Họrọ asụsụ:
The ST Equipment & Technology LLC (STET) tribo-electrostatic belt separator dabara nke ọma maka ị nweta ezigbo uru (<1μm) ka moderately Ntụ (500μm) ụmụ irighiri mmiri, na nnukwu elu throughput. Nchọpụta nnwale gosipụtara ike nke onye na -ekewapụta STET iji rite uru n'omume bauxite site n'ịbawanye alumina dịnụ n'otu oge na -ebelata mmeghachi omume na silica niile.. STET technology na-ọkọnọ dị ka a ụzọ iji kwalite na tupu uche uche bauxite ego maka ojiji na alumina mmepụta. Akọrọ nhazi na STET separator ga -eme ka a Mbelata ọrụ na -arụ ọrụ nke refinery n'ihi ala oriri nke caustic soda, echekwara na ume n'ihi obere olu nke oxides inert na mbelata olu nke ihe nrụpụta ụlọ alumina (ARR ma ọ bụ apịtị uhie). Na mgbakwunye, teknụzụ STET nwere ike ịnye ndị na -anụcha alumina uru ndị ọzọ gụnyere nchekwa ebe a na -agbari okwute, ndọtị nke apịtị mkpofu ndụ ndụ, na ịgbatị oge ndụ nke ogbunigwe ndị na-eme ugbu a site na iwelite njikwa akụ na njigide kachasị. Ngwaahịa enweghị mmiri na kemịkal na-enweghị usoro nke STET mepụtara nwere ike iji rụpụta ciment n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ., iche na uhie apịtị nke nwere oke uru iwere.
1.0 Okwu Mmalite
Aluminum mmepụta bụ nke Central mkpa maka Ngwuputa na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè ụlọ ọrụ na isi n'ihi na a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ [1-2]. Mgbe aluminum bụ ihe kasị nkịtị dara mmewere ẹkụt n'ụwa, na ngụkọta banyere 8% nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, dị ka ihe mmewere ya bụ reactive na Ya mere adịghị ime ndammana [3]. N'ihi ya, aluminum-ọgaranya ore mkpa ka a nụchaa ka mepụtara alumina na aluminum, n'ihi na ịrịba ọgbọ nke residues [4]. Dị ka àgwà nke bauxite ego ụwa ojuju, ọgbọ nke fọduru abawanye, ese nsogbu na alumina na aluminum na-eme na ụlọ ọrụ na usoro nke nhazi-akwụ ụgwọ, akwụ ụgwọ nke mkpofu na mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi [3].
The isi amalite ihe n'ihi na aluminum ejegharịrị bụ bauxite, ụwa bụ isi azụmahịa isi iyi nke aluminum [5]. Bauxite bụ enriched aluminum hydroxide sedimentary nkume, emepụta si laterization na weathering nke nkume ọgaranya ígwè oxides, aluminum oxides, ma ọ bụ ma na-nwere quartz na clays ka kaolin [3,6]. Bauxite nkume mejupụtara ukwuu n'ime nke aluminum minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (c-Ålö(OH)) na diaspore (a-Ålö(OH)) (Isiokwu 1), na a na-emekarị weere na abụọ ígwè oxides goethite (FeO(OH)) na hematite (Fe2O3), na aluminum ụrọ ịnweta kaolinite, obere anatase na / ma ọ bụ Titania (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) na ndị ọzọ na-adịghị na obere ma ọ bụ Chọpụta ichekwa [3,6,7].
The okwu trihydrate na monohydrate ọtụtụ ndị na-eji ụlọ ọrụ ọdịiche dị iche iche nke bauxite. Bauxite na-kpam kpam ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta niile gibbsite amị a na-akpọ a trihydrate ore; ma ọ bụrụ na boehmite ma ọ bụ diaspore bụ ọchịchị kasị minerals na ọ na-ezo dị ka monohydrate ore [3]. Mixtures nke gibbsite na boehmite idi ọsọ ke niile ụdị bauxites, boehmite na diaspore obere nkịtị, na gibbsite na diaspore obere. Onye ọ bụla ụdị bauxite ore onyinye ya ihe ịma aka na okwu nke ịnweta nhazi na beneficiation maka ọgbọ nke alumina [7,8].
