Zabi Harshe:
Lucas Rojas Mendoza, ST Boats & Technology, USA
lrojasmendoza@steqtech.com
Frank Hrach, ST Boats & Technology, USA
Kyle Flynn, ST Boats & Technology, USA
Abhishek Gupta, ST Boats & Technology, USA
ST Boats & Technology LLC (STET) Ya ɓullo da wani labari aiki tsarin dangane tribo-electrostatic bel rabuwa da cewa samar da ma'adinai aiki masana'antu a wajen beneficiate lafiya kayan da wani makamashi-m da kuma gaba ɗaya bushe fasahar. Sabanin sauran hanyoyin rabuwa na electrostatic waɗanda yawanci iyakance ga barbashi >75μm a size, da STET triboelectric bel SEPARATOR aka dace domin rabuwa da lafiya sosai (<1μm) to moderately m (500μm) barbashi, tare da kayan aiki mai yawa. An yi amfani da fasahar tribo-electrostatic STET don sarrafawa da kasuwanci don raba nau'ikan ma'adanai na masana'antu da sauran busassun foda.. nan, An gabatar da sakamakon bench-sikelin akan fa'idar ƙananan ƙimar Fe ta ta amfani da tsarin rabuwa na STET bel.. Gwajin sikelin benci ya nuna ƙarfin fasahar STET don dawo da Fe a lokaci guda kuma ya ƙi SiO2 daga itabirite tama tare da D50 na 60µm da ultrafine Fe ore wutsiya tare da D50 na 20µm. An gabatar da fasahar STET a matsayin madadin cin gajiyar Fe ore waɗanda ba za a iya samun nasarar bi da su ta hanyar da'irori na al'ada ba saboda granulometry da ma'adinai..
Tama ne na huɗu ya fi na kowa kashi a duniya ta ɓawon burodi [1]. Iron yana da muhimmanci ga karfe masana'antu da haka wani muhimmanci abu don duniya ci gaban tattalin arziki [1-2]. Iron ne ma amfani da ko'ina a yi da masana'antu na motocin [3]. Mai tama albarkatun an hada da metamorphosed hada baki da baƙin ƙarfe tsarin (BIF) a cikin abin da baƙin ƙarfe ne fiye samu a cikin nau'i na oxides, hydroxides da wani karami har carbonates [4-5]. A musamman irin na ƙarfe tsarin da hakan carbonate abinda ke ciki ne dolomitic itabirites wanda suke samfurin na dolomitization da metamorphism na BIF adibas [6]. The most tama adibas a duniya za a iya samu a Australia, China, Canada, Ukraine, India da Brazil [5].
A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na baƙin ƙarfe ores yana da wani fili fadi da kewayon a sinadaran abun da ke ciki musamman domin Fe abun ciki da kuma hade gangue ma'adanai [1]. Major baƙin ƙarfe ma'adanai dangantawa da mafi yawan baƙin ƙarfe ores ne hematite, goethite, limonite da magnetite [1,5]. Babban abin gurɓatawa a cikin baƙin ƙarfe ores ne SiO2 da Al2O3 [1,5,7]. Da hankula silica da kuma alumina hali ma'adanai ba a cikin baƙin ƙarfe ores ne ma'adini, kaolinite, gibbsite, diaspore da corundum. Daga cikin wadannan shi ne sau da yawa lura cewa ma'adini ne da nufin silica hali ma'adinai da kuma kaolinite da gibbsite ne biyu-main alumina qazanta ma'adanai [7].
Tama da hakar ne yafi yin ta hanyar bude rami hakar ma'adinai ayyukan, sakamakon gagarumin tailings ƙarni [2]. A Karafa samarwa tsarin ya unshi matakai uku: hako ma'adinai, aiki da kuma pelletizing ayyuka. daga cikin wadannan, aiki na tabbatar da cewa wani isasshen baƙin ƙarfe sa da kuma sunadarai aka samu kafin a pelletizing mataki. Processing hada da crushing, rarrabuwa, milling da kuma maida hankali saiti a kara baƙin ƙarfe abun ciki yayin da rage adadin gangue ma'adanai [1-2]. Kowane ma'adinai ajiya na da musamman halaye game da baƙin ƙarfe, da gangue qazanta ma'adanai, sabili da haka shi bukatar wani daban-daban taro dabara [7].
Magnetic rabuwa da aka yawanci amfani a cikin beneficiation na high sa ƙarfe ores inda rinjaye baƙin ƙarfe ma'adanai ne ferro da paramagnetic [1,5]. Rigar da bushe low-tsanani Magnetic rabuwa (LIMS) dabaru ana amfani da su aiwatar ores da karfi Magnetic Properties kamar magnetite yayin da rigar high-tsanani Magnetic rabuwa da ake amfani da su raba tsakanin Fe-qazanta ma'adanai da rauni Magnetic Properties kamar hematite daga gangue ma'adanai. Iron ores irin goethite da limonite ake yawan samu a tailings kuma ba ya ware sosai da ko dai dabara [1,5]. Magnetic hanyoyin ba kalubale a sharuddan da low karfin da cikin sharuddan da ake bukata domin tama zama mai saukin kamuwa zuwa Magnetic filayen [5].
flotation, a wannan bangaren, ake amfani da su rage abun ciki na impurities a low-sa ƙarfe ores [1-2,5]. Iron ores za a iya mayar da hankali ko dai ta kai tsaye anionic flotation na baƙin ƙarfe oxides ko baya cationic flotation na silica, duk da haka baya cationic flotation ya kasance mafi m flotation hanya amfani a cikin baƙin ƙarfe masana'antu [5,7]. A amfani da flotation ta iyakance ta da kudin da reagents, gaban silica da kuma alumina-arziki slimes da kuma gaban carbonate ma'adanai [7-8]. Haka kuma, flotation bukatar sharar gida da ruwa da magani da kuma yin amfani da nisa da tushe dewatering for bushe karshe aikace-aikace [1].
