Hiko Beneficiation o Phosphate tokahuke: Arotake o te Mahi Past me Aparauraa o te Pūnaha Separation improvised

Wātea mā te ipurangi i www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect

Procedia Engineering 00 (2015) 000-000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

3Ariki International Symposium i runga i Innovation me te Hangarau i roto i te Ahumahi Phosphate

beneficiation hiko o tokahuke Phosphate: Arotake o te mahi mua

me te matapaki o te pūnaha wehenga ake

J.D. Bittnerhe, S.A.Gasiorowskihe, F.J.Hrachhe, H. Guicherdb *

heST Equiment ko Technology LLC, Needham, Massachusetts, USA

bST Taputapu & hangarau LLC, Avignon, France

Abstract

Kua Beneficiation o tokahuke Phosphate i tukanga hiko maroke kua ngana e ngā kairangahau mai i te o 1940. Ko nga take waiwai mō te whakawhanake i ngā tukanga maroke hoki whakaora Phosphate te nui iti o te wai i roto i te tahi mau rohe maroke, te utu tēnei waka matū, me nga utu puunaha maimoatanga. Ahakoa kore e tukanga hiko whakarato i tētahi rerekē oti ki tēnei waka, kia ai taua mea pai rite te tāpiritanga mo etahi awa pērā i whakaiti whaina / häware ihirangi o te ore i mua ki te tēnei waka, tukatuka o tailings tēnei waka mō te ora o te hua ngaro, me te whakaiti pānga taiao. Ahakoa whakamana nui mahi i te whakamahi i rua takai mānukanuka nui, me te freefall whakawehe i unahi taiwhanga, anake te taunakitanga o te tāutanga arumoni ko te circa 1940 "Johnson" tukanga i Pierce Mine FL; Kahore he kahore taunakitanga i roto i te tuhinga o te whakamahi arumoni o nāianei o electrostatics, ahakoa kaha moni i roto i ngā tukanga maroke tonu hoki te whakamahi i roto i ngā rohe maroke. Ko te ngā kaupapa rangahau korerotia haapapu e teuteu whāngai (pāmahana, whakarōpū rahi, āpiha conditioning) whai i te pānga nui i runga i te mahinga. Ahakoa kua etahi māvaé pai kua tutuki mā te tango i takawai i phosphates, a ki tauira iti o te konupūmā me te dolomite i Phosphate, He iti pai ina e kitea poke maha nga hua. tonu te mahi rangahau ki te whakamahine atu enei tikanga, engari whāititanga taketake i runga i te pūnaha hiko tikanga ngā kaha iti, te hiahia mō ngā wāhanga maha hoki e tika ana whakahoutanga o ore, me ngā raruraru whakahaere meinga e whaina. Kia ētahi o enei fakangatangata e hinga e tukanga hiko hōu tae atu i te whakawehe triboelectric whitiki.

© 2015 Ko te Kaitito. I whakaputaina e Elsevier Ltd.

Peer arotake-i raro i te hopoi'a o te Komiti Scientific o SYMPHOS 2015.

kupumatua: Phosphate, hiko; wehenga; kohuke; matūriki pai; tukanga maroke

*Kaituhi hāngai: Teremera: +33-4-8912-0306 E-mēra wāhitau: guicherdh@steqtech.com

1877-7058 © 2015 Ko te Kaitito. I whakaputaina e Elsevier Ltd.

Peer arotake-i raro i fatongia o te Komiti Scientific o SYMPHOS 2015.

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

1. mahi korerotia i runga i beneficiation hiko o tokahuke Phosphate

kukū pākawa i tokahuke taiao kua roa kua whakamana e te momo o tikanga mā te whakamahi i ētahi wā nui moni o te wai. Heoi, e tika ana ki te kaimahi o te wai i ngā putunga Phosphate huri noa te ao, me te whakanui ake utu o tukua me maimoatanga puunaha, te whanaketanga o te whai hua, Ko tino minaminatia tukanga maroke ōhanga.

