Teua lugha:
Lucas Rojas Mendoza, Vifaa vya ST & Teknolojia, USA
lrojasmendoza@steqtech.com
Frank Hrach, Vifaa vya ST & Teknolojia, USA
Kyle Flynn, Vifaa vya ST & Teknolojia, USA
Abhishek Gupta, Vifaa vya ST & Teknolojia, USA
Vifaa vya ST & Teknolojia LLC (STET) has developed a novel processing system based on tribo-electrostatic belt separation that provides the mineral processing industry a means to beneficiate fine materials with an energy-efficient and entirely dry technology. In contrast to other electrostatic separation processes that are typically limited to particles >75μm katika ukubwa, the STET triboelectric belt separator is suited for separation of very fine (<1µm) kwa coarse kiasi (500µm) Chembe, with very high throughput. The STET tribo-electrostatic technology has been used to process and commercially separate a wide range of industrial minerals and other dry granular powders. Hapa, bench-scale results are presented on the beneficiation of low-grade Fe ore fines using STET belt separation process. Bench-scale testing demonstrated the capability of the STET technology to simultaneously recover Fe and reject SiO2 from itabirite ore with a D50 of 60µm and ultrafine Fe ore tailings with a D50 of 20µm. The STET technology is presented as an alternative to beneficiate Fe ore fines that could not be successfully treated via traditional flowsheet circuits due to their granulometry and mineralogy.
Chuma ore ni ya nne ya kawaida kipengele katika gamba la dunia [1]. Chuma ni muhimu kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa chuma na hivyo nyenzo muhimu kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya kiuchumi ya kimataifa [1-2]. Chuma ni pia sana kutumika katika ujenzi na uzalishaji wa magari [3]. Wengi wa rasilimali ya chuma ore ni linajumuisha metamorphosed ya Milia ya chuma (BIWAPO) ambapo chuma ni kawaida kupatikana katika mfumo wa Oksidi, hydroxides na kwa kiasi kidogo carbonates [4-5]. A particular type of iron formations with higher carbonate contents are dolomitic itabirites which are a product of the dolomitization and metamorphism of BIF deposits [6]. The largest iron ore deposits in the world can be found in Australia, China, Kanada, Ukraine, India and Brazil [5].
Muundo wa kemikali ya ores chuma ina aina dhahiri mbalimbali katika muundo wa kemikali hasa kwa ajili ya maudhui ya FE na madini ya gangue [1]. Kubwa chuma madini kuhusishwa na zaidi ya ores chuma ni hematite, goethite, limoni na Maginetiti [1,5]. Uchafu kuu katika ores chuma ni SiO2 na Al2O3 [1,5,7]. Silika kawaida na alumina kuzaa madini sasa katika ores chuma ni Quartz, Wilaya ya kaolinite, gibbsite, diaspore na corundum. Of these it is often observed that quartz is the mean silica bearing mineral and kaolinite and gibbsite are the two-main alumina bearing minerals [7].
Uchimbaji madini ya chuma ni hasa kutumbuiza kupitia wazi shimo la madini, kusababisha tailings kubwa kizazi [2]. Mfumo wa uzalishaji wa chuma ore kawaida unahusisha hatua tatu: Madini, usindikaji na shughuli pelletizing. Ya haya, usindikaji kuhakikisha kwamba kutosha ya daraja la chuma na kemia ni mafanikio kabla ya hatua pelletizing. Usindikaji ni pamoja na kusagwa, Uainishaji, milling na ukolezi lengo la kuongeza maudhui ya chuma wakati kupunguza kiasi cha madini gangue [1-2]. Kila amana ya madini ina sifa zake za kipekee kwa heshima ya chuma na gangue kutoa madini, na kwa hiyo inahitaji mbinu tofauti ya ukolezi [7].
