Johns River | Florida USA | 2003 | 2 Separators |
| South Mississippi Power Power -R.D. Morrow | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| New Brunswick Power-Belledune | New Brunswick Kanada | 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| OF loo kansalay-Didcot Station | England UK | 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Luuqadaha Saldhigga Jasiiradda Tamarta-Brunner | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Separators |
| Tampa Electric-Big laab Station | Florida USA | 2008 | 3 Separators |
| OF loo kansalay Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| EDF Energy-West Burton Station | England UK | 2008 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| ZGP (Lafarge Cement / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | 2010 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Korea Koonfur Power- Yeongheung | South Korea | 2014 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| PGNiG Termika-Sierkirki | Poland | 2018 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Shirkadda Cuntada ee Sibheiyo -Cihibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Armstrong Fly Ash- Celement Cement | Filibiin | 2019 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Korea Koonfur Power- Samcheonpo | South Korea | 2019 | 1 SEPARATOR |
2.2.2 imtixaanka kursiga keydka-baaxadda
Tijaabooyinka habka caadiga ah ayaa lagu sameeyay agagaarka hadafka gaarka ah si loo kordhiyo uruurinta Al_2 O_3 iyo in la yareeyo uruurinta macdanta gaangiska. Baaritaano ayaa la sameeyey on SEPARATOR benchtop ku hoos jira xaalad Dufcaddii, baaritaanka loo sameeyaa in nuqul loo jilo gobolka joogta ah, iyo in la hubiyo in wax kasta oo saamayn firi suurto gal ka xaalad hore loo aqoonsaday. Ka hor inta aan imtixaan kasta, a feed yar sub-tijaabada waxaa lagu soo ururiyay (qoondeeyey sida 'Feed'). Marka dejinta oo dhan doorsoomayaasha hawlgalka, wax la quudiyey galay SEPARATOR benchtop isticmaalaya ah la shekeysan vibratory korontada iyada oo xarunta of SEPARATOR benchtop ah. Muunado ayaa la soo ururiyay dhamaadka tijaabo kasta oo miisaanka oo dhamaadka wax soo saarka 1 (qoondeeyey sida 'E1') iyo dhamaadka wax soo saarka 2 (qoondeeyey sida 'E2') maaggan adeegsanaya qiyaasta ah tirinta sharci-for-ganacsiga. Waayo-baarka bauxite, 'E2' u dhiganta wax soo saarka bauxite-hodanka ah. Wixii kasta ee-baarka sub (i.e., feed, E1 iyo E2) SHARCIGA, ugu weyn oxides Halabuurka by XRF, silica Waxyeelo iyo alumina heli maagganaa. XRD soocista waxaa lagu sameeyaa-baarka sub la doortay.
3.0 Natiijooyinka iyo dood
3.1. Muunado Mineralogy
Natiijooyinka oo ka mid ah falanqayn XRD taranta for baarka feed ku jira Table 5. Inta badan tijaabada ayaa ugu horayn ka kooban gibbsite iyo tiro kala duwan ee goethite, hematite, kaolinite, iyo quartz. Macdanta ilmenayt iyo anatase sidoo kale cad in tiro yar oo badi tijaabada.
Waxaa jiray isbeddel ku Halabuurka macdanta for qod6 iyo S7 sida baarka feed ka mid ah ayaa ugu horrayn ka kooban diaspore la xaddi yar oo ka mid ah calcite, hematite, goethite, boehmite, kaolinite, gibbsite, quartz, anatase, iyo rutile la ogaado. wajiga An amorphous ayaa sidoo kale la ogaado in S1 iyo S4 iyo qiyaastii dhaxaysey 1 si ay u 2 boqolkiiba. Tani waxay u badan tahay in ay sabab u ahayd mid joogitaanka macdanta ah smectite, ama wax aan crystalline. Tan iyo wax aan la qiyaasi kari waayay si toos ah, natiijooyinka shaybaarka waa in loo tixgeliyo qiyaas.
3.2 tijaabo kursiga keydka-baaxadda
taxane ah oo orod imtixaanka ayaa la sameeyey oo ku saabsan saamiga kasta macdanta loogu talagalay fidinta Al2O3 iyo hoos content SiO_2. Species xoogga si ay wax soo saarka bauxite-hodan noqon doonaa muujinaysaa dhaqanka xukun wanaagsan. Natiijooyinka waxa lagu muujiyey Shaxanka 6
Miis 5. Falanqaynta XRD ah baarka feed.
Miis 6. Summary Natiijooyinka.