Isiokwu 1. Chemical mejupụtara nke Gibbsite, Boehmite na Diaspore [3].
| Chemical mejupụtara | Gibbsite AL(OH)3 ma ọ bụ Al2O3.3H2The | Boehmite ALO(OH) ma ọ bụ Al2The3.H2The | diasporas ALO(OH) ma ọ bụ Al2The3.H2The |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al2The3 wt% | 65.35 | 84.97 | 84.98 |
| (OH) wt% | 34.65 | 15.03 | 15.02 |
Bauxite ego bụ mgbasa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ukwuu n'ime na-ewere ọnọdụ na okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ subtropical na mpaghara [8]. Bauxite Ngwuputa nke ma Metallurgical na-abụghị Metallurgical ọkwa ores bụ analogous na Ngwuputa nke ọzọ ulo oru minerals. Nọmalị, na beneficiation ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nke bauxite na-ejedebeghị na ndinuak, sieving, ịsa, na ihicha nke crude ore [3]. Flotation e n'ọrụ maka upgrading nke ụfọdụ ala-ọkwa bauxite ores, Otú ọ dị ọ bụghị pụtara ukwuu nhọrọ na-ajụ kaolinite, a isi iyi nke reactive silica karịsịa trihydrate bauxites [9].
Otutu bauxite emepụta ụwa a na-eji dị ka nri maka n'ichepụta nke alumina site na Flo Rida feat usoro, usoro mmiri mmiri kemịkalụ na-agba mmiri nke Al_2 O_3 na-agbaze na nkume bauxite site na iji ihe ngwọta soda bara ụba na oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide. [3,10,11]. ekemende, nnukwu nke alumina bụ tinye n'ọrụ dị ka oriri n'ihi na mmepụta nke aluminum metal site na Ụlọ Nzukọ-Héroult usoro, nke na-agụnye electrolytic Mbelata alumina na a bath nke cryolite (Na3AlF6). Ọ na-ewe banyere 4-6 tọn nke Fikiere bauxite ka mepụtara 2 t nke alumina, nke na ibe zaa 1 t nke aluminum metal [3,11].
The Flo Rida feat usoro na-butere site agwakọta saa na finely ground bauxite na leach ngwọta. Ihe slurry nwere 40-50% solids na-ahụ pressurized na ewe iwe na uzuoku. Mgbe a na nzọụkwụ ụfọdụ nke alumina na-etisasịwo na Nleta soluble sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), ma n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke reactive silica, a mgbagwoju sodium aluminum silicate nwekwara precipitates nke na-anọchite anya a na ọnwụ nke ma alumina na soda. Ihe slurry na-asa, na ndi fọduru site na (i.e., red apịtị) na-decanted. Sodium aluminate na-ahụ kpalitere dị ka aluminum trihydrate (Al(OH)3) site a seeding usoro. Ihe caustic soda ngwọta na-recirculated n'ime leach ngwọta. N'ikpeazụ, na ẹdụk na saa siri ike alumina trihydrate na-chụọ n'ọrụ ma ọ bụ calcined ka mepụtara alumina [3,11].
Leaching okpomọkụ nwere ike ịbụ 105 ° C na 290 ° C na kwekọrọ ekwekọ nrụgide mbio 390 kPa ka 1500 kPa. Lower okpomọkụ àmà na-eji bauxite na fọrọ nke nta niile dị alumina bụ ugbu ka gibbsite. A chọrọ ka okpomoku dị elu wee digedepositsst bauxite nwere oke pasent boehmite na diaspore. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 140 ° C ma ọ bụ ihe na -erughị naanị gibbsite na otu kaolin na -agbaze n'ime mmanya mmanya caustic ya mere a na -ahọrọ ụdị okpomọkụ a maka nhazi nke aluminom trihydrate. . Na okpomọkụ ukwuu karịa 180 ° C alumina ugbu ka trihydrate na monohydrate bụ recoverable na ngwọta na ma clays na free quartz ibu reactive [3]. Ịwa ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka okpomọkụ, nsogbu na reagent onunu ogwu na-emetụta ụdị bauxite na Ya mere onye ọ bụla alumina refainari kwekọọ n'ihe a kpọmkwem ụdị bauxite ore. Ọnwụ nke dị oké ọnụ caustic soda (NaOH) na ọgbọ nke red apịtị na-ma metụtara àgwà nke bauxite eji na n'usoro nnụcha. N'izugbe, na Lower Al_2 O_3 ọdịnaya nke bauxite, ibu olu nke red apịtị na a ga-eme, dị ka ndị na-abụghị Al_2 O_3 n'ụzọ na-jụrụ dị ka red apịtị. Na mgbakwunye, ndị dị elu nke kaolinite ma ọ bụ reactive silica ọdịnaya nke bauxite, ndị ọzọ red apịtị ga-eme [3,8].
