Select Puo:
Lucas Rojas Mendoza, ST Helmets & Technology, usa
lrojasmendoza@steqtech.com
Frank Hrach, ST Helmets & Technology, usa
Kyle Flynn, ST Helmets & Technology, usa
Katrina Saahil, ST Helmets & Technology, usa
ST Helmets & Technology LLC (STET) e tsoetseng pele tsamaiso bukeng e lokisa e thehiloeng tribo-electrostatic lebanta karohano hore e fana ka indasteri ea matsoai lokisa mokhoa oa ho beneficiate thepa e ntle le e thekenoloji baballang le ka ho feletseng e omeletseng. In contrast to other electrostatic separation processes that are typically limited to particles >75μm ka boholo, le kgaoganyo STET triboelectric lebanta e loketseng bakeng sa karohano ea e ntle haholo (<1μm) ho tekano mahoashe (500μm) likaroloana, ka phallo e phahameng haholo. The STET tribo-electrostatic technology has been used to process and commercially separate a wide range of industrial minerals and other dry granular powders. Mona, bench-scale results are presented on the beneficiation of low-grade Fe ore fines using STET belt separation process. Bench-scale testing demonstrated the capability of the STET technology to simultaneously recover Fe and reject SiO2 from itabirite ore with a D50 of 60µm and ultrafine Fe ore tailings with a D50 of 20µm. The STET technology is presented as an alternative to beneficiate Fe ore fines that could not be successfully treated via traditional flowsheet circuits due to their granulometry and mineralogy.
Tsepe ea ke bone atileng ka ho fetisisa karolo ea ka karolong e ka holimo ba lefatše [1]. Tšepe ke habohlokoa ho etsa thepa tšepe 'me ka hona e lintho tse bonahalang ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya bokgoni a moruo oa lefatše lohle [1-2]. Tšepe e hape ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka kaho le ho etsa thepa ea makoloi [3]. Boholo ba mehlodi ya tsepe ea li entsoe ka metamorphosed lihlopha e bofilwe tšepe (BIF) oo tšepe e ka tloaelo fumanoe ka mokgwa wa oxides, hydroxides 'me ka tekanyo e monyenyane carbonates [4-5]. A mofuta o itseng oa lihlopha tšepe le litaba tse ka hare e phahameng carbonate ke dolomitic itabirites tse sehlahisoa sa dolomitization le metamorphism tsa BIF mobung [6]. Kholo ka ho fetisisa mobung tsepe ea lefatšeng ka fumanoa Australia, China, Canada, Ukraine, India le Brazil [5].
The lik'hemik'hale ea tšepe tšepe e na le mefuta e fapaneng ho bonahalang eka lohle ka lik'hemik'hale haholo-holo bakeng sa Fe dikahare 'me a tloaelana gangue liminerale [1]. Major tšepe liminerale tse amanang le boholo ba tšepe tšepe tse hematite, goethite, limonite le magnetite [1,5]. The contaminants sehloohong tšepe tšepe tse SiO2 le Al2O3 [1,5,7]. The tloaelehileng silica le behang ea alumina liminerale le teng ka tšepe tšepe ke quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite, diaspore le corundum. Tsena hangata a hlokomela hore quartz ke li bolela'ng silica behang matsoai le kaolinite le gibbsite ke tse peli-ka sehloohong ea alumina behang liminerale [7].
Tsepe ea qotsitsoeng ho e haholo-holo a ileng ae etsa ka tshebetso bulehileng sekoting meepo, sephetho le ka tailings molokong o mong ka bohlokoa [2]. Tsamaiso ea tsepe ea tlhahiso ea hangata mekhahlelo e meraro: meepo, sebetsa le pelletizing mesebetsi. tsena, sebetsa etsa bonnete ba hore oa tšepe sehlopheng lekaneng le k'hemistri e fihlellwa pele ho sethaleng pelletizing. Processing akarelletsa ho sithabetsa, tlhophiso, sila le mahloriso tse boikaelelo jwa tsone ka eketsa dikahare tšepe ha fokotsa palo ea liminerale gangue [1-2]. E mong le e depositi matsoai na le litšobotsi tse lona ikhethang mabapi le tšepe le gangue behang liminerale, 'me ka hona e hloka e fapaneng tsa mahloriso mokhoa [7].
Matla a khoheli karohano e ka tloaelo ho sebelisoa ka beneficiation ea phahameng sehlopheng tšepe tšepe moo 'muso o hlaheletseng liminerale tšepe tse ferro le paramagnetic [1,5]. Metsi le omileng tlase matla a khoheli a karohano (LIMS) dithekeniki li sebelisetsoa ho ho sebetsa tšepe le thepa matla a khoheli a kang magnetite ha metsi phahameng-matla a khoheli a karohano e sebelisoa ho arola Fe behang liminerale le thepa fokolang a khoheli a kang hematite tloha liminerale gangue. joalo goethite le limonite tšepe tšepe ka tloaelo fumanoe ka tailings 'me ha a arohana hantle haholo ke mokhoa ka [1,5]. mekhoa khoheli diphepetso tse teng ka ho ya ka maikarabelong bona tlaase le ka ho ya ka e hlokahalang bakeng sa manya a tšepe ho ba bonolo hore masimo a khoheli [5].
Flotation, ka hlakoreng le leng, e sebediswa ho fokotsa diteng tsa litšila tlaase sehlopheng tšepe tšepe [1-2,5]. Tšepe tšepe ka concentrated ebang ke ka ho toba anionic flotation tsa oxides tšepe kapa etsolla cationic flotation tsa silica, Leha ho le joalo etsolla cationic flotation sa ntse e le ka ho fetisisa ratoa flotation tsela sebediswa ho indasteri e tšepe [5,7]. Tshebediso ya flotation lona feela ka litšenyehelo tsa reagents, ho ba teng ha silica le ea alumina e ngata slimes le ho ba teng ha liminerale carbonate [7-8]. Ho feta moo, flotation hloka litšila kalafo metsi le ho sebelisa dewatering tlaase ho linoka tsa dikopo omileng ho qetela [1].