Utengano wa magnetic ni kawaida kutumika katika majadiliano ya manufaa ya ores high daraja chuma ambapo kubwa chuma madini ni Ferro na paramagnetic [1,5]. Mvua na kavu ya chini ya kiwango cha magnetic kujitenga (LIMS) mbinu ni kutumika kwa mchakato ores na mali nguvu magnetic kama vile Maginetiti wakati mvua ya high-kiwango magnetic kujitenga ni kutumika kutenganisha madini FE-kuzaa na mali dhaifu magnetic kama vile hematite kutoka gangue madini. Chuma ores vile goethite na limoni ni kawaida kupatikana katika tailings na haina tofauti sana na ama mbinu [1,5]. Magnetic methods present challenges in terms of their low capacities and in terms of the requirement for the iron ore to be susceptible to magnetic fields [5].
Flotation, on the other hand, is used to reduce the content of impurities in low-grade iron ores [1-2,5]. Chuma ores inaweza kujilimbikizia ama kwa anionic flotation moja ya chini ya chuma Oksidi au reverse cationic flotation ya silika, Hata hivyo reverse cationic flotation bado maarufu zaidi njia flotation kutumika katika sekta ya chuma [5,7]. Matumizi ya flotation mdogo wake na gharama ya vitendanishi, uwepo wa silika na alumina-tajiri slimes na uwepo wa madini carbonate [7-8]. Aidha, flotation inahitaji taka matibabu ya maji na matumizi ya chini dekumwagilia kwa ajili ya maombi ya mwisho kavu [1].
Matumizi ya flotation kwa ajili ya ukolezi wa chuma pia inahusisha desliming kama yaliyomo katika uwepo wa matokeo faini katika ufanisi ilipungua na gharama ya juu ya wakala [5,7]. Desliming ni muhimu hasa kwa ajili ya kuondolewa kwa alumina kama utengano wa gibbsite kutoka hematite au goethite kwa mawakala wowote wa uso-hai ni vigumu kabisa [7]. Wengi wa alumina kuzaa madini hutokea katika masafa ya ukubwa faini (<20Umm) kuruhusu kuondolewa kwa njia ya desliming. Jumla, ukolezi juu ya faini (<20Umm) na alumina huongeza kipimo cha ushuru wa cationic kinachohitajika na kupungua kwa kasi [5,7].
Aidha, the presence of carbonate minerals – such as in dolomitic itabirites- can also deteriorate flotation selectivity between iron minerals and quartz as iron ores containing carbonates such as dolomite do not float very selectively. Dissolved carbonates species adsorb on the quartz surfaces harming the selectivity of flotation [8]. Flotation can be reasonably effective in upgrading low-grade iron ores, but it is strongly dependent on the ore mineralogy [1-3,5]. Flotation of iron ores containing high alumina content will be possible via desliming at the expense of the overall iron recovery [7], while flotation of iron ores containing carbonate minerals will be challenging and possibly not feasible [8].
Modern processing circuits of Fe-bearing minerals may include both flotation and magnetic concentration steps [1,5]. For instance, magnetic concentration can be used on the fines stream from the desliming stage prior to flotation and on the flotation rejects. The incorporation of low and high intensity magnetic concentrators allows for an increase in the overall iron recovery in the processing circuit by recovering a fraction of the ferro and paramagnetic iron minerals such as magnetite and hematite [1]. Goethite is typically the main component of many iron plant reject streams due to its weak magnetic properties [9]. In the absence of further downstream processing for the reject streams from magnetic concentration and flotation, the fine rejects will end up disposed in a tailings dam [2]. Tailings disposal and processing have become crucial for environmental preservation and recovery of iron valuables, kwa mtiririko huo, and therefore the processing of iron ore tailings in the mining industry has grown in importance [10].
Clearly, the processing of tailings from traditional iron beneficiation circuits and the processing of dolomitic itabirite is challenging via traditional desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration flowsheets due to their mineralogy and granulometry, and therefore alternative beneficiation technologies such as tribo-electrostatic separation which is less restrictive in terms of the ore mineralogy and that allows for the processing of fines may be of interest.
Tribo-electrostatic separation utilizes electrical charge differences between materials produced by surface contact or triboelectric charging. In simplistic ways, when two materials are in contact, the material with a higher affinity for electron gains electrons thus charges negative, wakati nyenzo zilizo na uhusiano wa chini wa elektroni hutoza chanya. In principle, low-grade iron ore fines and dolomitic itabirites that are not processable by means of conventional flotation and/or magnetic separation could be upgraded by exploiting the differential charging property of their minerals [11].