High-ọkwa bauxite nwere ruo 61% Al_2 O_3, na ọtụtụ ọrụ bauxite ego -typically zoro dị ka ndị na-abụghị Metallurgical ọkwa- na-ọma n'okpuru a, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ala dị 30-50% Al_2 O_3. N'ihi chọrọ ngwaahịa bụ a elu-adị ọcha
Al_2 O_3, ndị fọdụrụ oxides na bauxite (Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, organic ihe onwunwe) na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị Al_2 O_3 ma jụ ka alumina refainari residues (ARR) ma ọ bụ ọbara ọbara apịtị site na Flo Rida feat usoro. N'izugbe, ala àgwà ndị bauxite (i.e., gbadaa ọdịnaya Al_2 O_3) ndị ọzọ red apịtị na-eme kwa ton nke alumina ngwaahịa. Na mgbakwunye, ọbụna ụfọdụ Al_2 O_3 amị minerals, Ichi kaolinite, mepụta ekwesighi n'akụkụ Jeremaya mere n'oge n'usoro nnụcha na-eduga onye na-abawanye na-acha uhie uhie apịtị ọgbọ, nakwa dị ka a ọnwụ nke dị oké ọnụ caustic soda chemical, a nnukwu agbanwe na-eri na bauxite n'usoro nnụcha [3,6,8].
Red apịtị ma ọ bụ ARR na-anọchi anya a buru ibu ma na na-aga ihe ịma aka maka aluminum ụlọ ọrụ [12-14]. Red apịtị nwere ịrịba mmapụta caustic chemical fọdụrụ afọdụ n'usoro nnụcha, na bụ ukwuu alkaline, mgbe mgbe na a onye Onyenwe anyị + nke 10 - 13 [15]. Ọ na-eme n'ime nnukwu mpịakọta n'ụwa nile - dị ka USGS, atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ alumina mmepụta bụ 121 nde tọn na 2016 [16]. Nke a rụpụtara na-eme atụmatụ 150 nde tọn red apịtị eme n'otu oge [4]. N'agbanyeghị na-aga n'ihu research, red apịtị ugbu a nwere ole na ole commercially viable ụzọ ka bara uru re-eji. Ọ na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị nnọọ nta nke red apịtị bụ bara uru re-na n'ụwa nile [13-14]. Kama, uhie apịtị pumped si alumina refainari n'ime nchekwa impoundments ma ọ bụ landfills, ebe ọ na-echekwara na ekwu na nnukwu na-eri [3]. Ya mere, ma onye na-akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi esemokwu nwere ike maka melite àgwà bauxite tupu ejegharịrị, akpan akpan ma ọ bụrụ na ndị dị otú ahụ mma nwere ike mere site na ala-na-ike anụ ahụ nkewa usoro.
Mgbe pụtara mee nke bauxite na-atụ anya ikpeazụ ọtụtụ afọ, àgwà nke mee na ike ga-aku na uba na-enweta na-adalata [1,3]. n'ihi refiners, bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa nke nhazi bauxite ka anam alumina, na-emecha aluminum metal, nke a bụ ihe ịma aka na ma ego na gburugburu ebe obibi pụtara
Akọrọ ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka electrostatic nkewa nwere ike ịmasị ndị bauxite ụlọ ọrụ maka tupu ịta nke bauxite tupu Flo Rida feat usoro. Electrostatic nkewa si na ahu nagide kọntaktị, ma ọ bụ tribo-electric, Nchaji bụ particularity akpali n'ihi na ha nwere iji ikewapụ a dịgasị iche iche nke mixtures nwere conductive, egbochi ihe, na ọkara conductive ahụ. Tribo-electric Nchaji na-adị mgbe pụrụ iche, dissimilar ahụ ikukota na onye ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na a atọ n'elu, n'ihi na a elu ụgwọ dị iche n'etiti abụọ urughuru ụdị. The ịrịba ama na ịdị ukwuu nke ihe-ndebe ihe dị iche na-adabere obere na ihe dị iche na elektrọn mmekọrita (ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọrụ) n'etiti urughuru ụdị. Nkewa nwere ike mgbe ahụ ga-enweta na-eji ihe externally etinyere electric ubi.
Usoro a tinye n'ọrụ industrially na vetikal free-ọdịda ụdị separators. Na free-ọdịda separators, ahụ ụzọ nweta ụgwọ, mgbe da site ike ndọda site a ngwaọrụ eguzogide electrodes na-emetụta a ike electric ubi ka kụchapụ na trajectory nke ahụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama na ịdị ukwuu nke ha n'elu ụgwọ [18]. Free-ọdịda separators nwere ike ịdị irè maka ntụ ahụ ma na-adịghị irè na-ejizi ahụ mma karịa banyere 0.075 ka 0.1 mm [19-20]. Otu n'ime ndị kasị na-ekwe nkwa ọhụrụ tolite na akọrọ ịnweta nkewa bụ tribo-electrostatic belt separator. Nke a technology ka akp urughuru size nso ka mma ahụ ka ot electrostatic nkewa teknụzụ, n'ime nso ebe naanị flotation kemgbe ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge gara aga.
