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The American mashala Ash Association (ACAA) selemo le selemo ho lekoloe ea tlhahiso le ho sebelisoa ha mashala fofa molora o tlaleha hore pakeng 1966 le 2011, tse fetang 2.3 limilione tse likete tse boima ba lithane tse khutšoanyane fofa molora ne hlahisoang ke mashala-lelekoa litanka utility. Ya palo ena, hoo e ka bang 625 boima ba lithane tse limilione tse di hamolemo sebediswa, hangata bakeng sa samente le tlhahiso ea konkreiti s. Leha ho le joalo, tse setseng 1.7+ boima ba lithane tse limilione tse likete tse a haholo-holo ho fumanoa landfills kapa tlala ponded impoundments.
Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation tsa Landfilled le Ponded fofa Ash
Ke Lewis Baker,Katrina Saahil, Stephen Gasiorowski, le Frank Hrach
The American mashala Ash Association (ACAA) selemo le selemo ho lekoloe ea tlhahiso le ho sebelisoa ha mashala fofa molora o tlaleha hore pakeng 1966 le 2011, tse fetang 2.3 limilione tse likete tse boima ba lithane tse khutšoanyane fofa molora ne hlahisoang ke mashala-lelekoa utility boilers.1 Of chelete ena, hoo e ka bang 625 boima ba lithane tse limilione tse di hamolemo sebediswa, hangata bakeng sa samente le tlhahiso ea konkreiti s. Leha ho le joalo, tse setseng 1.7+ boima ba lithane tse limilione tse likete tse a haholo-holo ho fumanoa landfills kapa tlala ponded impoundments. Le hoja ho sebelisa ditefello bakeng sa qetang generated fofa molora li eketsehile haholo ho theosa le lilemo tsa morao tjena, le ditefello hona joale haufi 45%, hoo e ka bang 40 boima ba lithane tse limilione tse fofa molora le tsoele pele ho lahloa selemo le selemo. Ha a ntse a ditefello tšebeliso Europe ba 'nile ba e phahameng haholo ho feta United States, meqolo e khōlō ea fofa molora le tsona li bolokoa landfills le impoundments linaheng tse ling tsa Europe
tsoa, thahasello hlaphoheloa boitsebiso boo lokeng e eketsehile, mokhoa o sa fellang ka lebaka la ho se ho hlokahala boleng bo phahameng fofa molora bakeng sa ka konkreiti le samente ho hlahisoeng nakong ya fokotswa ho hlahisoeng ka mashala-lelekoa matla molokong o mong ka o fokotsehile ka Europe le Amerika Leboea. Dingongoreho mabapi le nako e telele tshusumetso tikoloho ea landfills joalo le tsona di hlahisa bosebeletsi ba ho fumana dikopo ho sebedisa molemo bakeng sa molora ena bolokwa.
Ha a ntse a ba bang ba ena fofa molora bolokwa ka 'na ba a loketse bakeng sa tshebediso ya molemo ka qalong epile, boholo ba batho e tla hloka hore ba bang ba sebetsa ho finyella melao boleng bakeng sa samente kapa tlhahiso ea ka konkreiti. Hobane lintho tse bonahalang tse e se e ka tloaelo ho wetted ho etsa hore ho tshwara le compaction ha ho qoba le lerole le molokong o mong ka airborne, omisa le deagglomeration ke tlhokahalo ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka konkreiti hobane bahlahisi ka konkreiti tla batla ho tsoela pele le tloaelo ea ho batching fofa molora ka ommeng, phofo e thumisehileng. Leha ho le joalo, tiisetsa le lik'hemik'hale tsa molora kopana tobileng-ngata haholo-holo le dikahare k'habone, lekanngoa e le tahlehelo ka thothetsang molelo (MOLAO)-ke phephetso e khōloanyane. Ka tšebeliso fofa molora e eketsehile ka ho qetela 20+ lilemo tse, ho fetisisa "ka-spec" molora e se e hamolemo sebediswa, le theoha boleng molora tšekamelo. Ka tsela eo, phokotso Loi tla ya ka ditlhoko tsa sebelisa boholo ba fofa molora revocable tloha impoundments utility.