Baarista la dhaqdhaqaaqa SEPARATOR benchtop STET muujiyeen muhiim ah Al2O3 waayo, dhammaan saamiyada. Kala Al2O3 ayaa lagu arkay for S1-5 waxa ay ahaayeen inta badan gibbsite, iyo sidoo kale for S6-7 waxa ay ahaayeen inta badan diaspore. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxyaalaha kale ee waaweyn ee Fe2O3, SiO2 iyo TiO2 muujiyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa weyn kiisaska intooda badan. Waayo, dhammaan saamiyada, dhaqdhaqaaqa khasaaro on suuroggalaan (SHARCIGA) dhaqdhaqaaqa raacay of Al2O3. In la eego silica Waxyeelo iyo alumina heli karaa, waayo, S1-5 kuwaas oo ku dhawaad oo dhan gibbsite (aluminium trihydrate) qiimaha waa in la tixgeliyaa at 145 ° C, halka for S6-7 kaas oo macdanta xukuma waa diaspore (aluminium laktosmonohydrat) qiimaha waa in la qiimeeyo at 235 ° C. Waayo, tijaabooyinkii jirrabaya la SEPARATOR benchtop STET ka muujiyeen koror la taaban karo ee alumina la heli karo iyo hoos u dhac weyn ee silica Waxyeelo in wax soo saarka labada trihydrate iyo laktosmonohydrat baarka bauxite. Movement of noocyada waaweyn ee macdanta ayaa sidoo kale lagu arkay, waxaana la garaaf ahaan hoos ku qoran ee Jaantuska 4.
In la eego mineralogy, SEPARATOR benchtop STET muujiyeen fiirsashada of alumina noocyada dhalista gibbsite iyo diaspore in wax soo saarka bauxite-hodanka ah iyadoo isla iyagoo gaala ah noocyada kale gangue. tirokoobyada 5 iyo 6 tuso selectivity ee wejiyada macdanta in ay wax soo saarka bauxite-hodanka ah, waayo, shaybaarka trihydrate iyo laktosmonohydrat ah, siday u kala horreeyaan. Selectivity waxaa loo xisaabiyaa sida farqiga u dhexeeya deportment mass in ay wax soo saarka for noocyada macdanta kasta oo dib u soo kabashada mass guud ee wax soo saarka. selectivity A wanaagsan waa tilmaan fiirsashada macdanta in ay wax soo saarka bauxite-hodanka ah, iyo guud dhaqanka xukun wanaagsan. Hase yeshe,, qiimaha selectivity negative waa tilmaan fiirsashada si coproduct bauxite-caatada ah, iyo guud dhaqanka xukun negative.
Waayo, tijaabooyinkii low-kulka trihydrate (i.e., S1, S2 iyo S4) kaolinite muujiyey negative ah dhaqanka ku amraya oo ku howlan in ay wada-saarka bauxite-caatada ah halka gibbsite ku urursan in wax soo saarka bauxite-hodanka ah (Jaantuska 5). Waayo, tijaabooyinkii-heerkulka sare laktosmonohydrat (i.e., Qod6 iyo S7) labada macdanta silica dhalista Waxyeelo, kaolinite iyo quartz, muujiyey negative ah dhaqanka amraya. Wixii dambaysta ah, diaspore iyo boehmite sheegay in wax soo saarka bauxite-taajir iyo muujiyay dhaqanka ah xukun wanaagsan (Jaantuska 6).
Jaantuska 5. Selectivity ee wejiyada macdanta in ay wax soo saarka.
Jaantuska 6. Selectivity ee wejiyada macdanta in ay wax soo saarka.
Qiyaasaha alumina la heli karo iyo silica Waxyeelo muujiyaan dhaqdhaqaaq la taaban karo. Waayo, bauxites heerkulka hooseeyo (S1-S5), xaddiga joogo silica Waxyeelo halkii unit of alumina heli karo waxaa laga soo dhimay 10-50% ku salaysan qaraabo (Jaantuska 7). hoos A la mid ah ayaa lagu arkay ugu bauxites heerkulka sare (Qod6-S7) sida laga arki karaa Jaantuska 7.
bauxite The in ratio alumina waxaa loo xisaabinayaa-bedelka ee alumina la heli karo. bauxite The in ratio alumina waxaa hoos u dhacay inta u dhaxaysa 8 - 26% marka la eego qaraabo waayo, tijaabooyinkii baaro (Jaantuska 8). Tani waa macno leh maadaama ay ka dhigan tahay hoos u dhiganta socodka mass of bauxite in loo baahan yahay in la siiyo geeddi-socodka Bayer ah.
Jaantuska 7. SiO2 Waxyeelo halkii unit of Al2O3 Available
Jaantuska 8. Bauxite in ratio Alumina.
3.3 Dood
Xogta tijaabo muujinaysaa in SEPARATOR STET kordhay Al2O3 heli karaa iyadoo isla yareeyo content SiO_2. Jaantuska 9 Hadiyadaha jaantuska fikrada uu ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka laga filayaa la xidhiidha in la yareeyo ee silica Waxyeelo iyo kororka of alumina heli karo ka hor inta aan Hab-Bayer ah. Qorayaashu waxay xisaabiyo in faa'iidada dhaqaale si miira alumina noqon lahayd kala duwan ee $15-30 USD halkii ton ah ee badeecada alumina. Tani waxay ka tarjumaysaa kharashka fogaadaa ka Soodhaha guuldarro de-silicaton wax soo saarka (DSP), kaydka tamarta ka yaraynta talooyin ah ee bauxite in warshadda sifeeynta, hoos qarniga dhoobo cas iyo il dakhli yar ee ka soo baxa iibinta bauxite-fasalka hoos by-saarka in ay soo saarayaasha cement. Jaantuska 9 dulmari faa'iidooyinka filayaa fulinta STET technology triboelectrostatic sida celceliska ore bauxite in pre-shancosbitaal ah ka hor habka Bayer ah.
