Khetha ulimi:
I ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe LLC (STET) isihlukanisi sebhande le-tribo-electrostatic ikulungele kahle ukuzuza kahle kakhulu (<1μm) ukuze ngokulinganisela indawo (500μm) izinhlayiya zamaminerali, nge-throughput ephezulu kakhulu. Okutholakele kokuhlola kubonise amandla okwehlukanisa. Ubuchwepheshe be-STET bunikezwa njengendlela yokuthuthukisa nokufaka imali ngaphambi kokugxila kuma-bauxite ukuze asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni i-alumina. Ukucubungula okwomile ngesihlukanisi se-STET kuzoholela ekwehlisweni kwezindleko zokusebenza zokuhluzwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwesoda ecwebezelayo, ukonga emandleni ngenxa yevolumu ephansi yama-inert oxides kanye nokwehliswa kwevolumu yezinsalela zokuhluza i-alumina (I-ARR noma udaka olubomvu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe be-STET bunganikeza i-alumina refiners ezinye izinzuzo kufaka phakathi ukwanda kokugcinwa kwezinkwali, ukunwetshwa kwempilo yesiza sokulahla udoti, kanye nempilo eyandisiwe yokusebenza kwezimayini ze-bauxite ezikhona ngokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwe -ryry nokwandisa ukululama. Umkhiqizo-ongenamanzi namakhemikhali ngaphandle komkhiqizo okhiqizwa inqubo ye-STET uyasebenziseka ekwakheni usimende kumavolumu aphezulu ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwangaphambili, ngokungafani nodaka olubomvu olunomkhawulo wokusetshenziswa kabusha okunenzuzo.
1.0 Isingeniso
ukukhiqizwa Aluminium kubaluleke esimaphakathi sezimayini nelesimbi umkhakha futhi kuyisidingo ezihlukahlukene izimboni [1-2]. Nakuba aluminium evamile isici metallic atholakala emhlabeni, cishe ngo Imininingwane 8% uqweqwe eMhlabeni, njengoba isici kuba esisheshayo ngakhoke akuzenzakaleli ngokwemvelo [3]. Yingakho, ore izidingo aluminium-ocebile ukuba elicwengisiswe ukuba umkhiqizo alumina kanye ne-aluminium, okuholela isizukulwane abalulekile izinsalela [4]. Njengoba izinga imali bauxite jikelele ukwehla, isizukulwane ukwanda ezisalayo, posing nezinselelo ezibhekene nomkhakha alumina kanye ne-aluminium ukwenza umkhakha ngokuya ekucubunguleni izindleko, izindleko ukulahlwa kwezinto okungalawuliwe futhi umthelela emvelweni [3].
Okuxhunyanwa sokuqala zethu ezingokwenyama aluminium yokucwenga kuyinto bauxite, umthombo emhlabeni main commercial-aluminiyamu [5]. Bauxite kuyinto abasizakali aluminium hydroxide idwala sedimentary, kukhiqizwa kusuka laterization futhi weathering yamadwala okunothe oxides, aluminium oxides, noma kokubili ngokuvamile aqukethe asebenza ngebhethri futhi Clays like kaolin [3,6]. rocks bauxite elinabantu the aluminium namaminerali gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (c-Alo(OH)) futhi diaspore (a-Alo(OH)) (Ithebula 1), futhi ngokuvamile ixubene oxides ezimbili yensimbi goethite (Feo(OH)) futhi hematite (Fe2O3), i-aluminiyamu ubumba amaminerali kaolinite, nengcosana anatase kanye / noma titania (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) nezinye ukungcola okuncane noma trace amanani [3,6,7].
Amagama trihydrate futhi monohydrate ezisetshenziswa by umkhakha ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene bauxite. Bauxite ukuthi ngokuphelele noma cishe zonke eziveza gibbsite ibizwa ngokuthi i-ore trihydrate; uma boehmite noma diaspore kukhona namaminerali evelele ke ubizwa ngokuthi monohydrate ore [3]. Izingxube of gibbsite futhi boehmite zivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo bauxites, boehmite futhi diaspore ezivamile kancane, futhi gibbsite futhi diaspore ezingavamile. Uhlobo ngalunye bauxite ore izipho nezinselelo zayo ngokuya nekuhanjiswa nokuzuza isizukulwane alumina [7,8].
Ithebula 1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali Gibbsite, Boehmite futhi Diaspore [3].
| Chemical Ukwakheka | Iwebhusayithi ye-AL(OH)3 noma u-Al2O3.3H2I | I-Boehmite ALO(OH) noma u-Al2I3.H2I | I-Diaspora ALO(OH) noma u-Al2I3.H2I |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al2I3 wt% | 65.35 | 84.97 | 84.98 |
| (OH) wt% | 34.65 | 15.03 | 15.02 |
ezifakwa bauxite kukhona ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi okwenzeka ezindaweni ezinamahlathi emvula noma nakwezifudumele [8]. izimayini bauxite kokubili Metallurgical futhi okungezona Metallurgical grade imikhando fanekiso ukuba zemayini namanye amaminerali zezimboni. ngokuvamile, kokuzuza noma ukwelapha bauxite kukhawulwe kwasani, sieving, wokuwasha, futhi omisa we-ore ongahluziwe [3]. Flotation sele asebenze kokuvuselelwa ezithile ongaphakeme-ebangeni bauxite imikhando, Nokho-ke akuzange efakazelwe abakhethayo kakhulu ngesikhathi yokwala kaolinite, umthombo enkulu Silica esisheshayo ikakhulukazi bauxites trihydrate [9].
Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi bauxite akhiqizwa emhlabeni isetshenziswa njengoba feed for yokukhiqiza alumina nge inqubo Bayer, indlela enamakhemikhali anemichiza emincane lapho i-Al_2 O_3 ichithwa khona edwaleni le-bauxite ngokusebenzisa isixazululo esicebile se-soda emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nengcindezi [3,10,11]. Ngemva kwalokho, kwenqwaba alumina iyasetshenziswa njengoba feed for ukukhiqizwa aluminium metal nge inqubo Hall-Héroult, okubandakanya ukwehliswa electrolytic alumina endaweni elihlanza ngokuligeza cryolite (Na3AlF6). Kuthatha cishe 4-6 amathani bauxite omisiwe umkhiqizo 2 t alumina, okuyinto kuvula ezithela 1 t-aluminiyamu metal [3,11].
Inqubo Bayer iqalwa ukuxuba wageza fake kutsho bauxite ikhambi Leach. Slurry okuholela equkethe 40-50% ukudla okuqinile ke Umfutho futhi ukufuthelana ne umusi. Ngalesi isinyathelo ezinye alumina siphela futhi yakha encibilikayo sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), kodwa ngenxa yokubakhona Silica esisheshayo, isakhiwo sodium aluminium silicate futhi kusheshisa elimelela ukulahlekelwa kokubili alumina soda. Slurry okuholela is wageza, insali elakhiwe (okuyi, obomvu udaka) is decanted. Sodium aluminate ke ukugqashuka out njengoba aluminium trihydrate (Al(OH)3) ngenqubo seeding. I kwaphumela isixazululo caustic soda recirculated angena ikhambi Leach. Ekugcineni, the ehlungiwe wageza okuqinile alumina trihydrate yenzelwa noma calcined ukuba umkhiqizo alumina [3,11].
okushisa leaching zingaba phakathi 105 ° C kuya 290 ° C nezingcindezi elihambisana isukela 390 KPA ukuze 1500 KPA. Lower okushisa amabanga asetshenziselwa bauxite lapho cishe bonke alumina etholakalayo likhona njengoba gibbsite. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu adingeka kwi-digedepositsst bauxite enamaphesenti amaningi we-boehmite ne-diaspore. Emazingeni okushisa angama-140 ° C noma ngaphansi kuphela amaqembu e-gibbsite nama-kaolin ancibilika kuphuzo olubi lwe-soda ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa elinjalo lincanyelwa ukucubungulwa kwe-trihydrate alumina . Emazingeni okukhulu kuka-180 ° C alumina samanje njengoba trihydrate futhi monohydrate kukhona ibuyiselwe esimweni esifanele isixazululo kanye kokubili Clays futhi asebenza ngebhethri khulula abe esisheshayo [3]. Izimo Operating ezifana lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye umthamo reagent bathonywa uhlobo bauxite ngakhoke alumina femu ngamunye esiklanyelwe uhlobo eqondile ore bauxite. Ukulahleka ezibizayo soda caustic (NaOH) kanye isizukulwane udaka olubomvu womabili ezihlobene izinga bauxite elisetshenziswa kucwengisiswa. Ngenjwayelo, the ukwehlisa okuqukethwe Al_2 O_3 ka bauxite, elikhulu ivolumu udaka olubomvu ukuthi lizokhiqizwa, njengoba-non-Al_2 O_3 izigaba ziyanqatshelwa njengoba udaka olubomvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayanda kaolinite noma Silica okuqukethwe esisheshayo ka bauxite, odakeni elibomvu ngaphezulu lizokhiqizwa [3,8].
High-grade bauxite iqukethe kuze kufinyelele 61% Al_2 O_3, futhi eziningi yokusebenza bauxite ezifakwa -typically okukhulunywa njengoba grade-non-Metallurgical- kukhona ngaphansi kwaleli, ngezinye izikhathi njengoba low 30-50% Al_2 O_3. Ngenxa umkhiqizo efiswayo ingumuthi ubumsulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu
Al_2 O_3, the oxides ezisele bauxite (Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, izinto eziphilayo) abahlukene kusukela Al_2 O_3 futhi wasenqaba njengoba alumina izinsalela refinery (Fika) noma obomvu udaka nge inqubo Bayer. Ngenjwayelo, ikhwalithi ephansi bauxite (okuyi, ukwehlisa okuqukethwe kwe-Al_2 O_3) odakeni elibomvu ngaphezulu ekhiqizwa ton alumina ngomkhiqizo ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho ezinye Al_2 O_3 eziveza amaminerali, ephawuleka kaolinite, ukukhiqiza engathandeki ohlangothini ukusabela phakathi kucwengisiswa futhi kuholele ukwanda obomvu udaka isizukulwane, kanye nokulahlekelwa ezibizayo caustic soda chemical, kwenombolo izindleko ezinkulu kule bauxite yokucwenga inqubo [3,6,8].