A amfani da flotation ga taro na baƙin ƙarfe ma ya shafi desliming kamar iyo a gaban tarar sakamakon a rage yadda ya dace da kuma high reagent halin kaka [5,7]. Desliming ne musamman m ga kau da alumina kamar yadda rabuwar gibbsite daga hematite ko goethite da wani surface-aiki jamiái ne quite wuya [7]. Mafi yawa daga alumina hali ma'adanai auku a cikin finer size kewayon (<20wani) domin kyale ta kau saboda desliming. overall, wani babban taro na tara (<20wani) da kuma alumina qara bukata cationic harajin kashi da kuma rage-rage selectivity da cika fuska [5,7].
Haka kuma, kasancewar ma'adanai na carbonate - irin su dolomitic itabirites- Hakanan zai iya lalata zaɓin flotation tsakanin ma'adinan ƙarfe da ma'adini kamar yadda baƙin ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da carbonates kamar dolomite ba sa iyo sosai.. Narkar da nau'in carbonates ɗin da aka narkar da su akan saman ma'adini yana cutar da zaɓin iyo [8]. Tushen ruwa na iya zama da inganci a haƙiƙanin haɓaka ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, amma yana da karfi da dogara ga ma'adinai na ma'adinai [1-3,5]. Girgizar ruwa na ƙarfe mai ɗauke da babban abun ciki na alumina zai yiwu ta hanyar lalata ƙasa a cikin kuɗin dawo da ƙarfe gabaɗaya. [7], yayin da yawo na ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da ma'adinan carbonate zai zama ƙalubale kuma mai yuwuwa ba zai yiwu ba [8].
Na'urorin sarrafawa na zamani na ma'adinan Fe-hali na iya haɗawa da matakan flotation da matakan tattarawar maganadisu [1,5]. ga misali, Ana iya amfani da taro na maganadisu akan rafin tarawa daga matakin sliming kafin yin iyo kuma a kan flotation ya ƙi.. Haɗin ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfin maganadisu mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi yana ba da damar haɓakar dawo da ƙarfe gabaɗaya a cikin da'irar sarrafawa ta hanyar dawo da wani yanki na ferro da ma'adanai na ƙarfe na paramagnetic kamar magnetite da hematite. [1]. Goethite yawanci shine babban ɓangaren shukar ƙarfe da yawa na ƙin rafuka saboda raunin maganadisu [9]. Idan babu ƙarin aiki na ƙasa don ƙin yarda da rafuka daga tattarawar maganadisu da iyo, Tarar da aka ƙi za ta ƙare a jefar a cikin dam ɗin wutsiya [2]. Zubar da wutsiya da sarrafa su sun zama mahimmanci don kiyaye muhalli da dawo da kayan ƙarfe masu mahimmanci, bi da bi, don haka sarrafa ma'adinan ƙarfe a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ya karu sosai [10].
A bayyane yake, sarrafa wutsiya daga da'irori na amfanin ƙarfe na gargajiya da sarrafa dolomitic itabirite yana da ƙalubale ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna na al'ada-flotation-magnetic taro flowsheets saboda ma'adinai da granulometry., sabili da haka madadin fa'ida fasahar kamar tribo-electrostatic rabuwa wanda ba shi da iyaka a cikin sharuddan ma'adinai mineralogy da kuma cewa damar da aiki na tara iya zama da sha'awa..
Tribo-electrostatic rabuwa utilizes lantarki cajin da bambance-bambance tsakanin kayan samar da surface lamba ko triboelectric caji. A simplistic hanyoyi, a lokacin da biyu kayan su ne a lamba, kayan da ke da alaƙa mafi girma don samun damar electrons don haka yana cajin mara kyau, yayin da kayan da ƙananan electron dangantaka zarginta da kyau. Bisa manufa, Tarar baƙin ƙarfe mara ƙarancin daraja da dolomitic itabirites waɗanda ba a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar flotation na al'ada da / ko rarrabuwar maganadisu za a iya haɓaka su ta hanyar yin amfani da bambancin cajin dukiyar ma'adinan su. [11].
Anan mun gabatar da STET tribo-electrostatic bel rabuwa a matsayin mai yiwuwa amfanuwa hanya don tattara ultrafine baƙin ƙarfe tama tailings da kuma amfana dolomitic itabirite ma'adinai.. Tsarin STET yana samar da masana'antar sarrafa ma'adinai tare da keɓaɓɓen damar da ba ta da ruwa don sarrafa busassun abinci. Tsarin yanayin muhalli na iya kawar da buƙatar sarrafa rigar, Maganin ruwan sharar ƙasa da buƙatun busasshen abu na ƙarshe. Bugu da kari, A STET tsari na bukatar kadan pre-jiyya na ma'adinai da kuma aiki a high iya aiki - har zuwa 40 sautunan awa. Kuzarinsu ne kasa da 2 kilowatt-hours per ton na kayan sarrafa.