Rakibaadda geedi-soociddiisa STET waayo, bauxite pre-processing la mid sameeyaa kara Warshad alumina ama anigaa bauxite laftiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka STET u baahan qalalan shiidi ah senti bauxite ka hor-soociddiisa, in la xoreeyo gangue ah, Sidaa darteed logistics ah shiidi iyo baaraandegidda bauxite ee Warshad waxaa laga yaabaa in ka badan oo sahlan.
Sida mid ka mid ah xulashada – bauxite engegan loo dhulka lahaa isticmaalaya qalalan si fiican-la aasaasay technology shiidi, tusaale ahaan dhagaxshiidka duuban ama saamaynta dhagax a toosan. The bauxite Barandho dhulka la kala lahaa by habka STET ah, la-sare alumina sheyga bauxite soo diray in lagu sifeeyo alumina ka. rakibaadda ee sii darane qalalan ogolaan lahaa tirtiridda qoyan ku shiidi dhaqan ahaan loo isticmaalo inta lagu jiro geedi socodka Bayer ah. Waxaa la malaysan in kharashka hawlgalka shiididdu engegan noqon lahaa qiyaas ahaan u dhigma qiimaha qalliinka shiididdu qoyan ah, gaar ahaan ka fiirsaneysa inay sii darane qoyan sameeyaa maanta lagu sameeyo isku dar ah heer sare xumadoodu, taasoo keentay in kharashka dayactirka badan.
The qalalan-fasalka hooseeyo bauxite co-saarka (tailings) nidaamka kala soocan ee la iibin lahaa in soo saaridda sibidhka sida ilo alumina. Bauxite waxaa caadi ku daray in soo saaridda cement, iyo co-soo saarka qalalan, dhoobo ka duwan cas, kuma jiraan sodium, taas oo ka hortagi lahaa isticmaalkeeda in soo saaridda cement. Tani waxay bixisaa warshadda sifeeynta la hab ka mid ah valorizing wax aan caynkaas ahaynna baxdo lahaa geedi socodka turxaan sida dhoobada cas, iyo u baahan tahay kaydinta muddo dheer ah, oo wakiil ka ah qiimaha a.
xisaabinta kharashka hawlgalka An sameeyaa by qorayaasha ku qiyaastay lacagta mashruuca of a $27 USD halkii ton of alumina, la saamaynta weyn oo gaadhay ay hoos u dhacday Soodhaha, hoos dhoobada cas, valorization oo ka mid ah kaydka co-soo saarka iyo shidaalka ay sabab u tahay mugga hoose ee bauxite in warshadda sifeeynta. Sidaa darteed ah 800,000 ton per Warshad sano filan karo faa'iido dhaqaale ee $21 M USD halkii sanno (Eeg Jaantuska 10). Falanqaynta Tani ma fiirsan kaydka iman kara yaraynta dejinta ama logistics kharashka bauxite, taas oo sii kor loogu qaado laga yaabaa in soo laabashada mashruuca.
Jaantuska 10. Faa'iidooyinka celinta silica Dhimista iyo Available kordhay Alumina.
4.0 Gabagabadii
Marka la soo koobo, processing engeg ah fursadaha dalabyo SEPARATOR STET in ay curiyaan qiimaha soo saarayaasha bauxite iyo dahabtumayaashii. The pre-processing ah bauxite ka hor turxaan hoos u dhigi doontaa kharashka kiimikada, hoos mugga of dhoobo cas ahbaa iyo in la yareeyo khalkhal habka. technology STET ogolaan karin Processor bauxite inuu ka soo leexdo fasalka non-qodniinka- galay bauxite fasalka qodniinka- - taas oo yarayn karta baahida bauxite laga keeno iyo / ama kordhin baxaysa nolosha khayraadka qoday. habka STET sidoo kale la qaadi karaa in ay curiyaan tayo sare non-qodniinka- bauxite fasalka fasalka iyo qodniinka-, iyo bauxite fasalka cement by-products ka hor habka Bayer ah.
habka STET wuxuu u baahan yahay in yar oo pre-daweynta macdanta iyo shaqeeya ee awoodda sare - ilaa 40 metrik saacadiiba. isticmaalka tamarta yar tahay 2 kilowatt-saacadood ton ee wax baaraandegi. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, habka STET waa technology si buuxda commercialized in macdan ka baaraandegidda, oo sidaas daraaddeed ma u baahan tahay horumarinta technology cusub.
tixraacyada
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