udaka olubomvu noma Fika simele esikhulu ku-uya inselele ngemboni aluminium [12-14]. udaka olubomvu iqukethe abalulekile caustic asalile okusalile chemical ekucwengisisweni, futhi ane-alikhali kakhulu, ngokuvamile line-pH 10 - 13 [15]. It is ekhiqizwa kuleli lemiqulu emikhulu emhlabeni wonke - ngokuvumelana USGS, Kulinganiselwa ukukhiqizwa alumina global kwaba 121 amathani ayizigidi ezingu-e 2016 [16]. Lokhu kwabangela abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini 150 amathani ayizigidi ezingu udaka olubomvu elakhiwe phakathi nenkathi efanayo [4]. Naphezu ucwaningo okuqhubekayo, udaka olubomvu okwamanje Imbalwa izindlela elizimele ukuba nenzuzo kabusha ukusetshenziswa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kakhulu kancane udaka olubomvu kuyinto ngokunenzuzo kabusha esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke [13-14]. Kunalokho, odakeni obomvu akhishwa endaweni yokuhluza alumina kusitoreji impoundments noma landfills, lapho agcinwe futhi ziqashwe ngezindleko ezinkulu [3]. Ngakho-ke, kokubili i-agumenti kwezomnotho kanye kwemvelo zingenziwa ngokuthuthukisa izinga bauxite ngaphambi yokucwenga, ikakhulukazi uma ngcono ezinjalo kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa amasu ngokwahlukana ngokomzimba ephansi amandla.
Nakuba izinqolobane bokuthi bauxite kulindeleke ukuba zokugcina iminyaka eminingi, izinga lezokuvikela ukuthi kungenziwa kwezomnotho afinyelelwe liyancipha [1,3]. Ukuze refiners, enisezweni zebhizinisi kucutshungulwa bauxite ukuze ukwakheka alumina, nensimbi ekugcineni aluminiyamu, lokhu kuyinselele kokubili nemithelela zezimali kanye nezemvelo
izindlela Dry ezifana ngokwahlukana electrostatic engase abe nesithakazelo we umkhakha bauxite for pre-lokuhlushwa bauxite ngaphambi inqubo Bayer. izindlela ngokwahlukana electrostatic ukuthi ukusebenzisa contact, noma tribo-kagesi, ukushaja kuyinto ngemininingwane ezithakazelisayo ngenxa amakhono abo ukuhlukanisa ezihlukahlukene Izingxube equkethe conductive, ekuvikeleni, nezinhlayiyana semi conductive. ukushaja Tribo-kagesi kwenzeka uma leyehlukene, izinhlayiya ezihluke nqwamana omunye nomunye, noma ngenhloso ngaphandle wesithathu, okuholela umehluko ebusweni icala phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili kuyizinhlayiyana. Isibonakaliso nokubaluleka umehluko icala kuncike ngokwengxenye on umehluko electron ziyezwana (noma umsebenzi umsebenzi) phakathi izinhlobo kuyizinhlayiyana. Ukwahlukana kungenziwa ke lekumele azuzwe Usebenzisa ngaphandle isicelo emkhakheni kagesi.
Le nqubo iye yabizwa ukusetshenziselwa ngokuphakeme ezimbonini e mpo ukuwa uhlobo separators. Ngo ukuwa separators, izinhlayiya wokuqala ukuthola icala, ke iwe amandla adonsela phansi ngokusebenzisa idivayisi electrode ezisebenza inkambu eqinile kagesi aphikisanayo ukuba azingenwa trajectory of the izinhlayiya ngokuvumelana uphawu nokubaluleka ezindaweni zawo icala [18]. Mahhala-ukuwa separators ungalunga ngoba izinhlayiya indawo kodwa akuzona ngempumelelo ekusebenziseni izinhlayiya zikanokusho ngaphezu kwalezo mayelana 0.075 ukuze 0.1 mm [19-20]. Omunye ezithembisa kakhulu ezintsha abahlukanisayo amaminerali ezomile iyona tribo-electrostatic ibhande isihlukanisi. Le ubuchwepheshe enwetshiwe ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana ububanzi zikanokusho izinhlayiya kuka ezivamile electrostatic ngokwahlukana ubuchwepheshe, ku uhla lapho flotation kuphela uye waphumelela esikhathini esidlule.
ngokuhlukana Tribo-electrostatic isebenzisa kagesi icala umehluko phakathi izinto ezivezwa ebusweni naye noma ukushaja triboelectric. Ngezindlela lolumalula, lapho izinto ezimbili nabo, kanjalo impahla kanye ziyezwana ephakeme electros uzuza electron eshintsha omubi, ngenkathi impahla kanye aphansi electron ziyezwana uyala omuhle.
I ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) tribo-electrostatic ibhande isihlukanisi izipesheli inoveli lokuhlomulisa umzila pre-CONCENTRATE bauxite imikhando. Inqubo STET ezomile ngokwahlukana izipesheli bauxite abakhiqizi noma refiners bauxite ithuba ukwenza pre-Bayer-inqubo ngcono ore bauxite ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi. Le ndlela kunezinzuzo eziningi, kuhlanganise: Ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zokusebenzisa ka femu ngenxa ukusetshenziswa aphansi of soda caustic ngokunciphisa okokufaka Silica esisheshayo; ukonga amandla phakathi yokucwenga ngenxa wehlise ivolumu oxides inert (Fe2I3, Tio2, Sio Non-esisheshayo2) engena bauxite; ezincane mass ukugeleza bauxite ukuba femu ngakhoke kancane energy imfuneko ukuze ukushisa kanye pressurize; nokuncipha udaka olubomvu isizukulwane ivolumu (okuyi, obomvu odakeni alumina isilinganiso) ngokususa Silica esisheshayo futhi oxide inert; futhi, isilawuli baqaphe phezu okokufaka bauxite izinga esehlisa inqubo izinkinga futhi ivumela refiners kuhlobo ekahle esisheshayo Silica ezingeni ukukhulisa okuphothula kwenqatshwa. Okuthuthukisiwe control ikhwalithi okuphakelayo bauxite ukuba femu futhi ikhulisa ikhanya zokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nokuncipha obomvu udaka ivolumu uhumusha ngaphansi ukwelashwa kanye nokulahlwa izindleko ukusetshenziswa kangcono landfills ekhona.
I preprocessing ka-ore bauxite ngaphambi inqubo Bayer zingase zinikeze Izinzuzo ebaluleke ngokuya kucutshungulwa kanye yokuthengisa tailings. Ngokungafani udaka olubomvu, tailings inqubo ezomile electrostatic awuqekethe amakhemikhali futhi ungameli wesikhathi eside kwemvelo isitoreji isibopho sezomthetho. Ngokungafani udaka olubomvu, ezomile by-imikhiqizo / tailings kulandela ukuhlinzwa pre-sicubungula bauxite angazisebenzisa usimende enza njengoba kungekho imfuneko ukususa sodium, okuyinto elimaza usimende womshini. Empeleni - bauxite isivele material ezivamile zokusetshenziswa for Portland usimende yokukhiqiza. Yandisa yokusebenza ukuphila kwezimayini ekhona bauxite ingaphinda esafinyelelwa ekuthuthukiseni inkwali ukusetshenziswa kanye okwenza yokutakula.
2.0 kokulinganisa
2.1 Izinto
STET olwenziwa zangaphambi azokwenza izifundo e phezu 15 amasampula bauxite ezahlukene ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni wonke usebenzisa isihlukanisi ebhentshini ukuziphilisa. kulezi, 7 amasampula ezahlukene babe
Ithebula 2. Umphumela we bauxite amasampula ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali.
2.2 izindlela
Ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa usebenzisa ebhentshini ukuziphilisa tribo-electrostatic ibhande isihlukanisi, emva kwalokhu esizobizwa ngokuthi 'isihlukanisi benchtop'. ukuhlolwa Bench ukuziphilisa iyona Isigaba sokuqala ezintathu okhombisa ubuchwepheshe ukuqaliswa inqubo (Bona Ithebula 3) kuhlanganise kokuhlaziywa ebhentshini ukuziphilisa, umshayeli isikali sokuhlola nezentengiselwano isikali ukuqaliswa.
I isihlukanisi benchtop isetshenziselwa kuthiwa ukuhlolwa kwezinsana ubufakazi ukushaja tribo-electrostatic futhi ukuthola ukuthi ebonakala- olungele i lokuhlomulisa electrostatic. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi emshinini ngamunye ethulwa kuThebula 3. Nakuba imishini esetshenziswa ngaphakathi isigaba ngasinye kuyahluka ngosayizi, isimiso msebenzi ngokuyinhloko okufanayo.
Ithebula 3. Ezintathu okhombisa inqubo usebenzisa STET tribo-electrostatic ibhande isihlukanisi ubuchwepheshe
| Isigaba | Isetshenziselwa: | I-Electrode Ubude cm | Uhlobo Lwenqubo |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Ukuhlola Isikali Sebhentshi | Ukuhlola Ikhwalithi | 250 | Iqoqo |
| 2- I-Pilot Scale Ukuhlola | Ukuhlola okulinganiselwe | 610 | Iqoqo |
| 3- Ukuqaliswa Kwesikali Sezentengiso | Ukukhiqizwa Kwezohwebo | 610 | Okuqhubekayo |
Njengoba singabona kuThebula 3, umehluko oyinhloko phakathi isihlukanisi benchtop nomshayeli ukuziphilisa nezentengiselwano isikali separators wukuthi ubude isihlukanisi benchtop cishe 0.4 izikhathi nobude umshayeli isikali nezentengiselwano isikali amayunithi. Njengoba kahle isihlukanisi kuyinto umsebenzi ubude electrode, ukuhlolwa ebhentshini ukuziphilisa ayikwazi asetshenziswa esikhundleni ukuhlolwa umshayeli isikali. ukuhlolwa Pilot ukuziphilisa kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale umsuka wendaba yesihluku ukwehlukana ukuthi inqubo STET ingafinyelela, futhi ukunquma uma inqubo STET kungaba kuhlangabezanwe nalemigomo umkhiqizo ngaphansi inikezwe feed amazinga. Kunalokho, the isihlukanisi benchtop isetshenziswa siqambe ikhandidethi izinto cishe khombisa iyiphi ngokwahlukana abalulekile ezingeni umshayeli isikali. Imiphumela etholwe ebhentshini ukuziphilisa uzobe non-elungiselelwe, okulandelwa ukwehlukana waphawula lingaphansi kuka angathathwa baphawula phezu a commercial obujwayelekile isihlukanisi STET.