Materials
Biyu lafiya low-sa ƙarfe ores aka yi amfani a cikin wannan jerin gwaje-gwaje. A farko tama kunshi wani Ultrafine Fe tama tailings samfurin da D50 na 20 μm da kuma na biyu samfurin na wani itabirite tama samfurin da D50 na 60 μm. Dukansu samfurori yanzu kalubale a lokacin da beneficiation kuma ba za a iya nagarta sosai sarrafa ta hanyar gargajiya desliming-flotation-Magnetic taro haihuwarka saboda su granulometry da mineralogy. Dukansu samfurori da aka samu daga ma'adinai da gudanar da Brazil.
A farko samfurin da aka samu daga data kasance desliming-flotation-Magnetic taro kewaye. A samfurin da aka tattara daga wani tailings dam, sa'an nan bushe, homogenized da cushe. Na biyu samfurin ne daga wani itabirite baƙin ƙarfe samuwar a Brazil. A samfurin da aka niƙa, kuma ana jerawa da size da lafiya sulusi da murabba'i samu daga rarrabuwa mataki daga baya underwent dama, saukarwa na desliming har wani D98 na 150 μm aka cimma. A samfurin da aka sa'an nan bushe, homogenized da cushe.
Barbashi size rabawa (PSD) da aka ƙayyade yin amfani da wata na'ura diffraction barbashi size analyzer, wani Malvern ta Mastersizer 3000 E. Dukansu samfurori da aka ma halin da Loss-on-ƙonewa(DOKA), XRF da XRD. Asarar a kan ƙonewa (DOKA) aka ƙaddara ta ajiye 4 grams na samfurin a cikin wani 1000 ºC makera ga 60 minti kuma rahoton da Loi a kan wani a matsayin samu akai. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki analysis aka kammala amfani da wani zango dispersive X-ray haske (WD-XRF) kayan aiki da kuma babban crystalline manzilõli, aka bincika da XRD dabara.
A sunadarai abun da ke ciki da kuma Loi ga tailings samfurin (Tailings), kuma ga itabirite baƙin ƙarfe samuwar samfurin (Itabirite), aka nuna a Table 1 kuma barbashi size rabawa duka biyu samfurori aka nuna a cikin siffa 1. Domin da tailings samfurin da babban Fe recoverable bulan ne goethite da hematite, da kuma babban gangue ma'adinai ne ma'adini (Ɓaure 4). Domin da itabirite samfurin da babban Fe recoverable bulan ne hematite, da kuma babban gangue ma'adanai ne ma'adini da dolomite (Ɓaure 4).
Table 1. Sakamakon sinadaran analysis ga manyan abubuwa a tailings da Itabirite samfurori.
| samfurin | Darasi (wt%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MnO | MgO | Cao | DOKA ** | Sauran | |
| Tailings | 30.3 | 47.4 | 4.3 | 1.0 | * | * | 3.4 | 13.4 |
| Itabirite | 47.6 | 23.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 21.0 |
Barbashi size rabawa
Hanyar
A jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka tsara don gudanar da bincike da sakamakon daban-daban sigogi a kan baƙin ƙarfe motsi a duka biyu da baƙin ƙarfe samfurori amfani STET mallakar tajirai tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR fasahar. Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar ta amfani da wani benci-sikelin tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR, Lãhira ake magana a matsayin 'benchtop SEPARATOR'. Benci-sikelin gwaji ne lokaci na farko da na wata uku-lokaci fasahar aiwatar tsari (Dubi Table 2) ciki har da benci-sikelin gwaji, matukin jirgi sikelin-gwaji da kuma kasuwanci sikelin-aiwatar. A benchtop SEPARATOR da ake amfani da nunawa ga shaidar tribo-electrostatic caji da kuma sanin ko idan wani abu ne mai kyau ga takarar electrostatic beneficiation. Babban bambancin dake tsakanin kowane yanki na kayan aiki aka gabatar a Table 2. Duk da yake cikin kayan aiki amfani a cikin kowane lokaci ya bambanta a size, da aiki manufa ne tushen wannan.
Table 2. Uku-lokaci aiwatar aiwatar amfani STET tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR fasahar
| Lokaci | An yi amfani dashi don: | Lantarki Girma (W x L) cm | Nau'in Aiwatar / |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matsayi na Bench Kimantawa | Mai cancanta Kimantawa | 5*250 | Batch |
| Matsakaicin matukin jirgi Testing | Kayan aiki Kimantawa | 15*610 | Batch |
| Commercial Sikeli Aiwatarwa | Commercial Production | 107 *610 | Ci gaba |
STET Operation {a'ida
The aiki manufa na SEPARATOR dogara a kan tribo-electrostatic caji. A tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR (Figures 2 da kuma 3), abu ne ciyar a cikin kunkuntar rata 0.9 - 1.5 cm tsakanin biyu a layi daya planar wayoyin. A barbashi an triboelectrically cajin da interparticle lamba. A gaskiya ma cajin ma'adinai(s) da kuma barnatar da cajin ma'adinai(s) suna janyo hankalin zuwa gaban wayoyin. Ciki da SEPARATOR barbashi an share up da a ci gaba da motsi bude-raga bel da kuma isar da a gaban kwatance. A bel da aka sanya na roba abu da kuma motsa barbashi m zuwa kowane lantarki wajen m iyakar da SEPARATOR. A counter halin yanzu kwarara daga cikin raba barbashi kuma riƙa triboelectric caji da barbashi-barbashi collisions azurta wani multistage da rabuwa da kuma sakamakon a kyau kwarai tsarki da kuma dawo da a guda-izinin naúrar. A triboelectric bel SEPARATOR fasahar da aka yi amfani da su raba mai fadi da kewayon kayan ciki har da gaurayawan na idon yayi kamar gilashi aluminosilicates / carbon (tashi ash), calcite / ma'adini, talc / magnesite, kuma barite / ma'adini.
overall, da SEPARATOR zane ne in mun gwada sauki tare da bel da kuma masu dangantaka rollers a matsayin kawai motsi sassa. A wayoyin ne na kullum da kuma hada da wani kasafi m kaya. A SEPARATOR lantarki tsawon shi ne kamar 6 mita (20 ft.) da kuma fadin 1.25 mita (4 ft.) ga cikakken size kasuwanci raka'a. A high bel gudun sa sosai high throughputs, har zuwa 40 ton a kowace awa daya da cikakken size kasuwanci raka'a. Da ikon amfani ne kasa da 2 kilowatt-hours per ton na kayan sarrafa shi da mafi yawan ikon cinye ta biyu Motors tuki da bel.