Tribo-electrostatic nkewa utilizes eletriki ụgwọ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe na-emepụta site n'elu kọntaktị ma ọ bụ triboelectric Nchaji. Na simplistic ụzọ, mgbe abụọ ihe ndị na kọntaktị, na ihe onwunwe na a elu mmekọrita maka electros uru electrons otú agbanwe ọjọọ, mgbe ihe onwunwe na ala elektrọn mmekọrita ebubo mma.
The ST Equipment & Technology (STET) tribo-electrostatic belt separator rịọ a akwụkwọ beneficiation uzo-eji uche bauxite ores. The STET akọrọ nkewa usoro rịọ bauxite emepụta ma ọ bụ bauxite refiners ohere ịrụ tupu Flo Rida feat-usoro upgrading nke bauxite ore iji melite ogo. Nke a na obibia nwere ọtụtụ uru, tinyere: Mbelata ke arụ ọrụ na-eri nke refainari ruru ala oriri nke caustic soda site na mbenata input reactive silica; ego na ike n'oge ejegharịrị ruru belata olu nke inert oxides (Fe2The3, TiO2, Non-reactive SiO2) abanye na bauxite; nta uka eruba n'ime bauxite ka refainari ya mere obere ume chọrọ okpomọkụ na pressurize; Mbelata ke red apịtị ọgbọ olu (i.e., red apịtị alumina ruru) site na iwepu reactive silica na inert oxide; na, tighter achịkwa input bauxite quality nke na-ebelata usoro-ewute ma na-enye refiners ka lekwasịrị ezigbo reactive silica larịị jirichaa ọcha ojuju. Improved quality achịkwa bauxite ndepụta refainari nwekwara maximizes uptime na arụpụtaghị. Ọzọkwa, Mbelata ke red apịtị olu sụgharịta n'ime obere ọgwụgwọ na mkpofu-akwụ ụgwọ na mma itinye n'ọrụ nke ẹdude landfills.
The preprocessing nke bauxite ore tupu Flo Rida feat usoro nwere ike na-enye ịrịba uru na okwu nke nhazi na ahịa nke tailings. N'adịghị ka red apịtị, tailings si a akọrọ electrostatic usoro nwere dịghị Chemicals na-adịghị na-anọchi anya a ogologo oge na gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa liability. N'adịghị ka red apịtị, akọrọ site-ngwaahịa / tailings si a bauxite tupu nhazi ime ihe nwere ike tinye n'ọrụ na simenti rụpụta dị ka e nweghị chọrọ iji wepụ sodium, nke bụ detrimental ka simenti rụpụta. N'ezie - bauxite bụ ugbua a nkịtị akụrụngwa n'ihi Portland ciment n'ichepụta. Inyịme ọrụ ndụ nke ẹdude bauxite mines nwekwara ruru site n'imeziwanye agbari okwute itinye n'ọrụ na Ịnwetacha uru ịrụ ọrụ mgbake.
2.0 ibuo
2.1 Materials
STET mụụrụ tupu feasibility ọmụmụ n'elu 15 dị iche iche bauxite n'omume si ọnọdụ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na-eji a bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ separator. ndị a, 7 dị iche iche n'omume ndị
Isiokwu 2. Ịkpata nke chemical analysis bauxite samples.
2.2 ụzọ
Nlele e duziri iji a bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ tribo-electrostatic belt separator, ndụ zoro dị ka 'benchtop separator'. Bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ ule bụ nke mbụ na-adọ nke a atọ-adọ technology mmejuputa usoro (Lee Isiokwu 3) tinyere bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ nwale, pilot-ọnụ ọgụgụ ule na azụmahịa-ọnụ ọgụgụ mmejuputa.
The benchtop separator na-eji maka screening na-egosi nke tribo-electrostatic Nchaji na-ekpebi ma ọ bụrụ na a na ihe onwunwe bụ ezigbo nwa akwukwo maka electrostatic beneficiation. Isi iche n'etiti onye ọ bụla mpempe akụrụngwa na-adade ke Isiokwu 3. Ezie na ngwá eji n'ime onye ọ bụla na-adọ dị iche na size, ọrụ ụkpụrụ bụ fundamentally otu.