Ha a ntse a sa babatlisisi ba bang ba sebelisitse dithekeniki combustion e le dithulaganyo flotation bakeng sa phokotso Loi ba hlaphoheloa landfilled le ponded fofa molora, ST Helmets & Technologies (STET) e ile ea fumana hore buka e ikhethang tsa lona tsamaiso ea karohano ea lebanta la triboelectrostatic, nako e telele o ile a sebelisa bakeng sa ho beneficiation ea qetang ho generated fofa molora, ke e boetse e atlehang ka hlaphoheloa molora mora omisa loketse le deagglomeration.
bafuputsi ba STET ba lekoa triboelectrostatic karohano boitšoaro ba omisitsoeng landfilled molora ho tloha landfills maloa fofa molora tsa Amerika le Europe. Sena molora hlaphoheloa arohane molora ka tsela e tšoanang haholo ho qetang ho generated le phapang e 'ngoe ho makatse: ho phatsa tjhaja ile felisoa ho tswa ho hore molora foreshe, le k'habone lefisa mpe mabapi le mineral.2 le Bafuputsi ba bang ba karohano electrostatic tsa fofa molora k'habone na hape o ile a re ena phenomenon.3-5 The polarity tsa STET triboelectrostatic kgaoganyo ka ba bonolo ho ikamahanya le lumella ho hana hlonamisitsoe qosoa k'habone tloha omisitsoeng landfilled fofa mehloli molora. Ha ho diphetolo khethehileng ho moralo kgaoganyo kapa laola ke ho hlokahala hore ho amohela liketsahalo hae
Ka kgaoganyo STET k'habone (feie. 1), lintho tse bonahalang feptjoang ka lekhalo tšesaane pakeng tsa li-electrode tse peli e tšoanang planar. likaroloana li triboelectrically qosoa ke interparticle o ikopanye. The sebele qosoa k'habone le matsoai a hlonamisitsoe qosoa (ka molora qetang generated hore ha e so wetted le omisitsoeng) ba khahloa ke li-electrode bo fapaneng. likaroloana li ebe hoholoa ho fihlela ke e tsoelang pele fallisetseng lebanta le fetisoa ka litaelo bo fapaneng. Lebanta susumelletsa ho likaroloana haufi le e mong le e eleketrode nģ'a lipheletsong fapaneng kgaoganyo ho. The phahameng lebanta lebelo hape nolofalletsa throughputs phahameng haholo ho fihlela ho 36 boima ba lithane tse ka hora ka kgaoganyo e le 'ngoe. Lekhalo nyane, tšimo phahameng-gagamalo, stats-hona joale phallo, matla phatsa-phatsa pherekano, le ba ikhopolang ho hloekisa bohato ba lebanta le ka li-electrode ho ba likarolo tse mahlonoko tseo tsa kgaoganyo STET. Ke ho laola entsprechen tse fapa-fapaneng thulaganyou e, tse kang lebelo lebanta, fepa ka ntlha, le sekhahla iphepe, tshebetso STET hlahisa tlaase Loi fofa molora ka dikahare k'habone ka tlase ho 1.5 ho 4.5% ho tloha fepa ka fofa molora ho tloha ka Loi tswa 4% ka holimo ho 25%.
Moralo kgaoganyo ke batlang le bonolo le le diseke ee. A mochini etselitsoeng ho sebetsa 40 boima ba lithane tse ka hora ke hoo e ka bang 30 feat (9 limithara) nako e telele, 5 feat (1.5 limithara) lohle, le 9 feat (2.75 limithara) molelele. Lebanta le rollers se amahanngoang ke likarolo feela ho fallela. li-electrode ho ba ema le entsoe ka e lintho tse bonahalang ka nepo tsoarellang. lebanta e entsoe ka polasetiki nonconductive. The kgaoganyo ya tshebediso ya matla e ka 1 kilowatt-hora ka thane e le ea lintho tse bonahalang sebetswa ka ho fetisisa ea matla a chesa ke Motors tse peli khanna lebanta.