Schematic na triboelectric bel SEPARATOR
Detail na rabuwa zone
Kamar yadda za a iya gani a Table 2, babban bambanci tsakanin benchtop SEPARATOR da kuma matukin jirgi sikelin-da kasuwanci sikelin-separators ne cewa tsawon na benchtop SEPARATOR ne kamar 0.4 sau da tsawon matukin-sikelin da kasuwanci sikelin-raka'a. Kamar yadda SEPARATOR yadda ya dace shi ne a yi aiki da lantarki tsawon, benci-sikelin gwaji ba za a iya amfani da a matsayin maimakon matukin-sikelin gwaji. Pilot-sikelin gwaji wajibi ne don sanin ko har na rabuwa da cewa STET tsari za a iya cimma, da kuma sanin ko idan STET tsari zai iya saduwa da samfurin hari a karkashin ba feed rates. maimakon, da benchtop SEPARATOR da ake amfani da sarauta daga takarar da kayayyakin da suke da kamar wuya domin ya nuna wani gagarumin rabuwa a matukin jirgi sikelin-matakin. Sakamakon samu a benci-sikelin za a ba gyara, kuma rabuwa lura shi ne kasa da abin da za a lura a kan wani ciniki sized STET SEPARATOR.
Gwaji a matukin jirgi shuka wajibi ne kafin kasuwanci sikelin tayin, duk da haka, gwaji a benci-sikelin aka karfafa a matsayin rukunin farko na aiwatar da tsari ga wani ba abu. Bugu da ƙari, a lokuta a cikinsa abu kasancewa aka iyakance, da benchtop SEPARATOR samar da wani amfani ga kayan aiki da nunawa na yuwuwar nasara ayyukan (Ina nufin, ayyukan a wadda abokin ciniki da masana'antu ingancin hari za a iya yin amfani da gana STET fasahar).
Benci-sikelin gwaji
Standard aiwatar gwaji da aka yi a kusa da takamaiman burin kara Fe taro kuma a rage taro na gangue ma'adanai. Daban-daban masu canji da aka bincika don kara baƙin ƙarfe motsi da kuma ƙayyade da shugabanci na motsi na daban-daban ma'adanai. Shugabanci na motsi lura a lokacin benchtop gwaji ne da ke nuni da shugabanci na motsi a matukin jirgi shuka da kuma kasuwanci sikelin.
A canji diddigin hada dangi zafi (RH), da zazzabi, lantarki polarity, bel gudu da kuma aiyuka irin ƙarfin lantarki. daga cikin wadannan, RH da kuma yawan zafin jiki kadai zai iya samun manyan sakamako a kan bambanci tribo-caji da haka a kan rabuwa da sakamakon. Saboda haka, ganiya RH da zazzabi yanayi da aka ƙaddara kafin gudanar da bincike kan sakamako daga cikin sauran canji. Biyu polarity matakan da aka bincika: i) saman lantarki polarity tabbatacce kuma ii) saman lantarki polarity korau. Domin da STET SEPARATOR, a karkashin wata ba polarity tsari da kuma karkashin ganiya RH da zazzabi yanayi, bel gudun shi ne na farko da iko rike ga optimizing samfurin sa da kuma taro dawo da. Gwaji a benci SEPARATOR taimaka zubar haske a kan sakamako daga wasu sarrafawa canji a tribo-electrostatic caji ga wani ba ma'adinai samfurin, sabili da haka ya samu sakamakon da yayi a iya amfani, wasu digiri, kunkuntar saukar da yawan canji da gwaje-gwajen da za a yi a matukin jirgi shuka sikelin. Table 3 lists cikin kewayon rabuwa da yanayin amfani da a matsayin wani ɓangare na zamani 1 kimantawa tsari ga tailings da itabirite samfurori.