Isiokwu 3. Atọ-adọ mmejuputa usoro eji STET tribo-electrostatic belt separator technology
| adọ | eji maka: | Electrode ogologo cm | Ụdị Usoro |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Bench n'ọtụtụ Evaluation | qualitative Evaluation | 250 | ogbe |
| 2- pilot n'ọtụtụ Testing | quantitative nwale | 610 | ogbe |
| 3- Commercial n'ọtụtụ Mmejuputa | Commercial Production | 610 | na-aga n'ihu |
Dị ka a pụrụ hụrụ na Isiokwu 3, isi ihe dị iche n'etiti benchtop separator na pilot-ọnụ ọgụgụ na azụmahịa-ọnụ ọgụgụ separators bụ na ogologo nke benchtop separator bụ mkpokọta 0.4 ugboro ogologo nke pilot-ọnụ ọgụgụ na azụmahịa-ọnụ ọgụgụ nkeji. Dị ka separator arụmọrụ bụ a ọrụ nke electrode ogologo, bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ ule apụghị-eji dị ka a dochie anya pilot-ọnụ ọgụgụ ule. Pilot-ọnụ ọgụgụ ule dị mkpa iji chọpụta na-ruo n'ókè nke na nkewa na STET usoro nwere ike nweta, na-ekpebi ma ọ bụrụ na STET usoro nwere ike izute ngwaahịa zaa n'okpuru nyere oriri udu. Kama, na benchtop separator a na-eji achị si nwa akwukwo ihe na-eleghi anya na-egosi na ọ bụla dị ịrịba nkewa na pilot-ọnụ ọgụgụ larịị. Results nwetara na bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ ga-ndị na-abụghị kachasị, na nkewa hụrụ bụ ihe na-erughị nke ga-hụrụ na a azụmahịa sized STET separator.
Anwale na pilot osisi dị mkpa tupu azụmahịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nkenye ọnọdụ, Otú ọ dị, ule na bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ume dị ka ndị mbụ na-adọ nke mmejuputa usoro maka ọ bụla e nyere ihe onwunwe. Ọzọkwa, na ikpe nke ihe onwunwe nnweta a na-ejedebeghị, na benchtop separator enye a bara uru ngwá ọrụ maka echetakwa nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma oru ngo (i.e., oru na nke ndị ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ quality zaa nwere ike zutere iji STET technology).
2.2.1 STET Triboelectrostatic echebe separator
Na tribo-electrostatic belt separator (Ọgụgụ 1 na Ọgụgụ 2), ihe a na nri n'ime mkpa ọdịiche 0.9 - 1.5 cm n'etiti abụọ yiri planar electrodes. The ahụ na-triboelectrically boro ebubo site interparticle kọntaktị. Ọmụmaatụ, na ikpe nke a bauxite sample nke isi mejuputara bụ gibssite, kaolinite na quartz ịnweta ahụ, na ghaghị ebubo (gibssite) na-ezighị ezi na ebubo (kaolinite na quartz) na-dọtara na-abụghị electrodes. The ahụ na-ahụ kpochapụ elu site a na-aga n'ihu na-akpụ akpụ na-emeghe-ntupu belt na ekekpepde na-abụghị ntụziaka. The belt na-akpali ndị ahụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla electrode n'ebe abụghị nsọtụ nke separator. The electric ubi ekwesịghị naanị akpali ahụ a obere nta nke a sentimita ịkwaga a urughuru si a ekpe-akpụ akpụ na a nri-akpali akpali stream. The counter ugbu a eruba nke kewara ahụ na nọgide triboelectric Nchaji site urughuru collisions enye maka a multi-ogbo nkewa na utịp ke magburu onwe-adị ọcha na mgbake na a otu-ngafe unit. The elu belt ọsọ na-enyere nnọọ elu throughputs, ruo 40 ise kwa hour na a otu separator. Site ịchịkwa dị iche iche usoro parameters, ngwaọrụ-enye ohere maka njikarịcha nke ịnweta ọkwa na mgbake.
Ọgụgụ 1. Schematic nke triboelectric belt separator
The separator imewe bụ dịtụ mfe. The belt na metụtara rollers bụ naanị na-akpụ akpụ akụkụ. The electrodes bụ anyịnya na esịnede ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị inogide ihe. The belt ka nke plastic ihe. The separator electrode ogologo bụ mkpokọta 6 mita (20 ft.) na obosara 1.25 mita (4 ft.) maka zuru size azụmahịa nkeji. The ike oriri bụ ihe na-erughị 2 kilowatt-hour kwa tonne nke ihe onwunwe esichara na ọtụtụ ndị ike gwusia site abụọ Motors ụgbọala belt.
Ọgụgụ 2. Ihe nke nkewa mpaghara
The usoro kpamkpam akọrọ, na-achọ ọ ọzọ ihe ma na-amị dịghị n'efu mmiri ma ọ bụ ikuku anwuru. N'ihi na ịnweta nkewa na separator enye a technology iji belata mmiri ojiji, ịgbatị idobere ndụ na / ma ọ bụ naghachi na reprocess tailings.