Methods mō te maroke tukatuka hiko o tokahuke Phosphate kua whakaarohia, ka faaite i te pauna iti hoki mo 70 tau. Heoi, Kua rawa iti tono arumoni o enei tikanga. Ko te "tukanga Johnson" [1] I whakamahia arumoni tīmata i roto i 1938 mo te wā o te wā i te tipu American Agricultural Chemical Company tata Pierce Florida USA. whakamahia tēnei tukanga te raupapa rawa matatini o electrodes takai (Figure 1) mo te kukū atamira maha o te ora Phosphate i tailings washery deslimed, tēnei waka mua aro-, tailings tēnei waka ranei. tīmata ki 15.4% P2Ko te5 a 57.3% rauemi rewakore i roto i te tailings pai, i roto i te huinga o te whakarōpūtanga rahi, desliming, me te preconditioning o nga tailings maroke, te rauemi ki 33.7% P2Ko te5 a anake 6.2% i ora ake rewakore. I roto i te tahi atu tauira, whakahoutanga o tailings tēnei waka ki 2.91% P2Ko te5 hua i roto i te hua o 26.7% P2Ko te5 ki te 80% whakaora. kite Johnson e ko reira tika ki te hamani i te tailings washery ki tauhohenga matū te nuinga whakamahia i roto i te waka Phosphate ki te whiwhi māka Phosphate tiketike, me te whakaora. Ia faahiti āta te whai huatanga o te hinu wahie, me te fatty waikawa rite tauhohenga.

Figure 1, Johnson tukanga taputapu me te whārangi rere US Patent 2,135,716 a 2,197,865, 1940 [1][2]

Ahakoa faahiti tenei tāutatanga arumoni te i roto i te tuhinga e rite ana tīmata e pā ana ki 1938, ehara i te mea mārama pehea ngā ranei mo pehea te roa i whakamahia tenei tukanga. I roto i tona whakarāpopototanga o te mana o māvaé hiko ki runga ki 1961, Ko te. C. Ralston

[3]tuhi i tāutatia rima whakawehe Johnson nui ia tukatuka e pā ana ki 10 taranata / hr o -20 mata kai. ko ia whakawehe 10 Pīrori tiketike ki te ngaohiko tono o 20 kV. No te tahi atu concentrators Phosphate arumoni-tauine whakamahi electrostatics i tāuta i roto i Florida rite ki Ralston. I runga i te whakaahuatanga taputapu tukanga, te kaituhi

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

Kua mutu i pai iti i roto i te pā ana te kaha whānui o te tukanga ki te kaha o ētahi atu tukanga, taua tēnei waka rite mākū. kaha iti me nga utu o maroke te ore kai i keri mākū i roto i Florida he pea te take mō te whāiti te tono atu o te tukanga i roto i te 1940 me te 1950.

I roto i te 1950 a me kaimahi o 1960 mō te International Minerals & matū Corporation (IMC) korenga i te tono o maroke tukanga wehenga hiko mō te kohuke beneficiation. i Floridian tukatuka Phosphate ore o ngā moni ki IMC. whakamahia te mahi IMC he hoahoa hinga whakawehe noa ētahi wā ki te matūriki tohutohutia whakarei e haere i roto i te agitator impactor taua ranei rite te hama tokotoko ranei mira. [4] He ārai muri [5] ngā etahi whakarei o te wehenga mā te whakamahi i peihana o rauemi rerekē, ahakoa te ārai whakamutunga i roto i te raupapa

[6]mutu e matūriki whakapā tohutohutia i te pāmahana teitei (>70° F) Ko atu whai hua atu i te whakamahi i te pūnaha rihi. E whakaaturia tauira māngai o hua korerotia i roto i enei Mua i roto i te Ripanga 1.

ripanga 1. hua korerotia i International Minerals & matū Mua 1955-1965

korenga i te ngā Mua IMC te mana o te rahi matūriki, tae atu tukatuka o ngā motu mata takitahi, ahakoa whai wāhi rawa pai iti te mahi (<45 μm) matūriki. rerekē conditioning Tauira whānui, tae atu whakatikatikanga pāmahana, horoi i mua, me te whakamaroke, me ngā tikanga whakamaroke rerekē (whakamaroke autaki, whakamaroke flash, rama wera ki awhe roangaru IR motuhake). poke rerekē (i.e. silicates versus pākawa waro) hiahiatia rerekē tikanga whāwhā me te pretreatment ki arotau te wehenga. Ahakoa ko reira mārama i te whakaahuatanga ārai i ngana IMC ki te whakawhanake i tētahi tukanga tauine arumoni, e kore e whakamātautau o te tuhinga tohu i ake hanga he tāutanga taua ka whakahaeretia i tetahi pae IMC.