Tshebediso ya flotation bakeng sa mahloriso ea tšepe e boetse e akarelletsa desliming e phaphametseng ka ho ba teng ha sephetho difaene ka bokgoni fokotseha le ditjeho phahameng reagent [5,7]. Desliming e mahlonoko tseo ho leng haholo-holo bakeng sa ho tlosa ea alumina e le karohano ea gibbsite tloha hematite kapa goethite ke mahlahana efe kapa efe holim-a sebetsang a ke ho le thata haholo [7]. Boholo ba ea alumina behang liminerale le hlaha ka molemo boholo kgatlhanang (<20a) e lumella hore e tlosoe ka ho theoha. ka kakaretso, palo e phahameng ea likotlo (<20a) le ea alumina eketsa ho hlokahala lera cationic lethal dose le decreases khetha khetha haholo [5,7].
Ho feta moo, the presence of carbonate minerals – such as in dolomitic itabirites- can also deteriorate flotation selectivity between iron minerals and quartz as iron ores containing carbonates such as dolomite do not float very selectively. Dissolved carbonates species adsorb on the quartz surfaces harming the selectivity of flotation [8]. Flotation can be reasonably effective in upgrading low-grade iron ores, but it is strongly dependent on the ore mineralogy [1-3,5]. Flotation of iron ores containing high alumina content will be possible via desliming at the expense of the overall iron recovery [7], while flotation of iron ores containing carbonate minerals will be challenging and possibly not feasible [8].
Modern processing circuits of Fe-bearing minerals may include both flotation and magnetic concentration steps [1,5]. Mohlala, magnetic concentration can be used on the fines stream from the desliming stage prior to flotation and on the flotation rejects. The incorporation of low and high intensity magnetic concentrators allows for an increase in the overall iron recovery in the processing circuit by recovering a fraction of the ferro and paramagnetic iron minerals such as magnetite and hematite [1]. Goethite is typically the main component of many iron plant reject streams due to its weak magnetic properties [9]. In the absence of further downstream processing for the reject streams from magnetic concentration and flotation, the fine rejects will end up disposed in a tailings dam [2]. Tailings disposal and processing have become crucial for environmental preservation and recovery of iron valuables, ho latellana, and therefore the processing of iron ore tailings in the mining industry has grown in importance [10].
Clearly, the processing of tailings from traditional iron beneficiation circuits and the processing of dolomitic itabirite is challenging via traditional desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration flowsheets due to their mineralogy and granulometry, and therefore alternative beneficiation technologies such as tribo-electrostatic separation which is less restrictive in terms of the ore mineralogy and that allows for the processing of fines may be of interest.
Tribo-electrostatic karohano utilizes se tšoane motlakase qoso pakeng tsa thepa e hlahisitsoeng ke ho ikopanya le holim 'kapa triboelectric tjhaja. Ka litsela tse sa fetelelitsoeng, ha thepa tse peli tse a kopana, the material with a higher affinity for electron gains electrons thus charges negative, ha lintho tse bonahalang le ka tlaase le elektrone e amana file positive,. Ho latela Leano, low-grade iron ore fines and dolomitic itabirites that are not processable by means of conventional flotation and/or magnetic separation could be upgraded by exploiting the differential charging property of their minerals [11].
Here we present STET tribo-electrostatic belt separation as a possible beneficiation route to concentrate ultrafine iron ore tailings and to beneficiate dolomitic itabirite mineral. The STET process provides the mineral processing industry with a unique water-free capability to process dry feed. The environmentally friendly process can eliminate the need for wet processing, downstream waste water treatment and required drying of final material. Holim'a moo, Tsela STET hloka hanyane pele ho kalafo ya matsoai le o sebetsang ka bokgoni ba phahameng - ho fihlela ho 40 melumo e ka hora. tshebediso ya Energy e ka tlase ho 2 kilowatt-lihora tse ka thane e le ea lintho tse bonahalang sebetswa.
thepa
Tse pedi o motle tlaase sehlopheng tšepe tšepe li ne li sebelisoa letotong la liteko. The manya pele e ne e ena le ultrafine Fe manya tailings sampole le D50 ya 20 μm le sampole ea bobeli ea e itabirite sampole tsepe ea ka D50 ya 60 μm. Bobeli disampole diphepetso tse teng nakong beneficiation bona le ke ke ka tsela e atlehileng sebetswa ka ea setso lipotoloho tsa mahloriso desliming-flotation-matla a khoheli e loketseng ho granulometry bona le diminerale. disampole bobeli li ne li fumaneha tshebetso meepo ka Brazil.
The sampole ea pele e ile a fumana ho tswa ho e leng teng mahloriso oa potoloho desliming-flotation-matla a khoheli. sampole e ile bokella ho tswa ho tailings letamo le, ebe omisitsoeng, homogenized le bokellaneng. The sampole ea bobeli ke ho tloha oa tšepe sebopeho itabirite ka Brazil. sampole e ile hateletsoeng le aroloa ka ka boholo le karoloana e metle fumaneha sethaleng tlhophiso hamorao ka buuoa ka makhetlo mekhahlelo e 'maloa ea desliming ho fihlela ka D98 ya 150 μm ile fihlellwa. sampole ea neng a omisitsoeng, homogenized le bokellaneng.