Here we present STET tribo-electrostatic belt separation as a possible beneficiation route to concentrate ultrafine iron ore tailings and to beneficiate dolomitic itabirite mineral. The STET process provides the mineral processing industry with a unique water-free capability to process dry feed. The environmentally friendly process can eliminate the need for wet processing, downstream waste water treatment and required drying of final material. Zaidi ya hayo, The STET process requires little pre-treatment of the mineral and operates at high capacity – up to 40 tones per hour. Energy consumption is less than 2 kilowatt-hours per ton of material processed.
Materials
Two fine low-grade iron ores were used in this series of tests. The first ore consisted of an ultrafine Fe ore tailings sample with a D50 of 20 µm and the second sample of an itabirite iron ore sample with a D50 of 60 µm. Both samples present challenges during their beneficiation and cannot be efficiently processed through traditional desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration circuits due to their granulometry and mineralogy. Both samples were obtained from mining operations in Brazil.
The first sample was obtained from an existing desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration circuit. The sample was collected from a tailings dam, then dried, homogenized and packed. The second sample is from an itabirite iron formation in Brazil. The sample was crushed and sorted by size and the fine fraction obtained from the classification stage later underwent several stages of desliming until a D98 of 150 µm was achieved. The sample was then dried, homogenized and packed.
Particle size distributions (PSD) were determined using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer, a Malvern’s Mastersizer 3000 E. Both samples were also characterized by Loss-on-ignition(WA), XRF and XRD. The loss on ignition (WA) was determined by placing 4 grams of sample in a 1000 ºC furnace for 60 minutes and reporting the LOI on an as received basis. The chemical composition analysis was completed using a wavelength dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF) instrument and the main crystalline phases were investigated by XRD technique.
The chemical composition and LOI for the tailings sample (Tailings), and for the itabirite iron formation sample (Itabirite), is shown in Table 1 and particle size distributions for both samples are shown in Fig 1. For the tailings sample the main Fe recoverable phases are goethite and hematite, and the main gangue mineral is quartz (Mtini 4). For the itabirite sample the main Fe recoverable phases are hematite, and the main gangue minerals are quartz and dolomite (Mtini 4).
Jedwali 1. Result of chemical analysis for major elements in tailings and Itabirite samples.
| Sample | Grade (wt%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FE | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MnO | MgO | CaO | LOI** | Others | |
| Tailings | 30.3 | 47.4 | 4.3 | 1.0 | * | * | 3.4 | 13.4 |
| Itabirite | 47.6 | 23.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 21.0 |
Particle Size Distributions
Methods
A series of experiments were designed to investigate the effect of different parameters on iron movement in both iron samples using STET proprietary tribo-electrostatic belt separator technology. Majaribio yalifanywa kwa kutumia benchi-kiwango cha wa-electrotuli ukanda, hereafter referred as ‘benchtop separator’. Bench-scale testing is the first phase of a three-phase technology implementation process (Tazama Jedwali 2) including bench-scale evaluation, upimaji wa majaribio na utekelezaji wa kibiashara. Kitenganishi cha benchtop ni kutumika kwa ajili ya uchunguzi kwa ajili ya ushahidi ya kumshutumu tribo electrostatic na kuamua kama nyenzo ni mgombea mzuri kwa ajili ya electrostatic beneficiation. Tofauti kuu kati ya kila kipande cha vifaa ni iliyotolewa katika jedwali 2. Wakati vifaa kutumika katika kila awamu hutofautiana kwa ukubwa, kanuni ya uendeshaji kimsingi ni sawa.