I roto i a te 1960 mahi pū i runga i pākawa waro kei roto tokahuke Phosphate i Te Tai Tokerau Carolina i whakamana i te taiwhanga Te Tai Tokerau Carolina State University Minerals Rangahau, [9] Mā te whakamahi i te freefall whakawehe tauine taiwhanga me te ranunga waihanga o te anga whenua pākawa waro, me te Phosphate kareti tēnei waka ririki i roto i te whānuitanga rahi rawa kuiti (-20ki +48 mata), whakakitea te rangahau e preconditioning te rauemi ki te moheuheu fatty ranei waikawa waikawa awe te tiaki whanaunga o te Phosphate rite rānei pai kino ranei. Āhua i whiwhi koi māvaé. Heoi, ka whakamahi i te ore tūturu kei roto i te nui o whaina, i taea anake māvaé rawakore. Ko te wehenga pūrongohia pai i te toenga i tēnei waka whakahoutanga ki te P tuatahi2Ko te5 kukū o 8.2% ora ake te hua o 22.1% P2Ko te5. korerotia No taumata whakaora i. pērā, tetahi o nga uauatanga korerotia ko te hanga-ake o whaina ki runga ki nga electrodes whakawehe.

mahi atu i runga i te wehenga hiko o Te Tai Tokerau Carolina Phosphate te whakamahi i te momo takai mānukanuka nui whakawehe

[10]mutu e ia ko taea te wehenga o te Phosphate me te kiripaka, i tōtika whakamaroke utu. Heoi, hoatu e he maroke tokahuke Phosphate calcined, fokotu'u mai nga kairangahau e kia kia taea wehenga hiko o taua tokahuke. Wehenga o phosphates calcined i rawakore i roto i te mahi korerotia. puta wehenga ki kia pā ana ki te rahi matūriki, kaua ki te hanganga. ngā whakapaitanga Fokotu◊u ki te whakamahi o ētahi atu pūnaha wehenga hiko, tauhohenga ki te whakarei ake matūriki tohutohutia āhuatanga me whakarahinga mata rawa tata o ngā rauemi. Kahore he taunakitanga e tetahi whakamana mahi whai-ake i runga i tenei kaupapa.

Ahua mua mahi mā te whakamahi i ngā whakawehe takai nui-mānukanuka [11] āta tango konumohe, me te rino pūhui i ore oma-o-toku i Florida. maroke te ore i, mongamonga, a āta rahi mua ki te wehenga. Ko te P2Ko te5 I nui haere kukū marginally i 30.1% ki 30.6% engari te tango o nga pūhui Al ko Fe whakahohea te whakaora muri pai nui i ngā tikanga tēnei waka. fakatātaa'i tenei mahi te whakamahi o te whakawehe hiko ki te whakatika i te raruraru ki te ore motuhake e iti tukatuka mākū tikanga.

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

Me tūhuratanga ki te wehenga o te maha atu rauemi, Ciccu me tahi-kaimahi whakamatauria te wehenga o te momo o tokahuke Phosphate tae atu puna i India, Algeria, Tunisia, ko Angola. [12] ko wehenga hiko o te moni hei kē ki tēnei waka i te hi'oraa ōhanga tika ki te meka e kua kitea putunga nui o phosphates i roto i ngā rohe maroke. [13] Mā te taiwhanga-tauine whakawehe hinga noa ki te "turbocharger", i taea ki te whiwhi hua wehenga rite ki tukanga tēnei waka i tokahuke ki tito gangue āhua ohie enei kairangahau. Tüturu, kitea e ratou e Phosphate i ako pai i roto i te aroaro o te takawai, engari kino i roto i te aroaro o te konupūmā. Heoi, ki te roto i te ore nui moni o rua takawai me te pākawa waro, Ko rawakore te wehenga hiko ka whakamatauria tukanga tēnei waka atu ngāwari mō te whiwhi māvaé mahi. Mai i rangahau o te pānga o te turbocharger runga tohutohutia o matūriki takitahi, faaoti enei kairangahau e whakatupato i te rauemi gangue matua i te matūriki-matūriki whakapā, nui atu i te whakapā atu ki te mata turbocharger. [13] [14] Ka tohutohutia i hoki tino tairongo ki rauemi pāmahana, ki te wehenga pai riro anake i runga 100 ° C. I tua atu, te aroaro o te rauemi pai meinga raruraru i roto i te whakawehe me hua pai whakawhirinaki i runga i whakarahinga tupato o matūriki i roto i runga ki te toru rahi awhe mua ki te wehenga. aroaro te whakarāpopototanga o te hua i tenei rōpū i roto i Ripanga 2. No tonu- puta tono tauine ki kua i whakatinanahia e hāngai ana i runga i tenei mahi.