Table 3 ya bada jerin sunayen da kewayon rabuwa da yanayi
| Sigogi | Itsungiyoyi | Yawan Darajoji | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tailings | Itabirite | ||
| Top lantarki Polarity | - | Tabbatacce- Korau | Tabbatacce- Korau |
| Wutar lantarki | -kV / + kV | 4-5 | 4-5 |
| Ciyar dangi Zafi (RH) | % | 1-30.7 | 2-39.6 |
| Yanayin zafin jiki | ° F (° C) | 71-90 (21.7-32.2) | 70-87 (21.1-30.6) |
| Gudun Belt | Fps (m / s) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) |
| Gap na lantarki | Inci (mm) | 0.400 (10.2 mm) | 0.400 (10.2 mm) |
Gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a kan benchtop SEPARATOR a karkashin tsari da yanayi, tare da abinci samfurori 1.5 lbs. gwajin. A ja ruwa gudu ta amfani da 1 laba. da kayan da aka gabatar a tsakanin gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da cewa wani zai yiwu carryover sakamako daga baya yanayin da aka gani ba,. Kafin gwaji da aka fara abu da aka homogenized da samfurin bags dauke da duka biyu gudu da kuma ja ruwa kayan da aka shirya. A farkon kowane gwaji da zafin jiki da kuma zumunta zafi (RH) aka auna yin amfani da wani Vaisala HM41 hannunka-aka gudanar zafi da kuma zazzabi bincike. Cikin kewayon zafin jiki da kuma RH fadin duk gwaje-gwajen da aka 70-90 ° F (21.1-32.2 (° C) da kuma 1-39.6%, bi da bi. Don gwada wani m RH da / ko sama da zazzabi, abinci da kuma ja ruwa samfurori da aka sa a cikin wani bushewa tanda a 100 ° C for sau tsakanin 30-60 minti. Da bambanci, mafi girma RH dabi'u aka kai ta ƙara adadi kaɗan na ruwa da kayan, bi ta homogenization. Bayan RH da zazzabi da aka auna kan kowane feed samfurin, mataki na gaba da aka saita lantarki polarity, bel gudu da kuma ƙarfin lantarki da ake so matakin. Gap dabi'u aka sa akai a 0.4 inci (10.2 mm) a lokacin gwaji kamfen ga tailings da itabirite samfurori.
Kafin kowane gwajin, a kananan feed sub-samfurin dauke da kimanin 20g aka tattara (kaddamarda kamar yadda 'Hay'). Bayan kafa duk aiki canji, da kayan da aka ciyar da a cikin benchtop SEPARATOR amfani da wani lantarki vibratory Feeder ta tsakiyar benchtop SEPARATOR. Samfurori da aka tattara a karshen kowane gwaji da kuma nauyi na samfurin karshen 1 (kaddamarda kamar yadda 'E1') da samfurin karshen 2 (kaddamarda kamar yadda 'E2') da aka ƙayyade yin amfani da doka-ga-cinikayya kirgawa sikelin. Wadannan kowane gwajin, kananan sub-samfurori dauke da kimanin 20 g na E1 kuma E2 aka kuma tattara. Mass da ake samu zuwa E1 kuma E2 aka bayyana da:
indakumaE1 da kuma kumaE2 ne da taro da ake samu zuwa E1 kuma E2, bi da bi; kuma suna da samfurin nauyi tattara zuwa ga SEPARATOR kayayyakin E1 kuma E2, bi da bi. Duka biyu samfurori, Fe taro da aka ƙara zuwa samfurin E2.
Ga kowane sa na sub-samfurori (Ina nufin, Hay, E1 kuma E2) Loi da kuma babban oxides abun da ke ciki ta XRF aka ƙaddara. Fe2 A3 abinda ke ciki aka ƙaddara daga dabi'u. Domin da tailings samfurin Loi zai kai tsaye dangantaka da abun ciki na goethite a cikin samfurin matsayin aikin hydroxyl kungiyoyin a goethite zai oxidize cikin H2 Ag [10]. Sabanin, domin itabirite samfurin Loi zai kai tsaye da lãbãri ga dauke da carbonates a cikin samfurin, kamar yadda alli da magnesium carbonates zai decompose cikin su main oxides sakamakon a saki na CO2g kuma sub bi da bi samfurin asara nauyi. XRF beads aka shirya ta hanyar hadawa 0.6 grams na ma'adinai samfurin tare da 5.4 grams na lithium tetraborate, wanda aka zaba saboda da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na biyu tailings da itabirite samfurori. XRF bincike da aka bisa al'ada domin Loi.
A karshe, Fe dawo da EFe to samfurin (E2) da kuma Sio2 jefarwa Qda kuma aka lasafta. EFe An kaso na Fe gano a cikin tattara zuwa cewa na asali feed samfurin da kuma Qsio2 ne da yawan cire daga asalin abinci samfurin. EFe da kuma Qda kuma an kwatanta da:
inda Ci,(feed,E1, E2) ne bisa al'ada taro kashi na sub-samfurin ta i bangaren (misali., Fe, Sio2)
samfurori Mineralogy
A XRD juna da nuna manyan ma'adinai bulan ga tailings da itabirite samfurori aka nuna a cikin siffa 4. Domin da tailings samfurin da babban Fe recoverable bulan ne goethite, hematite da magnetite, da kuma babban gangue ma'adinai ne ma'adini (Ɓaure 4). Domin da itabirite samfurin da babban Fe recoverable bulan ne hematite da magnetite da babban gangue ma'adanai ne ma'adini da dolomite. Magnetite bayyana a alamarsu yawa a duka samfurori. Pure hematite, goethite, kuma magnetite dauke da 69.94%, 62.85%, 72.36% Fe, bi da bi.
D alamu. A - Tailings samfurin, B - Itabirite samfurin
Benci-sikelin gwaje-gwajen
A jerin gwajin runs da aka yi a kan kowane ma'adinai samfurin da nufin maximizing Fe da ragewa Sio2 ciki. Species fuskanto zuwa E1 zai zama nuni da mummunan caji hali yayin da nau'in taro don E2 zuwa tabbatacce caji hali. Higher bel gudu sun m ga aiki na da tailings samfurin; duk da haka, sakamakon wannan m kadai aka samu ya zama kasa gagarumin ga itabirite samfurin.
Average sakamakon ga tailings da itabirite samfurori aka gabatar a cikin siffa 5, wanda aka lasafta daga 6 da kuma 4 gwaje-gwajen, bi da bi. Ɓaure 5 buga talakawan taro amfanin ƙasa, kuma sunadarai for abinci da kuma kayayyakin E1 kuma E2. Bugu da kari, kowane mãkirci gabatar da kyautata ko karu a maida hankali (E2- Hay) ga kowane samfurin bangaren msl, Fe, Sio2 M dabi'u suna hade zuwa wani karuwa a maida hankali ga E2, yayin da korau dabi'u suna hade zuwa wani karu a maida hankali ga E2.