The compactness nke usoro na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe na echichi aghụghọ. The tribo-electrostatic belt nkewa technology bụ siri ike na industrially pụtara na mbụ etinyere industrially na nhazi nke coal combustion ada uyi na 1997. The technology bụ irè kewara carbon ahụ si na-ezughị ezu combustion nke coal, si yiri enyo aluminosilicate ịnweta ahụ na ada uyi. The technology kemgbe instrumental na eme egweri nke ịnweta-ọgaranya ada uyi ka a cement nnọchi na ihe mmepụta.
ebe ọ bụ na 1995, n'elu 20 nde ise ngwaahịa ada uyi e esichara site STET separators arụnyere na USA. The ulo oru akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ada uyi nkewa na-depụtara na Isiokwu 4.
Na minerals nhazi, na triboelectric belt separator technology e ji mee ikewapụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe gụnyere calcite / quartz, talc / magnesite, na barite / quartz.
Ọgụgụ 3. Commercial tribo-electrostatic belt separator
Isiokwu 4. Industrial ngwa nke tribo-electrostatic belt nkewa maka ada uyi.
| Utility / ike ojii | Location | Malite nke azụmahịa arụmọrụ | Facility nkọwa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | North Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Separators |
| Energy asụsụ- Brandon mben | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Separators |
| Scottish Power- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 separator |
| Jacksonville Electric-St. Johns River Power Park | Florida USA | 2003 | 2 Separators |
| South Mississippi Electric Power -R.D. Morrow | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 separator |
| New Brunswick Power-Belledune | New Brunswick Canada | 2005 | 1 separator |
| OF npower-Didcot Station | England UK | 2005 | 1 separator |
| Talen Energy Brunner Island Station | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Separators |
| Tampa Electric-Big Bend Station | Florida USA | 2008 | 3 Separators |
| OF npower Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 separator |
| EDF Energy-West Burton Station | England UK | 2008 | 1 separator |
| ZGP (Lafarge Cement / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | 2010 | 1 separator |
| Korea Southeast Power- Yeongheung | South Korea | 2014 | 1 separator |
| PGNiG Termika-Sierkirki | Poland | 2018 | 1 separator |
| Taiheiyo ciment Company-Chichibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 separator |
| Armstrong ada uyi- Eagle Cement | Philippines | 2019 | 1 separator |
| Korea Southeast Power- Samcheonpo | South Korea | 2019 | 1 separator |
2.2.2 Bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ ule
Emere ule usoro ọkọlọtọ gburugburu ebumnuche kapịrị ọnụ iji bulie itinye uche Al_2 O_3 na iji belata mkpokọta mineral gangue. Ule e duziri na benchtop separator n'okpuru ogbe ọnọdụ, na-anwale rụrụ na oyiri na simulate otu ebe ala, ma hụ na ihe ọ bụla o kwere omume carryover mmetụta si aga ọnọdụ e atụle. Tupu ọ bụla ule, a obere oriri sub-sample e anakọtara (ẹkedọhọde dị ka 'ndepụta'). N'elu mwube niile na ọrụ variables, na ihe onwunwe e nri n'ime benchtop separator site na iji electric vibratory feeder site center nke benchtop separator. N'omume na-anakọtara na njedebe nke ọ bụla nnwale na igwe nke ngwaahịa na njedebe 1 (ẹkedọhọde dị ka 'E1') na ngwaahịa na njedebe 2 (ẹkedọhọde dị ka 'E2') kpebisiri ike iji a iwu na-ahia-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ. N'ihi bauxite samples, 'E2' kwekọrọ na bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla set nke sub-samples (i.e., ndepụta, E1 na E2) iWU, isi oxides mejupụtara site XRF, reactive silica na dị alumina kpebisiri. XRD akparamagwa e rụrụ na họrọ sub-samples.
3.0 Nsonazụ na mkparịta ụka
3.1. samples Mineralogy
Results nke quantitative XRD nyochara maka oriri samples na-gụnyere ke Isiokwu 5. Ọtụtụ ndị samples na isi esịnede gibbsite na mgbanwe ichekwa goethite, hematite, kaolinite, na quartz. Ilmenite na anatase nwekwara ìhè obere ichekwa na ọtụtụ ndị samples.
E a mgbanwe ke ịnweta mejupụtara maka S6 na S7 dị ka ndị a oriri samples na isi esịnede diaspore na obere ichekwa calcite, hematite, goethite, boehmite, kaolinite, gibbsite, quartz, anatase, na rutile-ahụrụ. An amorphous adọ na-ahụrụ na S1 na S4 na malite si dị 1 ka 2 percent. Nke a bụ eleghị anya n'ihi na ma ọnụnọ nke a smectite ịnweta, ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị crystalline ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe a nwere ike ozugbo tụrụ, results for a samples ga-atụle ndika.
3.2 Bench-ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere
A usoro nke ule na-agbaba na-rụrụ ọ bụla ịnweta sample iji na Ịnwetacha uru ịrụ Al2O3 na usen SiO_2 ọdịnaya. Umu anumanu na osisi na-etinye uche na bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa ga-indicative nti Nchaji omume. Results na-egosi na Isiokwu 6
Isiokwu 5. XRD analysis of oriri samples.