tshebetso e ommeng ka ho feletseng, hloka ha thepa tse eketsehileng ntle ho fofa molora, 'me a hlahisa metsi litšila kapa mesi e kotsi moeeng. Thepa hlaphoheloa bopilwe fofa molora fokotswa ka dikahare k'habone ho maemo a loketse bakeng sa tshebediso ya ka admixture pozzolanic ka konkreiti s, le phahameng-k'habone karoloana e metle e le mafura. Tshebediso ya melapo sehlahisoa bobeli e fana ka 100% tharollo ho fofa mathata molora lahla.
mehloli e mene ea molora ne a fumana ho tswa ho landfills: Sampole A tswa matla dimela teng United Kingdom le disampole B, C, le D tloha United States. disampole tsena tsohle e le oa molora ho tloha combustion ea mashala bituminous ke litanka kgolo utility. Ka lebaka la ho intermingling la lintho tse bonahalang e landfills ho, ha ho fumana boitsebiso bo eketsehileng e fumaneha malebana itseng mashala mohloding kapa combustion e maemo a.
The disampole e amohetsweng ke STET leng pakeng 15 le 27% metsi, e le ke tloaelehileng bakeng sa lintho tse bonahalang landfilled. disampole le hape leng palo e sa tšoaneng ea kgolo >1/8 ka. (3 limilimithara) lintho tse bonahalang. Ho lokisa disampole tsa k'habone karohano, le maloanlahla a kgolo ile tlosoa ke screening le disampole ka nako eo omisitsoeng le deagglomerated pele ho k'habone beneficiation. mekhoa 'maloa bakeng sa omisa / deagglomeration di hlahlojoa ka motsamaisi tekanyo e ho optimize tshebetso ka kakaretso. STET o khethile e industrially proven fepa ka sebetsa tsamaiso eo e fana ka tsoa hong omisa le deagglomeration hlokahalang bakeng sa e atlehang electrostatic karohano. A kakaretso thulaganyou e papetlakaelo e fanoa ka sa feiga. 2.
Thepa ea lisampole e lokiselitsoeng e ne e le hantle ka har'a mefuta ea fofa molora e fumanoang ka ho toba ho li-boilers tse tloaelehileng tsa lisebelisoa. The thepa ka ho fetisisa dintlha tse di maleba tsa bobeli diphepelo le kgaoganyo le lihlahisoa tse neng e akaretsoa ka Lethathamo 2, hammoho le sehlahisoa folile.
STET kgaoganyo sebetsa omisitsoeng, landfilled fofa molora
Process phallo temperaturdiagramm
re thulana le liteko k'habone phokotso sebedisa STET triboelectric lebanta kgaoganyo fella ka hlaphoheloa hantle haholo lihlahisoa tlase Loi tloha mane book mehloli eohle fofa molora. The khutlisetsang lefisa tsa carbon ho joalokaha ho bontšitsoe pejana ba ne ba sa degrade karohano ka tsela efe kapa efe e le bapisoa le sebetsana molora foreshe.
The thepa ea tlaase Loi fofa molora hlaphoheloa sebedisa tshebetso STET bakeng sa bobeli molora qetang ho bokella ho tswa ho tanka le molora hlaphoheloa ho tswa book e neng e akaretsoa ka Lethathamo 1. Liphetho li bontša hore boleng sehlahisoa bakeng ProAsh® hlahiswa ho tloha tse bonahalang landfilled ke lekanang le a ho sehlahisoa hlahiswa ho tloha a hloekileng fofa mehloli molora.
The thepa ea ProAsh e hlahisoang ho tswa ho ba pholositseng book lintho tse bonahalang ba ne ba bapisoa le ba ProAsh hlahiswa ho tloha a hloekileng fofa molora generated ka litanka le utility tloha sebakeng se tšoanang. The sebetswa ba pholositseng molora kopana le tobileng kaofela ASTM C618 le AASHTO M 250 litekanyetso tsa hae. tafole 2 akaretsa k'hemistri bakeng disampole ho tloha tse peli tsa mehloli e bontša phapang e seng oa bohlokoa pakeng tsa lintho tse bonahalang ba o khathollang le ba pholositseng.