Fig.5. Average taro da ake samu da kuma sunadarai for Hay, E1 kuma E2 kayayyakin. Kuskuren sanduna wakiltar 95% amincewa jinkiri.
Domin da tailings samfurin Fe abun ciki da aka karu daga 29.89% to 53.75%, a kan talakawan, a wani taro amfanin ƙasa kumaE2 - ko duniya taro dawo da – na 23.30%. Wannan yayi dace da Fe dawo da ( kuma silica kin amincewa (QE2 ) dabi'u na 44.17% da kuma 95.44%, bi da bi. A Loi abun ciki da aka karu daga 3.66% to 5.62% wanda ya nuna cewa karuwa a Fe abun ciki da aka alaka da karuwa a goethite abun ciki (Ɓaure 5).
Domin da itabirite samfurin Fe abun ciki da aka karu daga 47.68% to 57.62%, a kan talakawan, a wani taro amfanin ƙasa kumaE2 -na 65.0%. Wannan yayi dace da Fe dawo da EFe( kuma silica kin amincewa (Qsio2) dabi'u na 82.95% da kuma 86.53%, bi da bi. A Loi, MgO da Cao abinda ke ciki aka karu daga 4.06% to 5.72%, 1.46 to 1.87% kuma daga 2.21 to 3.16%, bi da bi, wanda ya nuna cewa dolomite ne motsi a cikin wannan shugabanci kamar yadda Fe-hali ma'adanai (Ɓaure 5).
Duka biyu samfurori,AL2 A3 , MnO da kuma P ze da za a caji a cikin shugabanci kamar yadda Fe-hali ma'adanai (Ɓaure 5). Duk da yake shi ne ake so a rage taro na wadannan uku jinsunan, hada taro na Sio2, AL2 , A3 , kumaE2 MnO da kuma P an ragewa duka biyu samfurori, sabili da haka jimlar sakamako samu ta amfani da benchtop SEPARATOR ne wani kayan haɓɓaka aiki a cikin samfurin Fe sa da kuma wani karu a cikin abin gurɓatawa taro.
overall, benchtop gwaji nuna shaidar tasiri caji da kuma rabuwa da baƙin ƙarfe, da silica barbashi. The alkawarin awon sikelin sakamakon bayar da shawarar cewa matukin jirgi sikelin gwaje-gwaje ciki har da farko da na biyu kafa ya kamata a yi.
tattaunawa
A gwaji data nuna cewa STET SEPARATOR sa a wani muhimmin karuwa a Fe ciki yayin da lokaci guda rage Sio2 ciki.
Bayan nuna cewa triboelectrostatic rabuwa iya haifar da wani gagarumin karuwa a Fe abun ciki, a tattaunawa a kan muhimmancin da sakamakon, a kan iyakar achievable Fe abinda ke ciki da kuma a kan abinci da bukatun na fasahar da ake bukata.
don fara, yana da muhimmanci a tattauna a bayyane caji hali na ma'adinai nau'in a duka biyu samfurori. Domin da tailings samfurin babban aka gyara sun Fe oxides da ma'adini da kuma gwaji sakamakon nuna cewa Fe oxides mayar da hankali ga E2 yayin ma'adini mai karfi to E1. A simplistic hanyoyi, shi za a iya ce cewa Fe oxide barbashi samu wani m cajin da cewa ma'adini barbashi samu wani mummunan cajin. Wannan hali ya yi daidai da triboelectrostatic yanayi na biyu ma'adanai kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar Ferguson (2010) [12]. Table 4 nuna a fili triboelectric jerin ga zaba ma'adanai dangane inductive rabuwa, da shi ya nuna cewa ma'adini aka located a kasa na da caji jerin yayin goethite, magnetite da hematite suna located mafi girma har a cikin jerin. Ma'adanai a saman jerin zai ayan cajin kyau, yayin da ma'adanai a kasa zai ayan saya da wani mummunan cajin.
A wannan bangaren, domin itabirite samfurin babban aka gyara sun hematite, ma'adini da dolomite da kuma gwaji sakamakon ya nuna cewa Fe oxides da dolomite mayar da hankali ga E2 yayin ma'adini mai karfi to E1. Wannan ya nuna cewa hematite barbashi kuma dolomite samu wani m cajin yayin ma'adini barbashi samu wani mummunan cajin. Kamar yadda za a iya gani a Table 4, carbonates suna located a saman da tribo-electrostatic jerin, wanda ya nuna cewa carbonate barbashi ayan saya da wani m cajin, kuma a sakamako da za a mayar da hankali ga E2. Dukansu dolomite da hematite aka mayar da hankali a cikin shugabanci, nuna cewa da sauran sakamako ga hematite barbashi a gaban ma'adini da dolomite ya saya wani m cajin.
Shugabanci na motsi na mineralogical nau'in a kowane samfurin ne na gaske ban sha'awa, kamar yadda shi zai ƙayyade matsakaicin achievable Fe sa cewa za a iya samu ta wajen wani guda izinin yin amfani da tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR fasahar.