Isiokwu 6. Summary Results.
Anwale na STET benchtop separator gosiri ịrịba ije nke Al2O3 niile samples. Nkewa nke Al2O3 chọpụtara maka S1-5 nke ndị tumadi gibbsite, nakwa n'ihi S6-7 nke ndị tumadi diaspore. Na mgbakwunye, na ndị ọzọ na isi ihe nke Fe2O3, SiO2 na TiO2 gosiri dị ịrịba ama ije na ọtụtụ ikpe. N'ihi na ihe niile samples, ije nke ọnwụ na mgbanye (iWU) soro ije nke Al2O3. Na okwu nke reactive silica na dị alumina, maka S1-5 nke ihe fọrọ nke nta niile gibbsite (aluminum trihydrate) ụkpụrụ a ga-atụle na 145 ° C mgbe maka S6-7 n'ihi na nke kasị ịnweta bụ diaspore (aluminum monohydrate) ụkpụrụ a ga-enyocha na 235 ° C. N'ihi na ihe niile samples anwale na STET benchtop separator gosiri a ọkpụrụkpụ abawanye na dị alumina na a ịrịba gụnyere ya ná reactive silica na ngwaahịa ma trihydrate na monohydrate bauxite samples. Movement nke isi ịnweta umu na-emekwa ma a na graphically egosi n'okpuru na Ọgụgụ 4.
Na okwu nke mineralogy, STET benchtop separator gosiri ịta nke alumina amị umu gibbsite na diaspore na bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa mgbe n'out oge na-ajụ ndị ọzọ gangue umu. ọgụgụ 5 na 6 egosi selectivity nke ịnweta n'ụzọ na bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa maka trihydrate na monohydrate samples, karị. Selectivity a gbakọtara dị ka ihe dị iche n'etiti uka nsìrìhazi na ngwaahịa ọ bụla ịnweta umu na mkpokọta uka mgbake na ngwaahịa. A nti selectivity bụ indicative nke ịnweta ịta na bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa, na nke onye na mkpokọta mma Nchaji omume. N'adịghị, a na-adịghị mma selectivity uru bụ indicative nke ịta na bauxite-dabere coproduct, na nke onye na mkpokọta ọjọọ Nchaji omume.
N'ihi na ihe niile trihydrate ala-okpomọkụ samples (i.e., S1, S2 na S4) kaolinite gosipụtawo a na-adịghị mma odori omume na lekwasị na bauxite-dabere co-ngwaahịa mgbe gibbsite lekwasị na bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa (Ọgụgụ 5). N'ihi na ihe niile monohydrate elu-okpomọkụ samples (i.e., S6 na S7) ma reactive silica amị minerals, kaolinite na quartz, gosipụtawo a na-adịghị mma odori omume. N'ihi na nke ikpeazụ, diaspore na boehmite kọọrọ ndị bauxite-ọgaranya ngwaahịa na-gosipụtawo a mma Nchaji omume (Ọgụgụ 6).
Ọgụgụ 5. Selectivity nke ịnweta n'ụzọ na ngwaahịa.
Ọgụgụ 6. Selectivity nke ịnweta n'ụzọ na ngwaahịa.
Nha nke dị alumina na reactive silica egosi ọkpụrụkpụ ije. N'ihi na ala okpomọkụ bauxites (S1-S5), ego nke reactive silica ugbu kwa unit nke dị alumina ahụ belatara site 10-50% on a ikwu ndabere (Ọgụgụ 7). A yiri Mbelata chọpụtara na elu okpomọkụ bauxites (S6-S7) dị ka nwere ike hụrụ na Ọgụgụ 7.
The bauxite ka alumina ruru a gbakọtara dị ka inverse nke dị alumina. The bauxite ka alumina ruru e ebelata site n'etiti 8 - 26% na ikwu okwu niile samples anwale (Ọgụgụ 8). Nke a bụ bara uru dị ka ọ na-anọchi anya ihe Ẹkot Mbelata ke uka eruba n'ime bauxite na kwesịrị na-nri na Flo Rida feat usoro.
Ọgụgụ 7. Mere SiO2 kwa unit nke Nwere Al2O3
Ọgụgụ 8. Bauxite ka alumina ruru.