Ukuhlola e-isitshalo umshayeli kuyadingeka ngaphambi commercial isikali ukuthunyelwa, Nokho, sokuhlola ebhentshini ukuziphilisa kuyakhuthazwa njengoba isigaba sokuqala sohlelo ukuqaliswa ukuze noma iyiphi impahla inikezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni lapho ukutholakala impahla kukhawulwe, the isihlukanisi benchtop ihlinzeka yithuluzi eliwusizo for the Ukuhlolwa ezinamathuba amaphrojekthi yimpumelelo (okuyi, amaphrojekthi lapho amakhasimende kanye umkhakha izinga okuhloswe inganqotshwa usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe STET).
2.2.1 STET Triboelectrostatic Belt Isihlukanisi
Esikhathini tribo-electrostatic ibhande isihlukanisi (Figure 1 futhi Figure 2), impahla kufakwa igebe mncane 0.9 - 1.5 cm phakathi ezimbili okuhambisana Planar electrode. Izinhlayiya triboelectrically icala by interparticle contact. Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni isampula bauxite okuyinto nabavoti eziyinhloko gibssite, kaolinite nezinhlayiyana amaminerali asebenza ngebhethri, the kahle icala (gibssite) kanye omubi icala (kaolinite futhi asebenza ngebhethri) bakhangwa electrode okuphambene. Izinhlayiya ke sikhukhuleke ngumuntu okuqhubekayo ezihambayo evulekile-anezikhala ibhande abavezwa oluyi. Ibhande ushukumisela izinhlayiya ezakhelene electrode ngamunye ngase imikhawulo okuphambene isihlukanisi. Inkambu kagesi akudingeki kuphela ukuhambisa izinhlayiya nengxenyana encane noma ingaba isentimitha nje ukuhambisa nezinhlayiya ovela ekusakazeni kwesokunxele-ukuthuthela kwesokudla ezihambayo. Counter ukugeleza wamanje we izinhlayiya uhlukanisa futhi okuqhubekayo triboelectric ukushaja by kuyizinhlayiyana ukushayisana sihlinzekela ngokwahlukana multi-esiteji futhi imiphumela nangokuhlanzeka kakhulu futhi alulame yisikhungo esisodwa-pass. I ngesivinini ibhande Lisenza throughputs eliphezulu kakhulu, kuya ku 40 amathani ngehora kwi isihlukanisi olulodwa. Ngokulawula inqubo nemingcele ahlukahlukene, idivayisi ivumela nokwenza grade amaminerali kanye yokutakula.
Figure 1. Wokuhlelwa kwendikimba triboelectric ibhande isihlukanisi
Umklamo isihlukanisi lilula. I ibhande ezinamasondo eziphathelene izingxenye ezinyakazayo kuphela. I electrode kukhona umile futhi yakhiwa i material onensika ngokufanele. Ibhande wenziwe impahla plastic. Ubude isihlukanisi electrode cishe 6 amamitha (20 ft.) futhi ububanzi 1.25 amamitha (4 ft.) ngoba usayizi ogcwele amayunithi commercial. Ukusetshenziswa amandla esingaphansi 2 -Hora kilowatt tonne of indaba kusetshenzwe iningi amandla sokudliwa izinjini ezimbili ukushayela ibhande ngayinye.
Figure 2. Umniningwane ngokuhlukana zone
Inqubo esomile ngokuphelele, aludingi izinto ezengeziwe futhi ukhiqiza akukho amanzi angcolile noma umoya kwekhabhoni. Ukuze abahlukanisayo amaminerali le isihlukanisi ihlinzeka ubuchwepheshe ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukunweba ukuphila inqolobane kanye / noma alulame futhi ukucubungula kabusha tailings.
I compactness kohlelo ivumela eguquguqukayo ukufakwa imiklamo. I tribo-electrostatic ibhande ngokwahlukana ubuchwepheshe eyizingqabavu futhi ngokuphakeme ezimbonini neshaya lasetshenziswa kuqala ngokuphakeme ezimbonini ngokucubungula amalahle omlilo impukane umlotha e 1997. Ubuchwepheshe liphumelele uhlukanisa carbon izinhlayiya ezivela amandla omlilo akuphelele amalahle, kusukela lwengilazi izinhlayiya aluminosilicate amaminerali in the fly umlotha. Ubuchwepheshe liye lasiza kokunika amandla bavuselele we amaminerali-ocebile impukane umlotha indawo usimende ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo.
Kusukela 1995, phezu 20 abayizigidi ezingu amathani umkhiqizo impukane umlotha selwenziwe yi separators STET efakwe e-USA. Umlando yezimboni impukane umlotha ngokwahlukana ohlwini ku Table 4.