Domin da tailings da itabirite samfurori da matsakaicin achievable Fe ciki za a ƙaddara da uku dalilai: i) The adadin Fe a Fe-hali ma'adanai; ii) da ƙaramar ma'adini (Sio2 ) abun ciki wanda za a iya cimma da kuma; iii) Yawan abin gurɓatawa motsi a cikin wannan shugabanci kamar yadda Fe-hali ma'adanai. Domin da tailings samfurin babban abin gurɓatawa motsi a cikin shugabanci na Fe-qazanta ma'adanai ne Al2 A3 MnO qazanta ma'adanai, yayin ga itabirite samfurin babban abin gurɓatawa ne Cao MgO Al2 A3 qazanta ma'adanai.
| Sunan Ma'adanai | Cajin da aka samu (bayyana) |
|---|---|
| Rashin | +++++++ |
| Carbonates | ++++ |
| Monazite | ++++ |
| Titanomagnetite | . |
| Ilmenite | . |
| Rutile | . |
| Leucoxene | . |
| Magnetite / hematite | . |
| Spinels | . |
| Garnet | . |
| Staurolite | - |
| Canza ilmenite | - |
| Goethite | - |
| Zircon | -- |
| Kwayar cutar | -- |
| Tremolite | -- |
| Ruwan siliki | -- |
| Aluminosilicates | -- |
| Tourmaline | -- |
| Actinolite | -- |
| Pyroxene | --- |
| Titanite | ---- |
| Feldspar | ---- |
| ma'adini | ------- |
Table 4. Bayyana triboelectric jerin ga zaba ma'adanai dangane inductive rabuwa. Modified daga D.N Ferguson (2010) [12].
Domin da tailings samfurin, da Fe abun ciki da aka auna a 29.89%. XRD data nuna cewa marinjãya lokaci ne goethite, bi da hematite, sabili da haka matsakaicin achievable Fe ciki idan mai tsabta rabuwa ya yiwu zai zama tsakanin 62.85% da kuma 69.94% (wanda su ne Fe abinda ke ciki na m goethite da hematite, bi da bi). yanzu, mai tsabta rabuwa ba zai yiwu a matsayin Al2, A3 MnO da kuma P-qazanta ma'adanai motsi a cikin wannan shugabanci a matsayin Fe-qazanta ma'adanai, kuma haka wani karuwa a Fe abun ciki zai haifar da wata karuwa da wadannan abin gurɓatawa. sa'an nan, ƙara da Fe abun ciki, da adadin ma'adini to E2 za bukatar zama muhimmanci rage zuwa zance da shi offsets da motsi , MnO da kuma P zuwa samfurin (E2). Kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 4, ma'adini yana da karfi da hali to saya wani mummunan cajin, kuma saboda haka in babu wasu ma'adanai da ciwon wani fili korau caji hali zai yiwu to da yawa rage da abun ciki zuwa samfurin (E2) ta wajen wani farko izinin yin amfani da triboelectrostatic bel SEPARATOR fasahar.
ga misali, idan muka ɗauka cewa dukan Fe abun ciki a cikin tailings samfurin ake dangantawa zuwa goethite (FeO(OH)), da kuma cewa kawai gangue oxides ne Sio2, Al2A3 da kuma MnO, sa'an nan Fe abun ciki zuwa samfurin za a ba ta:
Fe(%)=(100-Sio2 – (Al2 A3 + MnO*0.6285
inda, 0.6285 ne da yawan Fe a tsarkake goethite. Eq.4 siffanta da gasar inji cewa faruwa su mayar da hankali Fe kamar yadda AL2A3 + MnO qara yayin da Sio2 rage-rage.
Domin da itabirite samfurin da Fe abun ciki da aka auna a 47.68%. XRD data nuna cewa marinjãya lokaci ne hematite da haka matsakaicin achievable Fe ciki idan mai tsabta rabuwa ya yiwu zai zama kusa da 69.94% (wanda shine Fe abun ciki na m hematite). Kamar yadda aka tattauna domin tailings samfurin mai tsabta rabuwa ba zai yiwu a matsayin Cao, MgO, Al2 A3 qazanta ma'adanai motsi a cikin wannan shugabanci kamar yadda hematite, sabili da haka ya kara Fe abun ciki Sio2 abun ciki dole ne a rage. Feminism lafazin faransanci da cewa ɗayansa, na Fe abun ciki a cikin wannan samfurin ake dangantawa zuwa hematite (Fe2A3) da kuma cewa kawai oxides kunshe ne a cikin gangue ma'adanai ne Sio2, Cao, MgO, Al2A3 da kuma MnO; sa'an nan Fe abun ciki a cikin samfurin za a ba ta:
Fe(%)=(100-Sio2-Cao + MgO +Al2A3+MnO+DOKA*0.6994
inda, 0.6994 ne da yawan Fe a tsarkake hematite. Ba dole ne a lura cewa, Eq.5 hada Loi, yayin da Eq.4 ya aikata ba. Domin da itabirite samfurin, da Loi ake dangantawa ga gaban carbonates yayin ga tailings samfurin shi ake dangantawa zuwa Fe-qazanta ma'adanai.
A bayyane yake cewa, duka biyu tailings da itabirite samfurori yana yiwuwa ya muhimmanci ƙara da Fe abun ciki ta rage da abun ciki na Sio2; duk da haka, kamar yadda aka nuna a Eq.4 da Eq.5, matsakaicin achievable Fe ciki za a iyakance da shugabanci na motsi da kuma maida hankali oxides hade to gangue ma'adanai.