Jedwali 2. Mchakato wa utekelezaji wa awamu tatu kwa kutumia teknolojia ya mgawanyiko wa STET-electrotuli
| Awamu | Used for: | Electrode Dimensions (W x L) Cm | Type of Process/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skeli ya benchi Tathmini | Ubora Tathmini | 5*250 | Bechi |
| Kipimo cha majaribio Upimaji | Kiasi Tathmini | 15*610 | Bechi |
| Kibiashara Rekebisha Implementation | Kibiashara Uzalishaji | 107 *610 | Endelevu |
STET Operation Principle
The operation principle of the separator relies on tribo-electrostatic charging. Katika kitenganishi ukanda tribo electrostatic (Takwimu 2 na 3), material is fed into the narrow gap 0.9 – 1.5 cm kati ya mbili sambamba ndizi na electrodes. Chembe ni za kiumeme zinazoshtakiwa na mawasiliano ya mchanganyiko. The positively charged mineral(s) and the negatively charged mineral(s) ni kuvutia kwa electrodes kinyume. Inside the separator particles are swept up by a continuous moving open-mesh belt and conveyed in opposite directions. The belt is made of plastic material and moves the particles adjacent to each electrode toward opposite ends of the separator. The counter current flow of the separating particles and continual triboelectric charging by particle-particle collisions provides for a multistage separation and results in excellent purity and recovery in a single-pass unit. Teknolojia ya separator ya ukanda wa triboelectric imetumiwa kutenganisha vifaa mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na mchanganyiko wa aluminosilicates ya kioo / kaboni (kuruka majivu), calcite/quartz, Ulanga/magnesite, na barite/Quartz.
Jumla, the separator design is relatively simple with the belt and associated rollers as the only moving parts. Ya electrodes ni stationary na linajumuisha ya vifaa na muda mrefu ipasavyo. Kitenganishi electrode urefu ni takriban 6 mita za (20 futi.) na upana 1.25 mita za (4 futi.) kwa vitengo vya kibiashara Kilingo kamili. The high belt speed enables very high throughputs, hadi 40 tons per hour for full size commercial units. Matumizi ya nguvu ni chini ya 2 kilowatt-hours per ton of material processed with most of the power consumed by two motors driving the belt.
Schematic ya triboelectric ukanda separator
Maelezo ya eneo la kujitenga
Kama inaweza kuonekana katika jedwali 2, tofauti kuu kati ya benchtop separator na kiwango cha majaribio na watoaji wa kibiashara-wadogo ni kwamba urefu wa benchtop separator ni takriban 0.4 mara urefu wa vipimo vya majaribio na kiwango cha kibiashara. Kama ufanisi wa mgawanyiko ni kazi ya urefu wa uchaguzi wa wakipanda, uchunguzi wa kiwango cha benchi hauwezi kutumika kama mbadala kwa ajili ya kupima majaribio ya mtihani. Pilot-scale testing is necessary to determine the extent of the separation that the STET process can achieve, na kuamua kama STET mchakato unaweza kukutana bidhaa malengo chini kutokana na viwango vya kilishi. Badala yake, Kitenganishi benchtop hutumiwa na utawala wa nje vifaa vya mgombea ni uwezekano wa kuonyesha kujitenga yoyote muhimu katika kiwango cha kipimo cha majaribio. Matokeo kupatikana kwenye benchi wadogo itakuwa yasiyo na optimized, na utengano aliona ni chini ya ambayo ingekuwa aliona kwenye kitenganishi kibiashara na ukubwa wa STET.
Testing at the pilot plant is necessary prior to commercial scale deployment, however, testing at the bench-scale is encouraged as the first phase of the implementation process for any given material. Aidha, in cases in which material availability is limited, the benchtop separator provides a useful tool for the screening of potential successful projects (i.e., projects in which customer and industry quality targets can be met using STET technology).
Bench-scale testing
Standard process trials were performed around the specific goal to increase Fe concentration and to reduce the concentration of gangue minerals. Different variables were explored to maximize iron movement and to determine the direction of movement of different minerals. The direction of movement observed during benchtop testing is indicative of the direction of movement at the pilot plant and commercial scale.
The variables investigated included relative humidity (RH), Joto, electrode polarity, belt speed and applied voltage. Ya haya, RH and temperature alone can have a large effect on differential tribo-charging and therefore on separation results. Hence, optimum RH and temperature conditions were determined before investigating the effect of the remaining variables. Two polarity levels were explored: Mimi) top electrode polarity positive and ii) top electrode polarity negative. For the STET separator, under a given polarity arrangement and under optimum RH and temperature conditions, belt speed is the primary control handle for optimizing product grade and mass recovery. Testing on the bench separator helps shed light on the effect of certain operational variables on tribo-electrostatic charging for a given mineral sample, and therefore obtained results and trends may be used, to certain degree, to narrow down the number of variables and experiments to be performed at the pilot plant scale. Jedwali 3 lists the range of separation conditions used as part of phase 1 evaluation process for the tailings and itabirite samples.