Ngo namaminerali ukucutshungulwa, the triboelectric ibhande isihlukanisi ubuchwepheshe isetshenzisiwe ukwehlukanisa anhlobonhlobo izinto kuhlanganise calcite / asebenza ngebhethri, talc / Magnesite, futhi barite / asebenza ngebhethri.
Figure 3. Commercial tribo-electrostatic ibhande isihlukanisi
Ithebula 4. isicelo Industrial of tribo-electrostatic ibhande ngokwahlukana ukuze impukane umlotha.
| Okusetshenziswayo / isiteshi sikagesi | Indawo | Ukuqala ukusebenza commercial | imininingwane Insiza |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | North Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Separators |
| Amandla izilimi- Brandon Shores | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Separators |
| Amandla Scottish- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| Jacksonville Electric-St. Johns River Amandla Park | Florida e-USA | 2003 | 2 Separators |
| South Mississippi Electric Power -R.D. Morrow | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| New Brunswick Amandla-Belledune | New Brunswick Canada | 2005 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| OF npower-Didcot Station | England UK | 2005 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| Talen Energy Brunner Isiqhingi Station | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Separators |
| Tampa Electric-Big Bend Station | Florida e-USA | 2008 | 3 Separators |
| OF npower Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| EDF Energy-West Burton Station | England UK | 2008 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| ZGP (Usimende Lafarge / JV Ciech Janikosoda) | Poland | 2010 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| Korea Southeast Amandla- Yeongheung | INingizimu Korea | 2014 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| PGNiG Termika-Sierkirki | Poland | 2018 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| Taiheiyo usimende Inkampani-Chichibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| Armstrong Fly Ash- Eagle Cement | Philippines | 2019 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
| Korea Southeast Amandla- Samcheonpo | INingizimu Korea | 2019 | 1 Isihlukanisi |
2.2.2 ukuhlolwa Bench ukuziphilisa
Izilingo zenqubo ejwayelekile zenziwa ezungeze umgomo othile wokukhulisa ukuhlushwa kwe-Al_2 O_3 nokunciphisa ukuminyana kwamaminerali eqembu lezigelekeqe. Ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa phezu benchtop isihlukanisi ngaphansi kwezimo batch, ngokuhlolwa okwenziwa ngeduplikhethi akwazi isimo engaguquki, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi noma yimaphi kungenzeka carryover kusukela isimo odlule awuzange kubhekwa. Ngaphambi test ngasinye, okuphakelayo encane ye-isampula eqoqwe (eyabizwa ngokuthi 'Okuphakelayo'). Lapho ukubeka zonke eziguquguqukayo ukusebenza, okokusebenza yondliwa phakathi isihlukanisi benchtop Usebenzisa kagesi vibratory Element ngokusebenzisa maphakathi isihlukanisi benchtop. Amasampula zathathwa ekupheleni lokuhlolwa ngamunye futhi izisindo umkhiqizo ekupheleni 1 (eyabizwa ngokuthi 'E1') futhi umkhiqizo ekupheleni 2 (eyabizwa ngokuthi 'E2') babezimisele usebenzisa zomthetho i-trade nokubala isikali. Maqondana nezibonelo bauxite, 'E2' oluhambisana umkhiqizo bauxite-ocebile. Ukuze iqoqo sub-amasampula ngamunye (okuyi, Okuphakelayo, E1 futhi E2) UMTHETHO, Ukwakheka main oxides ngu XRF, Silica esisheshayo futhi alumina etholakalayo wayezimisele. XRD kwebalingisi okwenziwe ku-sub-amasampula akhethiwe.
3.0 Imiphumela nengxoxo
3.1. amasampula Mineralogy
Imiphumela ambalwa XRD cwaningo ngoba amasampula okuphakelayo afakiwe Ithebula 5. Iningi amasampula ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe gibbsite namanani ehlukene goethite, hematite, kaolinite, futhi asebenza ngebhethri. Ilmenite futhi anatase futhi ibonakala encwadini ezincane amanani e iningi amasampula.
Kube ushintsho ukwakheka amaminerali ngoba S6 futhi S7 njengoba masampuli okuphakelayo ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe diaspore amancane izamba calcite, hematite, goethite, boehmite, kaolinite, gibbsite, asebenza ngebhethri, anatase, futhi rutile kokuba sitholakale. O Isikhathi sesigaba amorphous lase futhi ezitholakele S1 futhi S4 kanye zazisuka cishe 1 ukuze 2 amaphesenti. Lokhu kwaba cishe ngenxa noma khona mineral smectite, noma izinto ezingekho crystalline. Njengoba le nto ayikwazanga ngqo kulinganiswa, imiphumela ye- masampuli kufanele kubhekwe eseduze.
3.2 ucwaningo Bench ukuziphilisa
Uchungechunge test iphelela zazenziwa ku ngayinye amaminerali okuhloswe ngaso okwenza Al2O3 kanye nokuncipha SiO_2 okuqukethwe. Lesitshalo sokugxila umkhiqizo bauxite-ocebile kuyoba eyabonisa omuhle ukushaja ukuziphatha. Ezenye kukhonjiswa ku Table 6
Ithebula 5. ukuhlaziywa XRD amasampuli okuphakelayo.