ripanga 2. hua korerotia i Ciccu, a. al. i taiwhanga-tauine whakawehe hinga noa

i ako wehenga hiko o te ore Ihipa e Hammoud, et al. te whakamahi i te taiwhanga-tauine hinga free whakawehe. [15] Te ore e whakamahia ana i roto matua takawai me ētahi atu rewakore ki te P tuatahi2Ko te5 kukū o 27.5%. i te hua ora ake te P2Ko te5 kukū o 33% ki te 71.5% whakaora.

He ako atu o te ore Ihipa ki gangue matua siliceous i whakahaere e Abouzeid, et al. te whakamahi i te whakawehe taiwhanga takai. [16] rapu āta nga kairangahau ki te tāutu i ngā rautaki maroke ki te aro me te / ranei tokahuke dedust Phosphate i roto i rohe ki te hapa wai. whiwhi tenei ako he hua ki 30% P2Ko te5 i te rauemi whāngai ki 18.2 % P2Ko te5 ki te whakaora o 76.3 % i muri i whakarahinga tupato o te rauemi ki te whānuitanga kuiti i waenganui i 0.20 mm me 0.09 mm.

I roto i te tuhinga arotake muri uhi i te whānuitanga ki tonu o tukanga beneficiation mo te ora Phosphate, korerotia Abouzeid e ia i angitu i roto i tokahuke whakahoutanga Phosphate tikanga wehenga hiko mā te tango i takawai me pākawa waro, iti te kaha iti o te whakawehe e wātea ana ratou whakamahinga mō te production arumoni. [17]

i ako wehenga hiko o tokahuke Florida tata e Stencel me Jian te whakamahi i te taiwhanga rere-thru free- hinga whakawehe. [18] Ko te whāinga ko te ki te tautuhi i te kaupapa tukatuka kē tāpiri ranei ki te pūnaha tēnei waka roa-whakamahia mai i kore i taea te whakamahi tēnei waka i runga i te rauemi o iti iho i te 105 μm. I landfilled noa tēnei rauemi pai, hua i roto i te mate o tata 30% o te Phosphate keri tuatahi. whakamatauria deslimed ratou ore raw, whāngai tēnei waka pai, ngaru kareti tēnei waka, me aro whiwhi tēnei waka whakamutunga i ngā tipu tukatuka rua i roto i Florida i auau kai ki runga ki 14 kg / haora i roto i te whakawehe taiwhanga-tauine. korerotia hua wehenga pai i ki te kai tēnei waka pai (+0.1 mm; ~ 12% P2Ko te5) i tetahi puna i ake ki 21-23% P2Ko te5 i roto i te rua whitinga ki 81- 87% P2Ko te5 whakaora i te patoi takawai matua rewakore. i tutuki hua e rite, no te tribocharging te kai mā te whakamahi i rānei te ngongo tuku whāhauhau he tribo-rihi tītaka ranei.

Ko te rangahau tino tata korerotia ki te wehenga hiko o tokahuke Phosphate ētahi hoahoatia pūnaha ki pai ake te arotau i mea ai o nga rauemi i mua ki te whakataki ki te whakawehe hinga noa, Tao ko Al-Hwaiti [19] tāutuhia e kahore he whakamahi arumoni o electrostatics mō beneficiation Phosphate tika ki te pūnaha iti