Jedwali 3 lists the range of separation conditions
| Parameter | Units | Range of Values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tailings | Itabirite | ||
| Top Electrode Polarity | - | Positive- Negative | Positive- Negative |
| Electrode Voltage | -kV/+kV | 4-5 | 4-5 |
| Feed Relative Humidity (RH) | % | 1-30.7 | 2-39.6 |
| Feed Temperature | °F (°C) | 71-90 (21.7-32.2) | 70-87 (21.1-30.6) |
| Belt Speed | Fps (m/s) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) |
| Electrode Gap | Inches (mm) | 0.400 (10.2 mm) | 0.400 (10.2 mm) |
Tests were conducted on the benchtop separator under batch conditions, with feed samples of 1.5 lbs. per test. A flush run using 1 lb. of material was introduced in between tests to ensure that any possible carryover effect from the previous condition was not considered. Before testing was started material was homogenized and sample bags containing both run and flush material were prepared. At the beginning of each experiment the temperature and relative humidity (RH) was measured using a Vaisala HM41 hand-held Humidity and Temperature probe. The range of temperature and RH across all experiments was 70-90 °F (21.1-32.2 (°C) na 1-39.6%, kwa mtiririko huo. To test a lower RH and/or higher temperature, feed and flush samples were kept in a drying oven at 100 °C for times between 30-60 Dakika. Tofauti, higher RH values were attained by adding small amounts of waters to the material, followed by homogenization. After RH and temperature was measured on each feed sample, the next step was to set electrode polarity, belt speed and voltage to the desired level. Gap values were kept constant at 0.4 inchi (10.2 mm) during the testing campaigns for the tailings and itabirite samples.
Prior to each test, a small feed sub-sample containing approximately 20g was collected (designated as ‘Feed’). Upon setting all operation variables, the material was fed into the benchtop separator using an electric vibratory feeder through the center of the benchtop separator. Samples were collected at the end of each experiment and the weights of product end 1 (designated as ‘E1’) and product end 2 (designated as ‘E2’) were determined using a legal-for-trade counting scale. Following each test, small sub-samples containing approximately 20 g of E1 and E2 were also collected. Mass yields to E1 and E2 are described by:
AmbapoYE1 na YE2 are the mass yields to E1 and E2, kwa mtiririko huo; and are the sample weights collected to the separator products E1 and E2, kwa mtiririko huo. For both samples, Fe concentration was increased to product E2.
For each set of sub-samples (i.e., Kulisha, E1 and E2) LOI and main oxides composition by XRF was determined. FE2 O3 contents were determined from the values. For the tailings sample LOI will directly relate to the content of goethite in the sample as the functional hydroxyl groups in goethite will oxidize into H2 Og [10]. Contrary, for the itabirite sample LOI will directly relate to the contain of carbonates in the sample, as calcium and magnesium carbonates will decompose into their main oxides resulting in the release of CO2g and sub sequential sample loss weight. XRF beads were prepared by mixing 0.6 grams of mineral sample with 5.4 grams of lithium tetraborate, which was selected due to the chemical composition of both tailings and itabirite samples. XRF analysis were normalized for LOI.
Hatimaye, Fe recovery EFE to product (E2) na Sio2 rejection QSi were calculated. EFE is the percentage of Fe recovered in the concentrate to that of the original feed sample and Qsio2 is the percentage of removed from the original feed sample. EFE na Qsi are described by:
Ambapo CMimi,(feed,E1,E2) is the normalized concentration percentage for the sub-sample’s i component (eg., FE, sio2)
Samples Mineralogy
The XRD pattern showing major mineral phases for the tailings and itabirite samples are shown in Fig 4. For the tailings sample the main Fe recoverable phases are goethite, hematite and magnetite, and the main gangue mineral is quartz (Mtini 4). For the itabirite sample the main Fe recoverable phases are hematite and magnetite and the main gangue minerals are quartz and dolomite. Magnetite appears in trace concentrations in both samples. Pure hematite, goethite, and magnetite contain 69.94%, 62.85%, 72.36% FE, kwa mtiririko huo.