Ithebula 6. Isifinyezo Ezenye.
Ukuhlola nenhlangano STET benchtop isihlukanisi wabonisa abalulekile Al2O3 ngoba zonke amasampula. Ukwehlukanisa Al2O3 uyalandelwa ngoba S1-5 okwakukhona ikakhulu gibbsite, futhi ngoba S6-7 okwakukhona ikakhulu diaspore. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izakhi ezinkulu Fe2O3, SiO2 futhi TiO2 wabonisa ukunyakaza okukhulu ezimweni eziningi. Ukuze zonke amasampula, ukuhamba ukulahlekelwa ku ukuthungela (UMTHETHO) ukunyakaza kulandelwa ka Al2O3. Ngokuya Silica esisheshayo futhi alumina etholakalayo, I-S1-5 okuyizinto cishe zonke gibbsite (aluminium trihydrate) Amanani kufanele kubhekwe 145 ° C isikhathi S6-7 okuyiwona amaminerali evelele diaspore (aluminium monohydrate) Amanani kumele uhlolwe 235 ° C. Ukuze zonke amasampula ukuhlola ne isihlukanisi STET benchtop wabonisa Ukwenyuka okukhulu alumina etholakalayo kanye nokwehla okuphawulekayo Silica esisheshayo kumkhiqizo kokubili trihydrate futhi monohydrate bauxite amasampula. Movement of zinhlobo ezinkulu amaminerali lwaluba futhi imidwebo kukhonjisiwe ngezansi ePhuzwini 4.
Ngokuya mineralogy, STET benchtop isihlukanisi wabonisa lokuhlushwa alumina eziveza zinhlobo gibbsite futhi diaspore umkhiqizo bauxite-ocebile ngenkathi kanyekanye yokwala nezinye izinhlobo gangue. Izinombolo 5 futhi 6 khombisa selectivity izigaba amaminerali umkhiqizo bauxite-onothile amasampula trihydrate futhi monohydrate, ngokulandelana. Selectivity yabalelwa njengoba umehluko phakathi deportment mass kumkhiqizo zinhlobo amaminerali ngalinye kanye jikelele yokutakula mass kumkhiqizo. A selectivity omuhle kuyinkomba yezimbiwa lokuhlushwa umkhiqizo bauxite-ocebile, futhi i jikelele omuhle ukushaja ukuziphatha. Ngokuphambene, value negative selectivity kuyinkomba emakamu kuya coproduct bauxite-mafutha, futhi i jikelele negative ukushaja ukuziphatha.
Ukuze zonke aphansi-lokushisa amasampula trihydrate (okuyi, S1, S2 nokubala S4) kaolinite wawubonisa negative ukushaja ukuziphatha futhi wagxila kuya bauxite-mafutha co-umkhiqizo ngesikhathi gibbsite bagxila umkhiqizo bauxite-ocebile (Figure 5). Ukuze zonke ephezulu lokushisa amasampula monohydrate (okuyi, S6 futhi S7) kokubili esisheshayo Silica eziveza amaminerali, kaolinite futhi asebenza ngebhethri, wawubonisa negative ukushaja ukuziphatha. Kule yakamuva, diaspore futhi boehmite kubika umkhiqizo bauxite-abacebile wawubonisa omuhle ukushaja ukuziphatha (Figure 6).
Figure 5. Selectivity izigaba amaminerali kumkhiqizo.
Figure 6. Selectivity izigaba amaminerali kumkhiqizo.
Izilinganiso alumina iyatholakala futhi Silica esisheshayo khombisa ukunyakaza eningi. Ukuze ongaphakeme lokushisa bauxites (S1-S5), inani esisheshayo Silica samanje iyunithi alumina etholakalayo ngalinye lancipha kusukela 10-50% nsuku isihlobo (Figure 7). • Ukunciphisa efanayo kwaphawuleka kule bauxites lokushisa eliphezulu (S6-S7) njengoba kungabonwa ePhuzwini 7.
I bauxite ukuze alumina isilinganiso yabalelwa njengoba ephambene we alumina etholakalayo. I bauxite ukuze alumina isilinganiso ukuthi kwehle ngo phakathi 8 - 26% ngokuya isihlobo sabo bonke amasampula ihlolwe (Figure 8). Lena okunenjongo njengoba limelela ukuncishiswa okulingana mass ukugeleza bauxite ukuthi ludinga ukunceliswa ukuze inqubo Bayer.
Figure 7. SiO2 esisheshayo iyunithi Al2O3 Iyatholakala ngayinye
Figure 8. Bauxite ukuze Alumina isilinganiso.