Matla ntshetsopele ya le 20% tloswa ea tlaase Loi fofa molora ka seretse se nang 600 LB / yd3 cementitious tse bonahalang (bona Lethathamo 3) o ile a bontša ProAsh sehlahisoa tswang molora landfilled inehela likanono le matla a tšoanang le likanono Hatisa sebelisa ProAsh ho tloha a hloekileng fofa molora hlahiswa sebakeng se tšoanang. Qetellong sehlahisoa sa beneficiated ba pholositseng molora ne ba tla iphelisa phahameng-qetellong sebedisa ho indasteri e hahiloeng ka konkreite tsela e lumellanang le boemo ba haholo lintho tsa bohlokoa haholo ProAsh thabela limmarakeng ho hona joale o sebeletsa.
Boteng ba tlaase theko khase ea tlhaho e United States kgothaletsa haholo le moruo oa dithulaganyo omisa, ho akarelletsa le omisa ea wetted fofa molora ho tloha landfills. tafole 4 akaretsa litšenyehelo mafura bakeng sa tshebetso e United States bakeng sa 15% le 20% dikahare mongobo. inefficiencies tloaelehileng omisa li kenyelelitsoe makgabane e balwa. Ditjeo li thehiloe le boima ba lintho tse bonahalang ka mor'a omisa. Ditjeo keketseho ya ho omisa fofa molora bakeng sa STET sebetsa triboelectrostatic karohano ke batlang e le e tlase.
Esita le go tlaleletsa ka omisa ditjeo iphepe, tshebetso STET karohano e fana ka e tlase theko, industrially pakiloeng tshepetso phokotso Loi tsa landfilled fofa molora. The STET tshepetso ba pholositseng fofa molora ke e 'ngoe-ea boraro ho e' ngoe-halofo ea theko ea motse-moholo oa bapisoa le tsamaiso ea combustion e thehiloeng. The STET tshepetso pholositseng fofa molora o boetse o na mesi e kotsi haholo ka tlaase ho tikoloho bapisoa combustion e kapa tsamaiso ea flotation thehiloeng. Hobane feela eketsehileng moea mohlapo mohloding ho tekanyetso STET thulaganyou e tlhomamiso ke khase-lelekoa Dryer, lumella e ka ba batlang e le tse sa rarahanang.
| Fepa sampole ho la kgaoganyo | MOLAO, % | ProAsh MOLAO, % | ProAsh fineness, % +325 letlooeng |
ProAsh boima ka lihlahisoa, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh A | 10.2 | 3.6 | 23 | 84 |
| Landfilled A | 11.1 | 3.6 | 20 | 80 |
| Fresh B | 5.3 | 2.0 | 13 | 86 |
| Landfilled B | 7.1 | 2.0 | 15 | 65 |
| Fresh C | 4.7 | 2.6 | 16 | 82 |
| Landfilled C | 5.7 | 2.5 | 23 | 72 |
| Landfilled D | 10.8 | 3.0 | 25 | 80 |
| boitsebiso bo tsoang mohloling | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | Cao | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh B | 51.60 | 24.70 | 9.9 | 2.22 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Landfilled B | 50.40 | 25.00 | 9.3 | 3.04 | 0.85 | 2.41 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
| Fresh C | 47.7 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
| Landfilled C | 48.5 | 26.5 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 0.86 | 2.39 | 1.18 | 0.02 |
| 7-letsatsi compressive matla, % taolong foreshe molora | 28-letsatsi compressive matla, % taolong foreshe molora | |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh B | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled B | 107 | 113 |
| Fresh C | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled C | 97 | 99 |
| dikahare mongobo, % | Mocheso hlokahalang KWhr / T metsi motheo oa | Omisa theko / T omileng motheo oa (khase ea tlhaho chelete $ 3,45 / mmBtu) |
| 15 | 165 | $ 2.28 |
| 20 | 217 | $ 3.19 |