D patterns. A – Tailings sample, B – Itabirite sample
Bench-scale experiments
A series of test runs were performed on each mineral sample aimed at maximizing Fe and decreasing Sio2 Maudhui. Species concentrating to E1 will be indicative of a negative charging behavior while species concentration to E2 to a positive charging behavior. Higher belt speeds were favorable to the processing of the tailings sample; however, the effect of this variable alone was found to be less significant for the itabirite sample.
Average results for the tailings and itabirite samples are presented in Fig 5, which were calculated from 6 na 4 experiments, kwa mtiririko huo. Mtini 5 presents average mass yield and chemistry for feed and products E1 and E2. Zaidi ya hayo, each plot presents the improvement or decrease in concentration (E2- Kulisha) for each sample component e.g., FE, Sio2 Positive values are associated to an increase in concentration to E2, while negative values are associated to a decrease in concentration to E2.
Fig.5. Average mass yields and chemistry for Feed, E1 and E2 products. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
For the tailings sample Fe content was increased from 29.89% kwa 53.75%, on average, at a mass yield YE2 – or global mass recovery – Ya 23.30%. This corresponds to Fe recovery ( and silica rejection (QE2 ) values of 44.17% na 95.44%, kwa mtiririko huo. The LOI content was increased from 3.66% kwa 5.62% which indicates that the increase in Fe content is related to an increase in goethite content (Mtini 5).
For the itabirite sample Fe content was increased from 47.68% kwa 57.62%, on average, at a mass yield YE2 -Ya 65.0%. This corresponds to Fe recovery EFE( and silica rejection (Qsio2) values of 82.95% na 86.53%, kwa mtiririko huo. The LOI, MgO and CaO contents were increased from 4.06% kwa 5.72%, 1.46 kwa 1.87% and from 2.21 kwa 3.16%, kwa mtiririko huo, which indicates that dolomite is moving in the same direction as Fe-bearing minerals (Mtini 5).
For both samples,AL2 O3 , MnO and P seem to be charging in the same direction as Fe-bearing minerals (Mtini 5). While it is desired to decrease the concentration of these three species, the combined concentration of Sio2, AL2 , O3 , YE2 MnO and P is decreasing for both samples, and therefore the total effect achieved using the benchtop separator is an enhancement in the product Fe grade and a decrease in the contaminants concentration.
Jumla, benchtop testing demonstrated evidence of effective charging and separation of iron and silica particles. The promising laboratory scale results suggest that pilot scale tests including first and second passes should be performed.
Discussion
The experimental data suggests that the STET separator resulted in an important increase in Fe content while simultaneously reducing Sio2 Maudhui.
Having demonstrated that triboelectrostatic separation can result in a significant increase in Fe content, a discussion on the significance of the results, on the maximum achievable Fe contents and on the feed requirements of the technology is needed.
To start, it is important to discuss the apparent charging behavior of mineral species in both samples. For the tailings sample the main components were Fe oxides and quartz and experimental results demonstrated that Fe oxides concentrated to E2 while quartz concentrated to E1. In simplistic ways, it could be said that Fe oxide particles acquired a positive charge and that quartz particles acquired a negative charge. This behavior is consistent with the triboelectrostatic nature of both minerals as shown by Ferguson (2010) [12]. Jedwali 4 shows the apparent triboelectric series for selected minerals based on inductive separation, and it shows that quartz is located at the bottom of the charging series while goethite, magnetite and hematite are located higher up in the series. Minerals at the top of the series will tend to charge positive, while minerals at the bottom will tend to acquire a negative charge.
On the other hand, for the itabirite sample the main components were hematite, quartz and dolomite and experimental results indicated that Fe oxides and dolomite concentrated to E2 while quartz concentrated to E1. This indicates that hematite particles and dolomite acquired a positive charge while quartz particles acquired a negative charge. Kama inaweza kuonekana katika jedwali 4, carbonates are located at the top of the tribo-electrostatic series, which indicates that carbonate particles tend to acquire a positive charge, and in consequence to be concentrated to E2. Both dolomite and hematite were concentrated in the same direction, indicating that the overall effect for hematite particles in the presence of quartz and dolomite was to acquire a positive charge.