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

puta, kakama iti me te hiahia ki te mahi tahi me tuwha rahi matūriki kuiti. rapua āta ēnei kairangahau ki te hinga i te kiato tiaki matūriki iti e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha ti'aturi i runga i te korakora ki te matūriki whakapā pānga ranei i runga i te pūnaha utu ohie. Mahi ki te ore HŌTENE ki matua gangue takawai, i mongamonga te rauemi ki -1.53 peka mm me āta ki te tango rauemi i raro 0.045 mm. whakanoho iho te tauine iti taiwhanga noa-hinga whakawehe i ki te rihi hurihuri hou hangaia hangaia ki te puoto tū me te pahū hurihuri, rihi ranei, me te wāhi annular i roto i waenganui i. I whakamahia tētahi supply mana waho ki te tono i tētahi pūmanawa hiko i waenganui i te pahū nohopuku tītaka me te rango pahoho. I muri ka tohutohutia i whakapā ki te pahū hurihuri, te matūriki tika ki te kaiwehe noa-hinga tikanga. Te mahi ki 100 rahi puranga karamu, me te tīmata ki te kai i peka P2Ko te5 ihirangi o 23.8%, i muri i rua whitinga he kareti ki runga ki 32.11% P2Ko te5 i ora ake, ahakoa anake ki te ora whānui o 29%.

I roto i te kaha ki te beneficiate whaina Phosphate (< 0.1 mm), Bada et al. mahi he kaiwehe hinga noa ki te pūnaha tohutohutia tītaka tino rite ki taua o Tao a.[20]. ko i te kareti tēnei waka kei roto whaina ki te P te rauemi tīmata2Ko te5 o 28.5%. He hua o 34.2% P2Ko te5 i ora ake engari ano ki te auau whakaora iti o 33.4%.

Tenei "hurihuri triboelectrostatic whakawehe noa-hinga" i tono ano ki te beneficiation maroke o phosphates e Sobhy ko tao. [21] Mahi ki te Phosphate ririki dolomitic mongamonga i Florida ki te whānuitanga rahi matūriki rawa whānui (1.25 mm – <0.010 mm), he kareti Phosphate ki 1.8% MgO me 47% P2Ko te5 i whakaputaina whakaora i te kai tīmata ki āhua 23% P2Ko te5 a 2.3% MgO. i tutuki nga hua tino arotau i runga i te pūrere taiwhanga-tauine ka kai 9 kg / hr me - 3kV tono ki te rihi hurihuri. korerotia te tōtika wehenga i ki kia iti e rua whakaoranga rawakore o rauemi i roto i te matūriki nui me te pokanoa o te rahi matūriki rerekē i roto i te ruma wehenga.

i tutuki pai hua ka tukatuka te tauira kai tēnei waka ki te whaiti korakora tohatoha rahi o 1 ki 0.1 mm. Ki te P tuatahi2Ko te5 ihirangi o āhua 10%, i whiwhi tauira hua ki āhua 25% P2Ko te5 ihirangi, P2Ko te5 whakaora o 90%, me te makanga o 85% o te kiripaka. I tuhia tēnei tōtika faaite rite nui, pai atu i taua whiwhi ki te kaiwehe noa-hinga ki te pūnaha e mea atu tikanga rite whakamahia e Stencel [18] whakaatu i te painga o te rihi hurihuri hou hangaia. Processing he kareti tēnei waka kei roto 31.7% P2Ko te5 hua i roto i te hua o nui ake i 35% P2Ko te5 ki te whakaora o 82%. tuhia tēnei whakahoutanga i ki kia pai atu i taea e tēnei waka.

Tenei kaiwehe tauine taiwhanga ki te whanui pūnaha wehenga o 7.5 i whakaahuatia cm me te mea he kaha o 25 kg / hr, ōrite ki 1/3 tone / hr / mita o te whanui. Heoi, whakakitea nga pānga korerotia o te auau kai i runga i te wehenga pai i whiwhi māvaé tino pai i anake 9 kg / hr paku i runga i tetahi-toru te kaha ränei o te pūnaha ranei.

whānui, Kua mahi o mua i runga i whakahoutanga hiko o tokahuke Phosphate kua iti e te utu whanaunga o te gangue matatini me te mana tuukino o pānga rahi matūriki, i roto i te ngā, te pānga o whaina. Ko te nuinga nui o te mahi whai wāhi taputapu tauine taiwhanga anake ki kahore he whakamanatanga e tauine arumoni, tonu i taea te whakamahi taputapu whakahaeretia. I tua atu, kua hanga nga aravihi iti o wātea taputapu tukanga hiko tono arumoni tōtōā te.