3.3 Nkwurịta
The ibuo data-egosi na STET separator ụba dị Al2O3 mgbe n'out oge mbenata SiO_2 ọdịnaya. Ọgụgụ 9 onyinye a Ntụpụta elo esereese nke anya uru metụtara ka Mbelata reactive silica na-abawanye nke dị alumina tupu Flo Rida feat Usoro. Ihe ndị na-agụkọ na ego uru ihe alumina anụcha ga-nso nke $15-30 USD kwa ton nke alumina ngwaahịa. Nke a na-egosipụta ẹse eri site caustic soda efu de-silicaton ngwaahịa (DSP), ike ego si mbenata ọsọ ọsọ nke bauxite na refainari, Mbelata ke red apịtị ọgbọ na a obere revenue iyi site si ere ala-ọkwa bauxite site-ngwaahịa ka simenti na-emepụta. Ọgụgụ 9 ndepụta na-atụ anya na uru nke mmejuputa STET triboelectrostatic technology ka a pụtara-eji uche bauxite ore tupu ndị Flo Rida feat usoro.
Nwụnye nke STET nkewa usoro maka bauxite tupu nhazi nwere ike rụrụ ma na alumina refainari ma ọ bụ ndị bauxite m onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, na STET usoro achọ akọrọ egweri nke bauxite ores tupu nkewa, ịtọhapụ ndị gangue, ya mere lọjistik nke egweri na nhazi bauxite na refainari nwere ike karị.
Dị ka otu nhọrọ – akọrọ bauxite ga-ground eji mma-guzobere akọrọ egweri technology, n'ihi na ihe atụ a vetikal ala na nkume igwe nri ma ọ bụ mmetụta na nkume igwe nri. The finely ground bauxite ga-iche site na ihe STET usoro, na elu-alumina bauxite ngwaahịa zigara alumina refainari. The echichi nke akọrọ egweri ga-ekwe ka mkpochapu nke mmiri egweri omenala eji mee ihe n'oge Flo Rida feat usoro. Ọ na-na-eche na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-eri nke akọrọ egweri ga-Olee ihe enyemaka iji tụnyere ọrụ na-eri nke mmiri egweri, karịsịa n'ịtụle mmiri egweri rụrụ taa a rụrụ na a ukwuu alkaline ngwakọta, na-eduga na bukwanu mmezi-akwụ ụgwọ.
Akọrọ ala-ọkwa bauxite co-ngwaahịa (tailings) si nkewa usoro a ga-ere ka simenti rụpụta dị ka ihe alumina iyi. Bauxite ọtụtụ atụkwasịkwara cement rụpụta, na akọrọ co-ngwaahịa, n'adịghị red apịtị, anaghị nwere sodium nke ga-egbochi ya iji na simenti rụpụta. Nke a na-enye ndị refainari na a usoro nke valorizing ihe gaara wepuÚ n'usoro nnụcha dị ka red apịtị, na ga-achọ ogologo okwu nchekwa, na-anọchite anya a na-eri.
An ọrụ eri ngụkọta oge rụrụ site ndị dere na-eme atụmatụ a ngo uru nke $27 USD kwa ton nke alumina, na isi metụtara-enweta site Mbelata ke caustic soda, Mbelata ke red apịtị, valorization nke co-ngwaahịa na mmanụ ụgbọala ego ruru ala olu nke bauxite na refainari. Ya mere ihe 800,000 ton kwa afọ refainari pụrụ ịtụ anya a ego uru $21 M USD kwa afọ (Lee Ọgụgụ 10). Nke a analysis anaghị atụle nwere ego si mbenata mbubata ma ọ bụ lọjistik akwụ ụgwọ nke bauxite, nke nwere ike n'ihu welie ngo laghachi.
Ọgụgụ 10. Uru Mere Silica Ibenata mmasi na E Nwere alumina abawanye.
4.0 Mkpebi
Na nchịkọta, akọrọ nhazi na STET separator enye ohere n'ịwa uru maka bauxite emepụta ma na refiners. The tupu nhazi nke bauxite tupu ejegharịrị ga-ebelata chemical-akwụ ụgwọ, belata olu nke red apịtị eme na-ebelata usoro ewute. STET technology nwere ike ekwe bauxite processors na-atụgharị na-abụghị Metallurgical ọkwa n'ime Metallurgical ọkwa bauxite - nke nwere ike belata mkpa dị bauxite na / ma ọ bụ iru exiting na-agbari okwute akụ ndụ. STET usoro nwekwara ike na-emejuputa atumatu-n'ịwa elu mma na-abụghị Metallurgical ọkwa na Metallurgical ọkwa bauxite, na simenti ọkwa bauxite by-ngwaahịa tupu Flo Rida feat usoro.
The STET usoro achọ obere tupu ọgwụgwọ nke ịnweta ma na-arụ ọrụ na elu ikike - ruo 40 aj u kwa hour. Oriri ike bụ ihe na-erughị 2 kilowatt-awa kwa ton nke ihe onwunwe esichara. Ọzọkwa, na STET usoro a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na azụmahịa technology na minerals nhazi, ya mere na ọ dịghị achọ mmepe nke nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ.
References
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