The direction of movement of the mineralogical species in each sample is of paramount interest, as it will determine the maximum achievable Fe grade that can be obtained by means of a single pass using the tribo-electrostatic belt separator technology.
For the tailings and itabirite samples the maximum achievable Fe content will be determined by three factors: Mimi) The amount of Fe in Fe-bearing minerals; ii) the minimum quartz (Sio2 ) content that can be achieved and; iii) The number of contaminants moving in the same direction as Fe-bearing minerals. For the tailings sample the main contaminants moving in the same direction of Fe-bearing minerals are Al2 O3 MnO bearing minerals, while for the itabirite sample the main contaminants are CaO MgO Al2 O3 bearing minerals.
| Mineral Name | Charge acquired (apparent) |
|---|---|
| Apatite | +++++++ |
| Carbonates | ++++ |
| Monazite | ++++ |
| Titanomagnetite | . |
| Ilmenite | . |
| Rutile | . |
| Leucoxene | . |
| Magnetite/hematite | . |
| Spinels | . |
| Garnet | . |
| Staurolite | - |
| Altered ilmenite | - |
| Goethite | - |
| Zircon | -- |
| Epidote | -- |
| Tremolite | -- |
| Hydrous silicates | -- |
| Aluminosilicates | -- |
| Tourmaline | -- |
| Actinolite | -- |
| Pyroxene | --- |
| Titanite | ---- |
| Feldspar | ---- |
| Quartz | ------- |
Jedwali 4. Apparent triboelectric series for selected minerals based on inductive separation. Modified from D.N Ferguson (2010) [12].
For the tailings sample, the Fe content was measured at 29.89%. XRD data indicates that the predominant phase is goethite, followed by hematite, and therefore the maximum achievable Fe content if a clean separation was possible would be between 62.85% na 69.94% (which are the Fe contents of pure goethite and hematite, kwa mtiririko huo). Now, a clean separation is not possible as Al2, O3 MnO and P-bearing minerals are moving in the same direction as the Fe-bearing minerals, and therefore any increase in Fe content will also result in an increase of these contaminants. Then, to increase the Fe content, the amount of quartz to E2 will need to be significantly decreased to the point it offsets the movement of , MnO and P to product (E2). As shown in Table 4, quartz has a strong tendency to acquire a negative charge, and therefore in the absence of other minerals having an apparent negative charging behavior it will be possible to considerably decrease its content to product (E2) by means of a first pass using the triboelectrostatic belt separator technology.
For instance, if we assume that all the Fe content in the tailings sample is associated to goethite (FeO(OH)), and that the only gangue oxides are Sio2, Al2O3 na MnO, then Fe content to product would be given by:
FE(%)=(100-Sio2 – (Al2 O3 + MnO*0.6285
Ambapo, 0.6285 is the percentage of Fe in pure goethite. Eq.4 depicts the competing mechanism that takes place to concentrate Fe as AL2O3 + MnO increases while Sio2 decreases.
For the itabirite sample the Fe content was measured at 47.68%. XRD data indicates that the predominant phase is hematite and therefore the maximum achievable Fe content if a clean separation was possible would be close to 69.94% (which is the Fe content of pure hematite). As it was discussed for the tailings sample a clean separation won’t be possible as CaO, MgO, Al2 O3 bearing minerals are moving in the same direction as hematite, and therefore to increase Fe content Sio2 content must be reduced. Assuming that the entirety of the Fe content in this sample is associated to hematite (FE2O3) and that the only oxides contained in gangue minerals are Sio2, CaO, MgO, Al2O3 na MnO; then Fe content in the product would be given by:
FE(%)=(100-Sio2-CaO+MgO+Al2O3+MnO+WA*0.6994
Ambapo, 0.6994 is the percentage of Fe in pure hematite. It must be noticed that Eq.5 includes LOI, while Eq.4 does not. For the itabirite sample, the LOI is associated to the presence of carbonates while for the tailings sample it is associated to Fe-bearing minerals.
Evidently, for both tailings and itabirite samples it is possible to significantly increase the Fe content by reducing the content of Sio2; however, as shown in Eq.4 and Eq.5, the maximum achievable Fe content will be limited by the direction of movement and the concentration of oxides associated to gangue minerals.