2. Whāititanga o tikanga tukanga wehenga hiko

mānukanuka High takai pūnaha wehenga hiko rite whakamahia e Groppo [10] ko Kouloheris et al. [11] Kei te whakamahia mō te whakahou i te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi, ina, ko te nui ake conductive atu etahi kotahi wae. I roto i enei tukanga, Me whakapā atu te rauemi he pahū tangata whenua pereti ranei te nuinga i muri e te matūriki rauemi tōraro whakatupato e te rere kurahauao ionizing. ka ngaro rauemi conductive tiaki ratou hohoro, ka kia maka i te pahū. te kore- tonu rauemi conductive ki te kia ngā ki te pahū mai e ore oioi atu āta te tiaki, a ka hinga ranei kia pania i te pahū i muri i te wehenga i te rauemi whakahaere.

Ko te hoahoa e whai ake nei (Figure 2) whakaatu nga āhuatanga taketake o tenei momo o te whakawehe. Ēnei tukanga Ko

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

iti i roto i te kaha e tika ana ki te whakapā e hiahiatia ana o nga korakora ki te pahū paraharaha ranei. Kei te whāiti hoki te tōtika o enei whakawehe drum pukapuka ki matūriki o e pā ana ki 0.1mm nui i roto i te rahi e tika ana ki te hiahia e rua ki te whakapā atu i te paraharaha tūāpapa me te akiaki rere matūriki hiahiatia ranei. Ka whai hoki matūriki o rerekē te rahi o rerekē akiaki rere tika ki ngā pānga inertial a ka hua i roto i te wehenga inā.

Figure 2: Drum whakawehe hiko (Elder a Yan, 2003 [22]

Ko te iti tono ngana ki te Phosphate beneficiation he tika ki te āhua kore-conductive o e rua phosphates me rauemi gangue angamaheni. kite Kouloheris matua etahi tango o rino, me te konumohe kei roto matūriki e, e tika ana ki to ratou natura conductive, Kei te "maka" i te takai. e kore te mea noa aroaro o tenei ahua o te rauemi i roto i tokahuke Phosphate. tuhia Groppo e anake te rauemi e i "pinea" ki te takai hei "kaiwhakahaere-kore" he whaina, tohu i te wehenga i te rahi matūriki, kaua ki te hanganga rauemi. [9] Ki te taea okotahi onge, e kore e Nireaha ki te beneficiation tokahuke Phosphate i whakawehe takai mānukanuka tiketike.

Kua hoki whakawehe takai Drum kua whakamahia i roto i whirihoranga e whakawhirinaki i runga i utu triboelectric o matūriki, kaua ki te tohutohutia piri e ionization piri e te mara nui-mānukanuka. Kotahi atu ranei electrodes tūnga runga ake te pahū, pērā i te "pateko" kawehiko faahoho'ahia i roto i te Whakaahua 2, E whakamahi ki "hiki" matūriki o tiaki ritenga i te mata pahū. i whakamahia te pūnaha taua e Abouzeid, et al. [16] nei i kitea e puta ke wehenga tōtika i runga i te wehenga tawhiti kei a tono he ngaohiko o te kawehiko pateko. Ko te Tukanga Johnson [1] whakamahia tetahi rerekētanga o te whakawehe pahū takai. Heoi, te iti kaha me te kakama o te pūnaha takai kotahi arata'i ki te pūnaha rawa matatini pērā i faahoho'ahia i roto i te Whakaahua 1. Ka rite ki kī i runga ake, puta te reira e tenei matatini me te koretake whānui o te tukanga rawatia iti tona tono.

e kore e māvaé Triboelectrostatic iti ki te wehenga o conductive / kore-conductive rauemi engari whakawhirinaki i runga i te āhuatanga o te whakawhitinga tiaki i whakapā waku o ngā rauemi ki te matū mata Nä. Tenei āhuatanga i whakamahia i roto i "hinga noa" tukanga wehenga mo tekau tau. faahoho'ahia i te tukanga taua i roto i te Whakaahua 3. Wae o te ranunga o matūriki tuatahi whakawhanake rerekē utu i te whakapā rānei ki te mata whakarewa, rite i roto i te-rihi tribo, ranei i te matūriki ki matūriki whakapā, rite i roto i te pūrere kai moenga fluidized. Ka rite ki hinga nga matūriki roto te

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

mara hiko i roto i te rohe kawehiko, e whakakotititia poroāwhio o ia korakora te ki te kawehiko o tiaki ritenga. I muri i te tetahi tawhiti, E mahi rāpihi kohinga ki wehe i te awa. utanga Angamaheni rapua e wāhanga whakawehe maha ki hangarua o te hautanga middling. whakamahi ētahi pūrere i te awa on o hau ki te āwhina i te tuku o te matūriki i roto i te rohe kawehiko.