, Ho phaella ho tlase k'habone sehlahisoa bakeng sa ho sebelisoa concrete- cha-bitsoang ProAsh-tshebetso STET karohano hape recovers ho seng joalo sentse unburned k'habone ka mokgwa wa k'habone e ngata fofa molora, le diselefounu tsa EcoTherm™. EcoTherm na boleng bohlokoa mafura le ka ba bonolo ho khutlela le matla a motlakase dimela sebedisa tsamaiso STET EcoTherm Khutla ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea mashala ho semela. Ha EcoTherm chesoa ka tanka utility, matla a ho tloha combustion e e sokolohela phahameng khatello ea / phahameng mocheso mouoane ebe ho motlakase ka bokgoni tšoana le mashala, ka tloaelo ho 35%. Ho sokoloha ha a hlaphoheloa eneji, le mogote ho motlakase tsamaisong STET EcoTherm Kgutlisa ke makhetlo a mabeli ho a mararo e phahameng ho feta ea ea thekenoloji tlhōlisano moo matla a e hlaphoheloa ka mocheso tlaase sehlopheng ka mokgwa wa metsi a chesang, eo e ajoa ho tanka fepa ka oona tsamaisong ea metsi. EcoTherm le boetse le sebelisoa e le mohloli oa ea alumina ka kilns samente, displacing le bauxite theko e phahameng ho feta, eo hangata isoa malelele. Sebedisa phahameng-k'habone EcoTherm molora ebang ke semela matla kapa Kiln samente maximizes ho hlaphoheloa matla a ho mashala a lopolla, fokotsa tlhokeho ya ho rafa le tsamaisa mafura eketsehileng ho mehaho ea.
STET o Talen Energy Brandon Shores, SMEPA R.D. Morrow, NBP Belledune, RWEnpower Didcot, EDF Energy West Burton, RWEnpower Aberthaw, le Korea Boroa-Bochabela Power fofa dimela molora tsohle kenyeletsa tsamaiso ea EcoTherm Kgutlisa.
STET o thulaganyou e karohano 'nile la sebelisoa ka mokhoa oa thekiso ho tloha 1995 bakeng sa fofa molora beneficiation le e hlahisoang fetang 20 boima ba lithane tse limilione tse ya boleng bo phahameng fofa molora bakeng sa tlhahiso ea konkreiti s. Laoloa tlase Loi ProAsh jwale hlahisoang le thekenoloji STET a ho 12 liteishene tsa matla a ho pholletsa le United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Poland, le Republic of Korea. ProAshfly molora e amohetswe bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ke ho feta 20 ba boholong ba e khōlō boemo, hammoho le mekhatlo e tse ling tse ngata ga tlhaloso. ProAsh o boetse o e pakiloeng tlas'a Canada Maemo Association le EN 450:2005 melao-motheo ea boleng Europe. Ash lokisa mehaho e sebelisa thekenoloji STET thathamisitsoe ka Lethathamo 5.
Mora scalping loketseng tsa lintho tse bonahalang e kholo, omisa, le deagglomeration, fofa molora hlaphoheloa ho tswa utility dimela landfills ka fokotswa ka dikahare k'habone sebedisa commercialized STET triboelectric lebanta kgaoganyo. Boleng ba fofa molora sehlahisoa, ProAsh, ho sebelisa tsamaiso ea STET ka book lintho tse bonahalang ba pholositseng, ke lekanang le a ho ProAsh hlahiswa ho tloha a hloekileng fepa ka fofa molora. The ProAsh sehlahisoa haholo hantle-loketseng le proven ka tlhahiso ea konkreiti s. The a hlaphoheloe 'me beneficiation molora landfilled tla fana ka phepelo ea tsoela pele ea boleng bo phahameng le molora bakeng sa bahlahisi ba ka konkreiti ho sa tsotellehe ya fokotswa tlhahiso ea "foreshe" molora ka mashala-lelekoa bosebeletsi ba fokotsa isa molokong o mong. Ho phaella moo, dimela matla hore ho hlokahala hore ho tlosa molora ho tloha landfills ho kopana le ho fetola melao ea tsamaiso tikoloho tla kgona ho sebedisa tshebetso ya ho fetola litšila sehlahisoa melato hore e be lintho tse bonahalang ea bohlokoa e tala bakeng sa bahlahisi ba ka konkreiti. The STET karohano thulaganyou e le thepa ea fepa ka preprocessing bakeng omisa le deagglomerating landfilled fofa molora ke khetho motle bakeng sa molora beneficiation le theko haholo tlaase le mesi e kotsi ka tlaase bapisoa combustion e tse ling- le litsamaiso flotation thehiloeng. ❖
1. American mashala Ash mashala combustion e Products le Sebelisa Statistics, -http://www.acaausa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports.