Bisa manufa, maida hankali ne Fe a duka samfurori da za a iya kara karu da wajen wani biyu izinin a kan STET SEPARATOR a cikin abin da Cao,MgO Al2 A3 da kuma MnOqazanta ma'adanai za'a iya ware daga Fe-qazanta ma'adanai. Irin wannan rabuwa zai yiwu idan mafi yawan ma'adini a cikin samfurin da aka cire a lokacin wani farko izinin. A cikin rashi na ma'adini, wasu daga cikin sauran gangue ma'adanai kamata a ka'idar cajin a gaban shugabanci na goethite, hematite da magnetite, wanda zai haifar da ya karu Fe abun ciki. ga misali, domin itabirite samfurin da kuma tushen a cikin wuri na dolomite da hematite a triboelectrostatic jerin (Dubi Table 4), dolomite / hematite rabuwa ya zama zai yiwu a matsayin dolomite yana da karfi da hali to cajin kyau dangane da hematite.
Bayan tattauna a kan iyakar achievable Fe abinda ke ciki a tattaunawa a kan abinci da bukatun ga fasahar da ake bukata. A STET tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR bukatar da abinci abu ya zama bushe da finely ƙasa. Sosai adadi kaɗan na danshi iya samun manyan sakamako a kan bambanci tribo-caji sabili da haka da abinci danshi ya kamata a rage zuwa <0.5 wt.%. Bugu da kari, Ya kamata kayan abinci ya zama ƙasa da kyau don yantar da kayan gangue kuma ya kamata ya zama aƙalla 100% wucewa raga 30 (600 wani). Akalla don samfurin wutsiya, Dole ne a zubar da kayan aikin sannan kuma matakin bushewa na thermal, yayin da itabirite samfurin nika tare da, ko bi ta, bushewar zafi zai zama dole kafin a amfana tare da mai raba STET.
An samo samfurin wutsiya daga wani da'irar da'irar zazzage-flotation-magnetic kuma an tattara shi kai tsaye daga dam ɗin wutsiya.. Yawan danshi na manna daga wutsiya yakamata ya kasance a kusa 20-30% don haka za a buƙaci a bushe wutsiya ta hanyar rabuwa da ruwa mai ƙarfi (dewatering) bi da thermal bushewa da deagglomeration. Ana ƙarfafa yin amfani da dewatering na inji kafin bushewa kamar yadda hanyoyin injiniyoyi ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin amfani da naúrar ruwa da aka cire idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin thermal.. Game da 9.05 Ana buƙatar Btu a kowace fam na ruwa da aka kawar da ita ta hanyar tacewa yayin bushewar zafi, a wannan bangaren, na bukatar a kusa da 1800 Btu a kowace fam na ruwa ya ƙafe [13]. Kudin da ke da alaƙa da sarrafa wutsiya na ƙarfe zai dogara ne akan ƙaramin ɗanɗanon da za a iya samu yayin dewatering da kuma tsadar kuzari mai alaƙa da bushewa..
An samo samfurin itabirite kai tsaye daga nau'in ƙarfe na itabirite don haka don aiwatar da wannan samfurin kayan zai buƙaci murkushewa da niƙa sannan kuma bushewar thermal da deagglomeration.. Zaɓuɓɓuka ɗaya mai yuwuwa shine amfani da injin nadi mai zazzagewar iska mai zafi, wanda za'a iya samun niƙa biyu da bushewa a cikin mataki ɗaya. Kudin da ke hade da sarrafa ma'adinan itabirite zai dogara ne akan danshin abinci, ciyar da granulometry kuma akan tsadar kuzarin da ke da alaƙa da niƙa da bushewa.
Domin duka samfurori deagglomeration wajibi ne bayan an bushe kayan don tabbatar da 'yantar da barbashi daga juna.. Deagglomeration za a iya yi tare da tare da thermal bushewa mataki, ba da izini don ingantaccen canja wurin zafi da tanadin makamashi.
Benci-sikelin sakamakon gabatar a nan ya nuna karfi da shaida caji da kuma rabuwa na Fe-hali ma'adanai daga ma'adini amfani triboelectrostatic bel rabuwa.
Domin da tailings samfurin Fe abun ciki da aka karu daga 29.89% to 53.75%, a kan talakawan, a wani taro amfanin ƙasa na 23.30%, wanda yayi dace da Fe dawo da silica kin amincewa da dabi'u na 44.17% da kuma 95.44%, bi da bi. Domin da itabirite samfurin Fe abun ciki da aka karu daga 47.68 % to 57.62%, a kan talakawan, a wani taro amfanin ƙasa na 65.0%, wanda yayi dace da Fe dawo da silica kin amincewa da dabi'u na 82.95% da kuma 86.53%, bi da bi. Wadannan sakamakon da aka kammala a kan wani SEPARATOR cewa shi ne karami da kuma kasa m fiye da STET kasuwanci SEPARATOR.
Gwajin binciken nuna cewa duka biyu tailings da itabirite samfurori da matsakaicin achievable Fe abun ciki zai dogara ne a kan m achievable ma'adini abun ciki. Bugu da kari, cimma hakan Fe maki iya yiwuwa ta wajen wani biyu izinin a kan STET bel SEPARATOR.
A sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa low-sa tama tarar za a iya kyautata ta wajen STET tribo-electrostatic bel SEPARATOR. Bugu da ari aiki a matukin jirgi shuka sikelin bada shawarar ƙayyade baƙin ƙarfe tattara sa da kuma dawo da cewa za a iya cimma. Bisa kwarewa, da samfurin dawo da kuma / ko sa zai muhimmanci inganta a matukin jirgi sikelin aiki, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da benci-sikelin gwajin na'urar amfani a lokacin da wadannan tama gwaji. A STET tribo-electrostatic rabuwa tsari na iya bayar da muhimmanci abũbuwan amfãni a kan al'ada aiki hanyoyin domin tama tarar.