Figure 5: "Hinga Free" whakawehe triboelectrostatic

Engari i te kei anake i runga i korakora ki te korakora whakapā ki te kaha ai whakawhiti tiaki, maha ngā pūnaha o tenei momo whakamahi i te wāhanga "rihi" tito o te rauemi tīpakohia ki ranei kahore ngaohiko tono ki te whakarei ake i korakora utu. I roto i te o 1950, whakawakia Lawver te whakamahi i ngā pūrere, tae atu i te mira hama me mira tokotoko ki te recharge rauemi i waenganui i ngā wāhanga wehenga [4] me te peihana pereti ohie o ngā rauemi. [5] [6] Heoi, faaoti Lawver e ko rauemi pāmahana o fakaehaua faufaa me matūriki-matūriki whakawhiti tiaki i runga ambient pāmahana whakaratohia pai hua atu i te whakamahi o te rihi. Lounge et al. [12] whakawakia te tohu whanaunga o te whakawhitinga tiaki, ka mutu e rauemi gangue iti riro tiaki matua i roto i matūriki-matūriki whakapā tika ki te tūponotanga iti o te pānga auau ki te paraharaha rihi. whakaatu tenei i te whāititanga ki te whakamahi o ngā pūnaha rihi: Me whakapā atu matūriki katoa te mata rihi kia kia āhua iti te auau kai. Ka taea te whakapai ake Whakapā mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga ririhau mō te tuku i te rauemi mā te whakamahi i te wāhi mata nui neke rihi ranei. Ko te mahi tata o Tao [19] ko Bada [20] ko Sobhy [21] te whakamahi i te rihi tītaka āta hangaia ki te ngaohiko ka whakamahia, engari anake i runga i te taiwhanga whakawehe tauine iti rawa. Kua Ahakoa kua whakakitea tenei hoahoa rihi ake ki te kia pai ki te pūnaha pakeke, He tino iti tonu faaite aravihi tukatuka o enei pūnaha. [21]

Tenei momo o free whakawehe hinga hoki he whāititanga i roto i te rahi o te matūriki o te rauemi e taea te tukatuka. Me whakahaere te rere i roto i te rohe kawehiko kia ki whakaiti arepurepuraa ki te karo "meatanga" o te wehenga. Ko te poroāwhio o matūriki pai e atu mahia e arepurepu mai te ope rou aerodynamic i runga i matūriki pai e nui nui atu i nga ope tō me te hiko. Ka taea te hinga i tēnei raruraru ki te tohu, ki te tukatuka rauemi ki ngā rahi matūriki āhua kuiti te. He nui o te rangahau kōrero i runga ake ngā rauemi mua āta-ki rerekē awhe rahi i roto i te tikanga ki te arotau wehenga. [5] [6] [7] [9] [12] [14] [16] [19] [20] [21] Ko te

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

rerekētanga o 8 ki 20 kV. Ko te whitiki, hanga e te o te kirihou whakahaere-kore, Ko te mata nui ki e pā ana ki 60% wāhi tuwhera. Ka taea e ngāwari te matūriki tika na waenganui i te rua i roto i te whitiki. Ki runga ki te urunga ki te āputa i waenganui i te electrodes e ngā te matūriki tōraro whakatupato e te ope mara hiko ki te kawehiko pai raro. e ngā te matūriki pai whakatupato ki te kawehiko runga tōraro whakatupato. He tāupe i te tere o te whitiki koropiko tonu 4 ki 20m / s. Ko te āhuahanga o te whenu ripeka-aronga kaimahi ki tahi i te matūriki atu nga electrodes neke ratou ki te pito tika o te whakawehe, me te hoki ki te rohe kutikuti tiketike i waenganui i nga wāhanga oppositely neke o te whitiki. No te mea he pera tiketike i roto i te āputa i waenganui i te electrodes te kiato tau matūriki (āhua kotahi- te toru nohoia te rōrahi e matūriki) a kei te kaha te puehu te rere, i reira e maha collisions i waenganui i ngā korakora, me te utu tino pai e tupu tonu puta noa i te rohe wehenga. Ko te rere counter-o nāianei piri e te wāhanga whitiki oppositely neke me te re-ka tohutohutia me anō-wehenga tuturu hanga te counter wehenga multistage nāianei i roto i te taputapu kotahi. Tenei utu tonu, me te recharging o matūriki i roto i te whakawehe faaore tetahi pūnaha "rihi" hiahiatia mua ki te whakauru rauemi ki te whakawehe, ko te kupu tango i te fakangatangata nui i runga i te kaha o ētahi atu whakawehe hiko. Ko te putanga o tenei whakawehe ko rua awa, he kareti me te toenga, kahore te awa middlings. Kua te tōtika o tenei whakawehe kua whakakitea ki te kia ōrite ki te āhua e toru ngā wāhanga o noa-hinga wehenga ki middlings tukurua.