2. Hare Report ST, Aug. 1995.
3. ka, T. X.; Schaefer, J. L.; Ban, H.; Neathery, J. K.; le Stencel, J. M., "Dry Beneficiation Processing oa combustion e fofa Ash,"Ditsamaiso tsa Conference DOE ka Unburned k'habone ka utility fofa Ash, Pittsburgh, PA, E se eka 19-20, 1998.
4. Baltrus, J. P.; Diehl, J. R.; Soong, Y.; le Sands, W., "Triboelectrostatic arohana tsa fofa Ash le Charge phetoho,"Fuel, V. 81, 2002, maq. 757-762.
5. Cangialosi, F.; Notarnicola, M.; Liberti, L.; le Stencel, J., "Karolo ea bosa ka fofa Ash Charge Kabo nakong Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation,"Journal of Materials kotsi, V. 164, 2009, maq. 683-688.
Lewis Baker ke Manager European Technical Support bakeng sa ST Helmets & Technology (STET) thehiloeng United Kingdom
Katrina Saahil ke Process Engineer thehiloeng ka STET motsamaisi semela le setsing laboratori ka Needham, MA.
Stephen Gasiorowski ke Senior Research Scientist bakeng sa ST Helmets & Technology (STET) thehiloeng New Hampshire.
Frank Hrach ke Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Process Engineering thehiloeng ka STET motsamaisi semela le setsing laboratori ka Needham, MA.
| Utility le matla seteishene | Location | Qala tshebetso khoebo | dintlha setsing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy-Roxboro Station | North Carolina | Sept. 1997 | 2 separators |
| Talen Energy-Brandon Shores Station | Maryland | Apr. 1999 | 2 separators 35,000 ton polokelo Dome Ecotherm Kgutlisa 2008 |
| Shchotash (Lafarge / Scotland Power kopanetsoeng khoebo)-Longannet Station | Scotland, UK | Oct. 2002 | 1 kgaoganyo |
| Jacksonville Electric Authority- St. John o River Power Park, FL | Florida | E se eka 2003 | 2 separators mashala / petcoke e nyalana ammonia tloswa |
| South Mississippi Electric Power Authority R.D. Morrow Station | Mississippi | Jan. 2005 | 1 kgaoganyo Ecotherm khutla |
| New Brunswick Power Company Belledune Station | New Khovd, Canada | Apr. 2005 | 1 kgaoganyo mashala / petcoke e nyalana Ecotherm khutla |
| RWE npower Didcot Station | Engelane, The | Aug. 2005 | 1 kgaoganyo Ecotherm khutla |
| Talen Energy Brunner Island Station | Pennsylvania | Dec. 2006 | 2 separators 40,000 ton polokelo Dome |
| Tampa Electric Co. Big Bend Station | Florida | Apr. 2008 | 3 separators, habeli fetisetsana 25,000 ton polokelo Dome ammonia tloswa |
| OF npower Aberthaw Station (Lafarge samente UK) | Wales, UK | Sept. 2008 | 1 kgaoganyo ammonia tlosa Ecotherm khutla |
| EDF Energy West Burton Station (Lafarge samente UK, Cemex) | Engelane, UK | Oct. 2008 | 1 kgaoganyo Ecotherm khutla |
| ZGP (Lafarge samente Poland / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | Mar. 2010 | 1 arohaneng |
| Korea Boroa-Bochabela Power Yeongheung lihlopha 5&6 | Korea Boroa | Sept. 2014 | 1 kgaoganyo Ecotherm khutla |
| PGNiG-Siekierki Termika | Poland | lokiselitsoe 2016 | 1 kgaoganyo Ecotherm khutla |
| Lokelang ho a phatlalatsa | Poland | lokiselitsoe 2016 | 1 kgaoganyo Ecotherm khutla |