In principle, the concentration of Fe in both samples could be further increased by means of a second pass on the STET separator in which CaO,MgO Al2 O3 na MnObearing minerals could be separated from Fe-bearing minerals. Such separation would be possible if most of quartz in the sample was removed during a first pass. In the absence of quartz, some of the remaining gangue minerals should in theory charge in the opposite direction of goethite, hematite and magnetite, which would result in increased Fe content. For instance, for the itabirite sample and based in the location of dolomite and hematite in the triboelectrostatic series (Tazama Jedwali 4), dolomite/hematite separation should be possible as dolomite has a strong tendency to charge positive in relation to hematite.
Having discussed on the maximum achievable Fe contents a discussion on the feed requirements for the technology is needed. The STET tribo-electrostatic belt separator requires the feed material to be dry and finely ground. Very small amounts of moisture can have a large effect on differential tribo-charging and therefore the feed moisture should be decreased to <0.5 wt.%. Zaidi ya hayo, the feed material should be ground sufficiently fine to liberate gangue materials and should be at least 100% passing mesh 30 (600 Umm). At least for the tailings sample, the material would have to be dewatered followed by a thermal drying stage, while for the itabirite sample grinding coupled with, or follow by, thermal drying would be necessary prior to beneficiation with the STET separator.
The tailings sample was obtained from an existing desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration circuit and collected directly from a tailings dam. Typical paste moistures from tailings should be around 20-30% and therefore the tailings would need to be dried by means of liquid-solid separation (dewatering) followed by thermal drying and deagglomeration. The use of mechanical dewatering prior to drying is encouraged as mechanical methods have relative low energy consumption per unit of liquid removed in comparison to thermal methods. About 9.05 Btu are required per pound of water eliminated by means of filtration while thermal drying, on the other hand, requires around 1800 Btu per pound of water evaporated [13]. The costs associated with the processing of iron tailings will ultimately depend on the minimum achievable moisture during dewatering and on the energetic costs associated with drying.
The itabirite sample was obtained directly from an itabirite iron formation and therefore to process this sample the material would need to undergo crushing and milling followed by thermal drying and deagglomeration. One possible option is the use of hot air swept roller mills, in which dual grinding and drying could be achieved in a single step. The costs associated with the processing of itabirite ore will depend on the feed moisture, feed granulometry and on the energetic costs associated to milling and drying.
For both samples deagglomeration is necessary after the material have been dried to ensure particles are liberated from one another. Deagglomeration can be performed in conjunction to the thermal drying stage, allowing for efficient heat transfer and energy savings.
The bench-scale results presented here demonstrates strong evidence of charging and separation of Fe-bearing minerals from quartz using triboelectrostatic belt separation.
For the tailings sample Fe content was increased from 29.89% kwa 53.75%, on average, at a mass yield of 23.30%, which corresponds to Fe recovery and silica rejection values of 44.17% na 95.44%, kwa mtiririko huo. For the itabirite sample Fe content was increased from 47.68 % kwa 57.62%, on average, at a mass yield of 65.0%, which corresponds to Fe recovery and silica rejection values of 82.95% na 86.53%, kwa mtiririko huo. These results were completed on a separator that is smaller and less efficient than the STET commercial separator.
Experimental findings indicate that for both tailings and itabirite samples the maximum achievable Fe content will depend on the minimum achievable quartz content. Zaidi ya hayo, achieving higher Fe grades may be possible by means of a second pass on the STET belt separator.
Matokeo ya utafiti huu ulionyesha kuwa faini ya chini ya chuma ore inaweza kuboreshwa kwa njia ya STET. Further work at the pilot plant scale is recommended to determine the iron concentrate grade and recovery that can be achieved. Based on experience, ahueni bidhaa na/au daraja kwa kiasi kikubwa kuboresha katika usindikaji wa majaribio kiwango, ikilinganishwa na kifaa cha mtihani wa benchi-kipimo itatumika wakati wa majaribio haya ya chuma ore. The STET tribo-electrostatic separation process may offer significant advantages over conventional processing methods for iron ore fines.