Phatsa boholo kgaoganyeditsweng (PSD) ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho sebelisa mong bang laser diffraction phatsa boholo semanolli, e Malvern o Mastersizer 3000 E. disampole bobeli li ne li boetse li khetholla ka Loss-on-thothetsang molelo(MOLAO), XRF le XRD. tahlehelo ka thothetsang molelo (MOLAO) o ne a ikemiselitse ka ho tsamaisa 4 dikgerama ea sampole ka 1000 ºC sebōpi ke bakeng sa 60 metsotso e le ho tlaleha ka Loi ka motheong oa ka o ile a fumana. The and analysis lik'hemik'hale e ile ea phethoa sebelisa wavelength dispersive X-ray khanyang (WD-XRF) seletsa se le bonaletsang ka sehloohong mekhahlelo e ne fuputswa ke XRD mokhoa.
The lik'hemik'hale le Loi bakeng sa tailings sampole (Tailings), le bakeng sa itabirite tšepe sebopeho sampole (Itabirite), ho bontšoa Lethathamo 1 le phatsa boholo kgaoganyeditsweng bakeng disampole bobeli li bontšitsoe feiga 1. Bakeng sa tailings ho latsoa le ka sehloohong Fe revocable mekhahlelo e ke goethite le hematite, le ka sehloohong gangue matsoai ke quartz (feie 4). Bakeng sa sampole itabirite ka sehloohong Fe revocable mekhahlelo e ke hematite, le ka sehloohong gangue liminerale ke quartz le dolomite (feie 4).
tafole 1. Lebaka la and analysis lik'hemik'hale tsa likarolo tse khōlō tailings le disampole Itabirite.
| sampole | Grade (wt%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MnO | MgO | Cao | LOI** | Others | |
| Tailings | 30.3 | 47.4 | 4.3 | 1.0 | * | * | 3.4 | 13.4 |
| Itabirite | 47.6 | 23.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 21.0 |
Phatsa Size o di kgaoganyeditsweng
mekhoa
Letoto la liteko ba ne ba etselitsoe ho fuputsa phello ea entsprechen fapaneng ka mokhatlo oa tšepe e disampole bobeli tšepe sebelisa STET dikhampani tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo thekenoloji. Liteko li ne li khanna sebelisa bencheng ka tekanyo tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo, o fano hlalositsweng ka 'benchtop kgaoganyo'. Bencheng ka tekanyo e etsa liteko e karolong e qalang ea tse tharo mohato thekenoloji thulaganyou e kenngwa tshebetsong (sheba Lethathamo 2) ho akarelletsa le bencheng ka tekanyo sekasekale, motsamaisi-tekanyo e etsa liteko le ho kenngwa tshebetsong khoebo tekanyo. The kgaoganyo benchtop e sebediswa bakeng sa ho screening 'bakeng sa bopaki bo tribo-electrostatic tjhaja le ho fumana hore na lintho tse bonahalang le ke nkgetheng molemo bakeng sa ho beneficiation electrostatic. Ho se tšoane ka sehloohong pakeng tsa mong le e sengoathoana sa thepa tse hlahisoang Lethathamo 2. Ha thepa sebelisoa ka hare ho e mong le e mohato fapana ka boholo, tshebetso molao-motheo e feletseng e tšoanang.
tafole 2. Tse tharo-mohato thulaganyou e kenngwa tshebetsong ho sebedisa STET tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo thekenoloji
| Phase | Used for: | Electrode Dimensions (W x L) cm | Type of Process/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bench Scale Evaluation | Qualitative Evaluation | 5*250 | Batch |
| Pilot Scale Testing | Quantitative Evaluation | 15*610 | Batch |
| Commercial Scale Implementation | Commercial Production | 107 *610 | Continuous |
STET Sebelisa Molao-motheo oa
Tshebetso molao-motheo oa kgaoganyo le relies ka tribo-electrostatic tjhaja. Ka tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo (Figures 2 le 3), lintho tse bonahalang feptjoang ka lekhalo moqotetsane 0.9 - 1.5 cm, pakeng tsa tse peli tse li-electrode e tšoanang planar. likaroloana li triboelectrically qosoa ke interparticle o ikopanye. Diminerale sebele qosoa('s) le matsoai a hlonamisitsoe qosoa('s) ba khahloa ke li-electrode bo fapaneng. Ka hare ho likaroloana tsa kgaoganyo ba hoholoa ho fihlela ke e tsoelang pele ho fallela lebanta bulehileng-letlooeng le fetisoa ka litaelo bo fapaneng. Lebanta e entsoe ka lintho tse bonahalang polasetiki le susumelletsa ho likaroloana haufi le e mong le e eleketrode nģ'a lipheletsong fapaneng kgaoganyo ho. The stats jwale phallo ya likaroloana arola le tsoele pele triboelectric tjhaja ke thulana phatsa-phatsa e fana ka bakeng sa karohano multistage le ho fella ka ho hloka sekoli babatsehang le hlaphoheloe ka unit trust le 'ngoe-fetisetsana. The triboelectric lebanta kgaoganyo thekenoloji 'nile la sebelisoa ho arohana e mengata e fapaneng ea thepa ho akarelletsa le metsoako ea aluminosilicates le kang khalase / k'habone (fofa molora), calcite / quartz, talc / magnesite, le barite / quartz.
ka kakaretso, moralo kgaoganyo ke batlang e bonolo le lebanta le se amahanngoang rollers ka likarolo feela ho fallela. li-electrode ho ba ema le entsoe ka e lintho tse bonahalang ka nepo tsoarellang. The kgaoganyo eleketrode bolelele ke hoo e ka bang 6 limithara tse (20 feat.) le bophara 1.25 limithara tse (4 feat.) bakeng sa e tletseng boholo diyuniti khoebo. The phahameng lebanta lebelo nolofalletsa throughputs phahameng haholo, ho fihlela ho 40 boima ba lithane tse ka hora bakeng sa e tletseng boholo diyuniti khoebo. The tshebediso ya matla e ka tlase ho 2 kilowatt-lihora tse ka thane e le ea lintho tse bonahalang sebetswa ka ho fetisisa ea matla a chesa ke Motors tse peli khanna lebanta.