3.3 Ingxoxo
Idatha zokuhlola olukhombisa ukuthi isihlukanisi STET anda Al2O3 kuyatholakala ngenkathi kanyekanye ukwehlisa SiO_2 okuqukethwe. Figure 9 izipho idayagramu nekutfutfuka kwelizinga lekucabanga izinzuzo kulindeleke ezihambisana nokwehla Silica esisheshayo kanye nokwenyuka alumina etholakalayo ngaphambi Bayer Process. Abalobi ukubala ukuthi umhlomulo wezezimali i nanjengomhlanzi alumina kungaba ku ezahlukene $15-30 USD ton alumina ngomkhiqizo ngamunye. Lokhu kubonisa izinhlekelele ezazivame izindleko kugwenywe kusuka soda caustic ihluleke de-silicaton umkhiqizo (DSP), Ukonga amandla kusukela ekunciphiseni uvo bauxite ukuze kuhluzwa, nokuncipha obomvu udaka sizukulwane emfudlaneni inzuzo ngokudayisa i-bauxite ongaphakeme-ebangeni leyavela ukuba abakhiqizi usimende. Figure 9 uhlaka izinzuzo kulindeleke kwezinhlelo STET ubuchwepheshe triboelectrostatic njengoba kusho pre-CONCENTRATE bauxite ore ngaphambi inqubo Bayer.
Ukufakwa STET ngokwahlukana inqubo bauxite pre-ukucutshungulwa kungaba wawenziwa lapho kuhluzwa khona alumina noma emayini bauxite uqobo. Nokho, inqubo STET kudinga ezomile ukugaya we imikhando bauxite ngaphambi ngokuhlukana, ukukhulula gangue, Ngakho Logistics ukugaya futhi kucutshungulwa bauxite lapho kuhluzwa khona kungase kube ngembaba.
Njengoba impendulo eyodwa – i-bauxite ezomile yayiyobizwa kutsho usebenzisa ezimisiwe ezomile ukugaya ubuchwepheshe, isibonelo mpo roller lokugaya noma umthelela isigayo. I bauxite fake kutsho ngabe ahlukaniswe inqubo STET, ne ephezulu alumina umkhiqizo bauxite ethunyelwe kuhluzwa alumina. Ukufakwa ukugaya ezomile ezongenza zokuqeda ezimanzi ukugaya ngokwesiko esetshenziswa ngesikhathi senqubo Bayer. Kusolwa ukuthi izindleko yokusebenza ukugaya ezomile kungaba cishe ifaniswe izindleko yokusebenza ukugaya ezimanzi, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela kokuququda ezimanzi kwenziwe namuhla wenziwa inhlanganisela ane-alikhali kakhulu, okuholela eside nokugcinwa izindleko.
I ezomile ongaphakeme-ebangeni bauxite co-umkhiqizo (tailings) enchubeni ngokwahlukana ngabe ithengiswe usimende enza njengoba umthombo alumina. Bauxite liphathelene ukungezwa usimende womshini, eyomile co-umkhiqizo, udaka ngokungafani obomvu, ayiqukethe i-sodium okuyinto kuzovikela elisetshenziswa usimende womshini. Lokhu kunikeza kuhluzwa nge indlela valorizing impahla ebingase uphume kucwengisiswa njengoba udaka olubomvu, futhi kungadinga isitoreji zesikhathi eside, emele izindleko.
Kuvele ukubala yokusebenza izindleko ezenziwa ababhali ilinganisela inzuzo project $27 USD ton alumina ngayinye, nge imithelela ezinkulu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa nokuncipha soda caustic, nokuncipha udaka olubomvu, valorization we co-umkhiqizo nophethiloli ukonga ngenxa yesiminyaminya engezansi bauxite ukuze kuhluzwa. Ngakho-ke i 800,000 ngethani femu unyaka ungase ulindele umhlomulo wezezimali ka $21 M USD ngonyaka (Bheka Umfanekiso 10). Lokhu kuhlaziya akacabangi ukonga bevela ekunciphiseni ukungenisa noma Logistics izindleko bauxite, okungase sisabalalise ukubuya iphrojekthi.
Figure 10. Izinzuzo esisheshayo Silica Ukuncipha kanye Iyatholakala Alumina ukwanda.
4.0 iziphetho
Ngokufigqiwe, ukucutshungulwa ezomile kanye namathuba STET isihlukanisi izipesheli ukukhiqiza value kubakhiqizi bauxite futhi refiners. Pre-ukucutshungulwa bauxite ngaphambi yokucwenga kuzonciphisa izindleko chemical, wehlise ivolumu udaka olubomvu elakhiwe futhi unciphise inqubo izinkinga. STET ubuchwepheshe evumela izilimi bauxite ukuze ujike grade-non-Metallurgical ku Metallurgical grade bauxite - okungase ukunciphisa isidingo bauxite amazwe kanye / noma ukunweba kokuphuma ukuphila inkwali isisetshenziswa. inqubo STET angakhuthazwa lwenteke ukukhiqiza izinga ephakeme ezingekho Metallurgical ebangeni Metallurgical grade bauxite, usimende grade bauxite by-imikhiqizo ngaphambi inqubo Bayer.
Inqubo STET kudinga kancane pre-ekwelapheni timbiwa kanye usebenza umthamo high - kuze kufinyelele 40 amathoni ngehora. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi lingaphansi kuka 2 kilowatt-amahora sethani ngayinye kusetshenzwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo STET ubuchwepheshe inzuzo ngokugcwele amaminerali ekucubunguleni, ngakho-ke akudingi ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obusha.
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