Tlhohlomiso tsa triboelectric lebanta kgaoganyo
Dintlha tsa libaka karohano
E le ka bonoa Lethathamo 2, phapang ka sehloohong pakeng tsa kgaoganyo benchtop le motsamaisi-tekanyo e le separators khoebo-tekanyo e ke hore bolelele ba kgaoganyo benchtop ke hoo e ka bang 0.4 linako tse bolelele ba diyuniti motsamaisi-tekanyo e le ea khoebo-tekanyo e. E le bokgoni kgaoganyo ke mosebetsi wa bolelele eleketrode, bencheng ka tekanyo e etsa liteko ka se sebelisoa e le ka nkang sebaka sa liteko motsamaisi tekanyo. Pilot tekanyo liteko ke ke ho hlokahala ho fumana hore na isa tekanyong ea karohano eo tshebetso STET ka fihlella, le ho fumana hore na STET thulaganyou e ka kopana le liphofu sehlahiswa tlas'a ditefello fanoeng iphepe. Ho ena le hoo, le kgaoganyo benchtop e sebediswa ea ho busa tsoa thepa nkgetheng tse hlola a bontša karohano leha e le efe bohlokoa ka boemo ba motsamaisi-tekanyo e. Results fumana ka bencheng ka tekanyo e tla bao e seng optimized, le karohano a hlokomela e ka tlase ho e neng e tla ho ketekoa ka khoebo boholo bo lekaneng STET kgaoganyo.
Leka ka dimela motsamaisi ke ho hlokahala hore pele ho khoebo tekanyo e dulang, Leha ho le joalo, liteko ka bencheng ka tekanyo e kgothaletswa e le karolong e qalang ea tshebetso kenngwa tshebetsong bakeng sa lintho tse bonahalang leha e le efe. Ho feta moo, maemong a eo ho eona ho fumaneha lintho tse bonahalang e le felle, le benchtop kgaoganyo fana sesebelisoa le thuso ya ho ho screening ea merero bokgoni ba le atlehileng. (i.e., diprojekeng tse moreki le indasteri liphofu boleng ka ba ile ba kopana ho sebelisa thekenoloji STET).
liteko bencheng ka tekanyo
Standard le liteko tse thulaganyou e ne o phethile pota sepheo itseng ho eketsa Fe mahloriso le ho fokotsa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa liminerale gangue. divariabole fapaneng li ne li tsa utolola ho e fumantsa mokhatlo oa tšepe le ho fumana hore na tataiso ea motsamao oa liminerale fapaneng. Tataiso ea mokhatlo oa o ile a re nakong ea benchtop liteko ke e bontsha gore go ya tataiso ea mokhatlo oa ka motsamaisi semela le tekanyo e khoebo.
The divariabole fuputswa kenyelleditswe mongobo a lekanyelitsoeng (RH), mocheso, eleketrode polarity, lebanta lebelo le dirisega gagamalo. tsena, RH le mocheso le mong ka ba le phello e khōlō ho differential tribo-tjhaja 'me ka hona ka sephetho karohano. Kahoo, Optimum RH le mocheso maemo a ba ne ba ikemiselitse pele fuputsa phello ea divariabole setseng. maemo a mabeli polarity ne tsa utolola: kea) holimo eleketrode polarity positive, le ii) holimo eleketrode polarity mpe. Bakeng sa kgaoganyo STET, tlas'a itseng polarity tokisetsong ena le tlas'a Optimum RH le mocheso maemo a, lebanta lebelo ke mathomo taolo mohele bakeng sa go lekanyetsa sehlahisoa sehlopheng le hlaphoheloe boima. Testing ka kgaoganyo bencheng thusa tšolotsoeng leseli ka phello ea itseng divariabole tshebetso ka tribo-electrostatic tjhaja bakeng sa fuoa sampole matsoai, 'me ka hona o ile a fumana sephetho le mekhoa e ka sebediswa, ho isa tekanyong e itseng, ho tšesaane fatše palo ea divariabole le liteko tsa ho ho phethwa ka motsamaisi dimela tekanyo e. tafole 3 Manane a fapaneng ya maemo a karohano sebediswa e le karolo ea mohato 1 thulaganyou e sekasekale bakeng sa tailings le disampole itabirite.
tafole 3 e thathamisa mefuta e fapaneng ya maemo a karohano
| Parameter | Units | Range of Values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tailings | Itabirite | ||
| Top Electrode Polarity | - | Positive- Negative | Positive- Negative |
| Electrode Voltage | -kV/+kV | 4-5 | 4-5 |
| Feed Relative Humidity (RH) | % | 1-30.7 | 2-39.6 |
| Feed Temperature | ° F (° C) | 71-90 (21.7-32.2) | 70-87 (21.1-30.6) |
| Belt Speed | Fps (Mof) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) |
| Electrode Gap | Inches (limilimithara) | 0.400 (10.2 limilimithara) | 0.400 (10.2 limilimithara) |
Liteko li ne li khannoa ka kgaoganyo benchtop tlas'a maemo methaka, le disampole fepa ka tsa 1.5 liponto. teko. A li matha flush sebedisa 1 lb. ea lintho tse bonahalang e ile hlahiswa pakeng tsa liteko ho etsa bonnete ba hore leha e le efe ho ka khonehang carryover e le hantle, ho tloha ka boemo fetileng o ne a sa nkoa. Pele etsa liteko ho ile ha qalisoa lintho tse bonahalang e ne e le homogenized le mekotla sampole nang bobeli li matha le boitsebiso bo flush Ho ne ho lokiselitsoe. Qalong ea e mong le e teko ka mocheso le mongobo a lekanyelitsoeng (RH) o ne a lekanya sebelisa Vaisala HM41 letsoho tshwerweng mongobo le Mocheso fatang. The mefuta e fapaneng ya mocheso le RH ka mose liteko tsohle e ne e le 70-90 ° F (21.1-32.2 (° C) le 1-39.6%, ho latellana. Ho hlahloba le tlaase RH le / kapa mocheso e phahameng, fepa ka le flush disampole ne a 'na a ka omisa ka ontong ka 100 ° C bakeng sa makhetlo a pakeng tsa 30-60 metsotso. Ka papiso, makgabane e phahameng RH ne finyelloa ka ho eketsa tse nyenyane tsa metsi ho lintho tse bonahalang tse, lateloa ke homogenization. Mora RH le mocheso ile lekanngoa ka 'ngoe sampole iphepe, bohato bo latelang e ne e le ho beha eleketrode polarity, lebanta lebelo le gagamalo boemong batlang. Gap makgabane ne a 'na a ka nako eohle ke 0.4 lisenthimithara (10.2 limilimithara) nakong ea matšolo liteko bakeng sa tailings le disampole itabirite.
Pele ho e mong le e teko, e nyenyane ea fepa ka-potlana sampole e nang le hoo e ka bang 20g ile bokella (khethoa e le 'Feed'). Holim 'a beha divariabole tsohle tshebetsong, lintho tse bonahalang tse o ile a fepa ka kgaoganyo benchtop sebelisa motlakase vibratory abelang ka setsi sa kgaoganyo benchtop. Disampole ne bokella qetellong ea mong le e teko le litekanyo ea bofelo sehlahisoa 1 (khethoa e le 'E1') le qetellong sehlahisoa 2 (khethoa e le 'E2') ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho sebelisa molao-ka-khoebo ea tshephile tekanyo e. Latelang e mong le teko, tse nyenyane-potlana disampole tse nang ka bang 20 g, ea E1 le E2 ne ba boetse ba bokella. chai boima ho E1 le E2 li hlalosoa ke:
mooleE1 le leE2 ke lumella moea o halalelang boima ho E1 le E2, ho latellana; le tse boima bo sa sampole bokella ho kgaoganyo lihlahisoa E1 le E2, ho latellana. Bakeng sa disampole bobeli, Fe mahloriso e ile ea eketseha ho sehlahisoa E2.
Bakeng sa e mong le e behiloeng ea potlana-disampole (i.e., Feed, E1 le E2) Loi le oxides ka sehloohong ho hlophisoa ke XRF o ne a ikemiselitse. Fe2 The3 dikahare ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho tloha litekanyetso. Bakeng sa tailings le sampole Loi tla ka kotloloho amana diteng tsa goethite ka sampole ea e le lihlopha tsa tshebetso hydroxyl ka goethite tla oxidize ka H2 Theg, [10]. fapana, bakeng sa itabirite sampole Loi tla ka kotloloho amana ho na le ea carbonates ka sampole ea, e le k'halsiamo le magnesium carbonates tla bola ka oxides bona ka sehloohong ea fella ka hore ho lokolloa ha CO2g, le potlana sequential sampole ho lahleheloa ke boima ba 'mele. lifaha XRF Ho ne ho lokiselitsoe ke ho kopanya 0.6 dikgerama ea sampole matsoai le 5.4 dikgerama ea lithium tetraborate, eo o ile a khethoa ka lebaka la ho ea ho hlophisoa lik'hemik'hale tsa tailings bobeli le disampole itabirite. XRF and analysis ne boetse maemong bakeng Loi.
Qetellong, Fe hlaphoheloa EFe ho sehlahisoa (E2) le Sio2 ho khesoa Qle li ne li balwa. EFe e le peresente ya Fe a hlaphoheloa ka ho mamelisisa e le ea pele sampole fepa ka le Qsio2 ke karolo ea tlosoa ho tswa ho pele sampole iphepe. EFe le Qle li hlalosoa ke:
moo Ckea,(iphepe,E1, E2) ke boetse maemong mahloriso Peresente ya potlana-sampole e kea motsoako (mohlala., Fe, Sio2)
disampole diminerale bo
The XRD paterone ke bontsha mekhahlelo e kgolo matsoai bakeng sa tailings le disampole itabirite bontšoa ka sa feiga 4. Bakeng sa tailings ho latsoa le ka sehloohong Fe revocable mekhahlelo e ke goethite, hematite le magnetite, le ka sehloohong gangue matsoai ke quartz (feie 4). Bakeng sa sampole itabirite ka sehloohong Fe revocable mekhahlelo e ke hematite le magnetite le ka sehloohong gangue liminerale ke quartz le dolomite. Magnetite hlaha mosaletsa concentrations ka disampole bobeli. e hloekileng hematite, goethite, le magnetite na 69.94%, 62.85%, 72.36% Fe, ho latellana.
D dipaterone,. A - Tailings sampole, B - Itabirite sampole
Liteko bencheng ka tekanyo
Letoto la balehela ho lona teko ne a etsa ka 'ngoe sampole matsoai ikemiseditse ho maximizing Fe le fokotseha Sio2 dikahare. Mefuta e go tlhoma tlhaloganyo mo ho E1 tla bontsha gore go ya tjhaja boitšoaro ba mpe ha mahloriso mefuta ho E2 ho tjhaja boitšoaro ba-positive,. Phahame lebanta lebelo ne e tšoanelang ho e lokisa ya tailings sampole; Leha ho le joalo, phello ea polygonal sena feela ho ile ha fumanoa hore e be ka tlaase ho moo bohlokoa bakeng sa sampole itabirite.
Karolelano ea liphetho tsa tailings le disampole itabirite tse hlahisoang feiga 5, tse neng di balwa tswa 6 le 4 liteko, ho latellana. feie 5 hlahisang karolelano boima ka lihlahisoa le k'hemistri ho fepa ka le lihlahisoa E1 le E2. Holim'a moo, e mong le e plot hlahisa liphetoho kapa fokotseha ka mahloriso (E2- Feed) bakeng sa e mong le e motsoako sampole mohlala, Fe, Sio2 makgabane positive, li amahanngoa ho baka keketseho e ho ea mahloriso ho E2, ha melao ea boitšoaro mpe li amahanngoa ho fokotseha le ka ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho E2.
Fig.5. boima chai karolelano le k'hemistri bakeng sa Feed, E1 le E2 lihlahisoa. Phoso e mekoallo emela 95% tšoaneng ba le kholiseho.
Bakeng sa tailings sampole Fe dikahare ile ea eketseha ho tloha 29.89% ho 53.75%, ka karolelano, ka le boima ka lihlahisoa leE2 - kapa lefatše boima hlaphoheloa – ya 23.30%. Sena se tšoana le Fe hlaphoheloa ( le ho hana silica (QE2 ) melemo ya 44.17% le 95.44%, ho latellana. The dikahare Loi ile ea eketseha ho tloha 3.66% ho 5.62% eo e bontša hore ho eketseha ha Fe dikahare e amanang le ho eketseha ha dikahare goethite (feie 5).
Bakeng sa sampole itabirite Fe dikahare ile ea eketseha ho tloha 47.68% ho 57.62%, ka karolelano, ka le boima ka lihlahisoa leE2 -ya 65.0%. Sena se tšoana le Fe hlaphoheloa EFe( le ho hana silica (Qsio2) melemo ya 82.95% le 86.53%, ho latellana. The Loi, MgO le Cao dikahare ne e eketsehile ho tloha 4.06% ho 5.72%, 1.46 ho 1.87% le ho tswa 2.21 ho 3.16%, ho latellana, eo e bontša hore dolomite e tsamaea ka tsela e tšoanang e le Fe behang liminerale (feie 5).
Bakeng sa disampole bobeli,AL2 The3 , MnO le P li bonahala li re qosa ka tsela e tšoanang e le Fe behang liminerale (feie 5). Le hoja e se ba lakatsa ho fokotseha ea mahloriso ea mefuta ena e meraro, ho kopantswe ea mahloriso ya Sio2, AL2 , The3 , leE2 MnO le P e fokotseha ho disampole bobeli, 'me ka hona phello palo yohle ya fihlellwa sebedisa benchtop kgaoganyo ke ntlafatswa ka sehlahisoa Fe sehlopheng le ea fokotseha ka contaminants mahloriso.
ka kakaretso, benchtop liteko bontšitse bopaki ba tjhaja atlehang le karohano ea tšepe le silica likaroloana. The tšepisa diphetho laboratori ea tekanyo e fana ka maikutlo a hore liteko motsamaisi tekanyo e ho akarelletsa le makhalong a pele le la bobeli ba lokela ho phethwa.
puisano
Ya data liteko bontša hore kgaoganyo STET fella ka keketseho e bohlokoa ka Fe dikahare ha ka nako fokotsa Sio2 dikahare.
Kaha o ile a bontša hore triboelectrostatic karohano ka fella ka keketseho e khōlō Fe dikahare, puisano ka se boleloang ke liphello, ka palo e kahodimodimo dikahare ka finyelloang Fe le ka ditlhoko le fepa ka theknoloji e hlokahala.
ho qala, ke habohlokoa ho buisana le ho bonahalang eka tjhaja boitšoaro ba mefuta matsoai ka disampole bobeli. Bakeng sa tailings latsoa metsoako e ka sehloohong e ne e le oxides Fe le quartz le diphetho liteko bontšitse hore oxides Fe concentrated ho E2 ha quartz concentrated ho E1. Ka litsela tse sa fetelelitsoeng, ho ka boleloa hore Fe oxide e likaroloana fumana qoso ntle 'me hore quartz likaroloana fumana qoso mpe. boitšoaro ba Ena ke tsela e lumellanang le mofuta triboelectrostatic oa liminerale bobeli joalokaha ho bontšoa ke Ferguson (2010) [12]. tafole 4 bontša ho bonahalang eka triboelectric letoto la lihlooho tsa liminerale kgethile e thehiloeng karohano inductive, 'me e bontša hore quartz e teng ka tlase ya tjhaja letoto lena ha goethite, magnetite le hematite leng teng e phahameng ka letoto la lihlooho tse. Liminerale ka holimo a letoto la lihlooho tse tla le tšekamelo ea ho lefisa positive,, ha liminerale kwa tlase tla atisa ho be le qoso e mpe.
Ka hlakoreng le leng, bakeng sa sampole itabirite metsoako e ka sehloohong e ne e le hematite, quartz le dolomite le diphetho liteko bontša hore oxides Fe le dolomite concentrated ho E2 ha quartz concentrated ho E1. Sena se bontša hore hematite likaroloana le dolomite fumana qoso positive, ha quartz likaroloana fumana qoso mpe. E le ka bonoa Lethathamo 4, carbonates leng teng ka holimo a letoto la lihlooho tse tribo-electrostatic, eo e bontša hore likaroloana carbonate le tšekamelo ea ho fumana qoso positive,, le ka lebaka e concentrated ho E2. Bobeli dolomite le hematite ne concentrated ka tsela e tšoanang, e leng se bontšang hore phello kakaretso bakeng sa likaroloana hematite ka ho ba teng ha quartz le dolomite ne ho be le qoso positive,.
Tataiso ea motsamao oa mefuta e sa mineralogical ka e mong le e sampole ke thahasella ho fetisisa, e le ho tla fumana hore na palo e kahodimodimo finyelloang Fe sehlopheng e ka fumanoa ka ho mokhoa oa ho fetisetsana e le 'ngoe a sebelisa tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo thekenoloji.
Bakeng sa tailings le disampole itabirite e lebetsoeng le tse ka finyelloang Fe dikahare tla ikemisetsa ka lintlha tse tharo tse: kea) Ka tjhelete e ya Fe ka Fe behang liminerale; -ii) ea quartz bonyane (Sio2 ) dikahare hore ka finyelloang le ho; iv) Palo ea contaminants fallela ka tsela e tšoanang e le Fe behang liminerale. Bakeng sa tailings ho latsoa le contaminants ka sehloohong ho fallela ka tsela e tšoanang le ea Fe behang liminerale tse Al2 The3 MnO ho jara liminerale, ha ho sampole itabirite le contaminants ka sehloohong ke Cao MgO Al2 The3 ho jara liminerale.
| Mineral Name | Charge acquired (apparent) |
|---|---|
| Apatite | +++++++ |
| Carbonates | ++++ |
| Monazite | ++++ |
| Titanomagnetite | . |
| Ilmenite | . |
| Rutile | . |
| Leucoxene | . |
| Magnetite/hematite | . |
| Spinels | . |
| Garnet | . |
| Staurolite | - |
| Altered ilmenite | - |
| Goethite | - |
| Zircon | -- |
| Epidote | -- |
| Tremolite | -- |
| Hydrous silicates | -- |
| Aluminosilicates | -- |
| Tourmaline | -- |
| Actinolite | -- |
| Pyroxene | --- |
| Titanite | ---- |
| Feldspar | ---- |
| Quartz | ------- |
tafole 4. Totobala triboelectric letoto la lihlooho tsa liminerale kgethile e thehiloeng karohano inductive. Fetotsoe tloha D.N Ferguson (2010) [12].
Bakeng sa tailings sampole, le dikahare Fe ile lekanngoa ka 29.89%. XRD ya data e bontša hore mohato hlaheletseng ke goethite, lateloa ke hematite, 'me ka hona e lebetsoeng le tse ka finyelloang Fe dikahare ha karohano hloekileng ne ho ka khoneha ka ba pakeng tsa 62.85% le 69.94% (tseo ke litaba tse ka hare ya goethite hloekile 'me o hematite Fe, ho latellana). hona joale, karohano hloekileng ke ke ha khoneha ka Al2, The3 MnO le P behang liminerale li fallela ka tsela e tšoanang e le liminerale Fe behang, 'me ka hona le koketsego ya leha e le efe Fe dikahare tla boela fella ka e leng keketseho ea contaminants tsena. ebe, ho eketsa dikahare Fe, ka tjhelete e ya quartz ho E2 tla lokela ho ba haholo fokotseha hoo e offsets motsamao oa , MnO le P ho sehlahisoa (E2). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Lethathamo 4, quartz e na le tšekamelo e matla ea ho fumana qoso mpe, 'me ka hona ka ho ba sieo ha oa liminerale tse ling le e bonahalang eka e mpe tjhaja boitšoaro ba ho tla ba bonolo ho haholo fokotseha dikahare tsa lona ho sehlahisoa (E2) ka ho ba le fetisetsana pele sebedisa triboelectrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo thekenoloji.
Mohlala, haeba re nahana hore tsohle Fe dikahare ka tailings sampole e amanang ho goethite (FeO(OH)), le hore feela oxides gangue di Sio2, Al2The3 le MnO, ebe dikahare Fe ke sehlahisoa e ne e tla fanoa ke:
Fe(%)=(100-Sio2 – (Al2 The3 + MnO*0.6285
moo, 0.6285 ke karolo ea Fe ka goethite bo hloekileng. Eq.4 tšoantšetsa mochine gaisana mo hore nka sebaka ho tsepamisa mohopolo Fe jwalo AL2The3 + MnO eketsa ha Sio2 decreases.
Bakeng sa sampole itabirite le dikahare Fe ile lekanngoa ka 47.68%. XRD ya data e bontša hore mohato hlaheletseng ke hematite 'me ka hona e lebetsoeng le tse ka finyelloang Fe dikahare ha karohano hloekileng ne ho ka khoneha ka ba haufi le 69.94% (eo ke Fe dikahare tsa hematite e hloekileng). Ha e ntse e ile tšohloa bakeng tailings ho latsoa le ho arohana le hloekileng e ke ke ea khoneha ka Cao, MgO, Al2 The3 ho jara liminerale li fallela ka tsela e tšoanang e le hematite, 'me ka hona ho eketsa Fe dikahare Sio2 dikahare lokela ho tsa fokotswa. A nka hore kaofela ha ea Fe dikahare ka sampole ena e amanang ho hematite (Fe2The3) le hore oxides feela tse liminerale gangue di Sio2, Cao, MgO, Al2The3 le MnO; ebe Fe dikahare ka sehlahisoa e ne e tla fanoa ke:
Fe(%)=(100-Sio2-Cao + MgO +Al2The3+MnO+MOLAO*0.6994
moo, 0.6994 ke karolo ea Fe ka hematite e hloekileng. E lokela ho ba hlokomela hore Eq.5 akarelletsa ho Loi, ha Eq.4 ha. Bakeng sa sampole itabirite, Loi e amanang ho ba teng ha carbonates ha bakeng sa tailings sampole e amanang ho Fe behang liminerale.
Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, bakeng sa tailings bobeli le disampole itabirite hoa khoneha hore motho haholo eketsa dikahare Fe ka ho fokotsa diteng tsa Sio2; Leha ho le joalo, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Eq.4 le Eq.5, e lebetsoeng le tse ka finyelloang dikahare Fe tla lekanyetsoa ka tataiso ea mokhatlo oa le mahloriso tsa oxides amanang ho liminerale gangue.
Ho latela Leano, ea mahloriso ea Fe ka disampole bobeli ba ne ba ka ka ho eketsehileng e ile ea eketseha ka ho ba le fetisetsana bobeli ka kgaoganyo STET oo Cao,MgO Al2 The3 le MnOho jara liminerale ka aroloa ho Fe behang liminerale. karohano joalo e ne e tla khoneha ha ho fetisisa tsa quartz ka sampole e ile tlosoa nakong ea fetisetsana pele. A ho ba sieo tsa quartz, tse ling tsa tse setseng gangue liminerale lokela ho tefo khopolo ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng ya goethite, hematite le magnetite, e neng e tla fella ka ho eketsehileng Fe dikahare. Mohlala, bakeng sa sampole itabirite le thehiloeng ka lefelo la dolomite le hematite ka letoto la lihlooho tse triboelectrostatic (sheba Lethathamo 4), dolomite / hematite karohano e lokela ho ba ho ka khonehang e le dolomite na le tšekamelo e matla ea ho lefisa ntle mabapi le hematite.
Kaha tšohloa ka palo e kahodimodimo dikahare ka finyelloang Fe puisano ka ditlhoko le fepa ka bakeng sa thekenoloji e hlokahala. The STET tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo hloka boitsebiso fepa ka ho ba o omileng le khabeloa fatše. Haholo nyenyane tsa mongobo ka ba le phello e khōlō ho differential tribo-tjhaja 'me ka hona ho fepa ka mongobo lokela ho fokotseha ho <0.5 wt.%. Holim'a moo, the feed material should be ground sufficiently fine to liberate gangue materials and should be at least 100% passing mesh 30 (600 a). At least for the tailings sample, the material would have to be dewatered followed by a thermal drying stage, while for the itabirite sample grinding coupled with, or follow by, thermal drying would be necessary prior to beneficiation with the STET separator.
The tailings sample was obtained from an existing desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration circuit and collected directly from a tailings dam. Typical paste moistures from tailings should be around 20-30% and therefore the tailings would need to be dried by means of liquid-solid separation (dewatering) followed by thermal drying and deagglomeration. The use of mechanical dewatering prior to drying is encouraged as mechanical methods have relative low energy consumption per unit of liquid removed in comparison to thermal methods. About 9.05 Btu are required per pound of water eliminated by means of filtration while thermal drying, ka hlakoreng le leng, requires around 1800 Btu per pound of water evaporated [13]. The costs associated with the processing of iron tailings will ultimately depend on the minimum achievable moisture during dewatering and on the energetic costs associated with drying.
The itabirite sample was obtained directly from an itabirite iron formation and therefore to process this sample the material would need to undergo crushing and milling followed by thermal drying and deagglomeration. One possible option is the use of hot air swept roller mills, in which dual grinding and drying could be achieved in a single step. The costs associated with the processing of itabirite ore will depend on the feed moisture, feed granulometry and on the energetic costs associated to milling and drying.
For both samples deagglomeration is necessary after the material have been dried to ensure particles are liberated from one another. Deagglomeration can be performed in conjunction to the thermal drying stage, allowing for efficient heat transfer and energy savings.
Sephetho bencheng ka tekanyo e hlahiswa mona e bontša bopaki bo matla ba qosa le karohano ea Fe behang liminerale tloha quartz sebelisa triboelectrostatic lebanta karohano.
Bakeng sa tailings sampole Fe dikahare ile ea eketseha ho tloha 29.89% ho 53.75%, ka karolelano, ka lihlahisoa boima ba 23.30%, eo e tšoana le Fe a hlaphoheloe 'me silica hana melao ea boitšoaro ea 44.17% le 95.44%, ho latellana. Bakeng sa sampole itabirite Fe dikahare ile ea eketseha ho tloha 47.68 % ho 57.62%, ka karolelano, ka lihlahisoa boima ba 65.0%, eo e tšoana le Fe a hlaphoheloe 'me silica hana melao ea boitšoaro ea 82.95% le 86.53%, ho latellana. liphetho tsena li ne li phethoa ka kgaoganyo hore ke tse nyenyane tse le ka tlaase ho moo sebetsang hantle ho feta kgaoganyo STET khoebo.
fumanoeng ke liteko li bontša hore e le hore tailings bobeli le disampole itabirite e lebetsoeng le tse ka finyelloang Fe dikahare tla itšetleha ka bonyane ka finyelloang dikahare quartz. Holim'a moo, finyella phahame Fe limaraka ka 'na ha khoneha ka ho ba le fetisetsana bobeli ka kgaoganyo STET lebanta.
Liphello tsa ho ithuta hona o ile a bontša hore tlaase sehlopheng tšepe difaene manya ka ntlafatswa ka STET tribo-electrostatic lebanta kgaoganyo. mosebetsi o eketsehileng ka motsamaisi dimela tekanyo e buelloa ho fumana tšepe mamelisise sehlopheng le ho hlaphoheloa hore ka finyelloang. E Thehiloe ho boiphihlelo, sehlahisoa hlaphoheloa le / kapa sehlopheng tla haholo ho ntlafatsa ka motsamaisi e lokisa tekanyo e, e le bapisoa le sesebediswa bencheng ka tekanyo e teko sebelisoa nakong liteko tsena tšepe manya. The STET tribo-electrostatic karohano ho ka fana ka menyetla ea bohlokoa holim'a mekhoa e tloaelehileng ho e lokisa ya difaene tšepe manya.