Mineral A Whakamutunga

Figure 7: Fundamentals o STET Belt Whakawehe

Ko te wehenga tino pai o matūriki iti iho i te 0.5 hanga mm tenei he kōwhiringa pai, me te kï hoki wehenga o whaina (puehu) i te mahi huri maroke hopi. Ka taea e te kaiwehe STET tukatuka i te whānui o ngā rahi matūriki ngā pai waho te hiahia mō te whakarōpū ki awhe rahi kuiti. No te mea o te rōpū, maia, te auau kutikuti tiketike i waenganui i nga whitiki neke, a ki te kaha hapai i matūriki rawa pai (<0.001 mm) kia whai hua i roto i wehe häware ore Phosphate ai te whakawehe ST kua rahua te wahi atu whakawehe hiko.

3.1 Capital me te Whakahaere Utu

I whakahau ano he ako utu whakatairite i te STET me whakahaere e Soutex Inc. [25] Soutex Ko te kamupene engineering hāngai Quebec Canada ki wheako whānui i roto i rua tēnei waka maku, me te hiko te aromātai tukanga wehenga me te hoahoa. whakaritea te ako te whakapaipai me te whakahaere utu o triboelectrostatic tukanga whitiki wehenga ki tēnei waka pahuka tikanga mo te beneficiation o te barite ore iti-kōeke. i tata nga utu whakahaere ki ngā mahi whakahaere, tiaki, pūngao (hiko me te wahie), me Whakapau (e.g, utu kaiwhakahohe matū mō te tēnei waka). hāngai ana te utu tāuru i runga i ngā uara angamaheni mo te tipu hypothetical kei tata Battle Mountain, Nevada USA. I tatau te katoa utu o te mana i runga i kotahi tekau nga tau i te whakapaipai me te whakahaere utu mā te mana'o i te

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

8% auau hekenga. He hakari rite ōrau whanaunga i roto i te Ripanga nga hua o te whakarite utu 3. ripanga 3. Tauritenga Utu mō Barite Processing

Ko paku iti iho i te mo te waka i te tapeke utu hoko o taputapu whakapaipai mo te tukanga wehenga whitiki triboelectrostatic. Heoi, no te tatau te katoa whakapaunga whakapaipai te ki ngā tāutanga taputapu, taiepa, me te hiko utu, me ngā utu hanga tukanga, Ko nui te rerekētanga. Ko te tapeke utu whakapaipai mo te tukanga wehenga whitiki triboelectrostatic ko 63.2% o te utu o te tukanga tēnei waka. Ko te utu tino raro hoki i te tukanga maroke hua i te whārangi rere ngāwari. Ko te utu whakahaere mo te tukanga wehenga whitiki triboelectrostatic ko 75.5% o te tukanga tēnei waka e tika ana ki te nuinga o raro whakaritenga kaimahi whakahaere me te raro kohi pūngao.

Ko tino iti iho i te mo te waka te tapeke utu o te mana o te tukanga wehenga whitiki triboelectrostatic. Ko te kaituhi ako, Soutex Inc., mutu e tuku te tukanga whitiki wehenga triboelectrostatic painga kitea i roto i CAPEX, OPEX, me te tapatahi whakahaere.

4. whakarāpopototanga

Ahakoa kua beneficiation o Phosphate tokahuke e tukanga hiko maroke kua ngana e ngā kairangahau mai i te o 1940 i reira kua whakamahi rohe rawa o taua tukanga i runga i te tauine arumoni. Ko te angitu iti kua tika ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga attributable ki te whakaaro pūnaha kaiwhakawehe me te matatini o te tokahuke.

faaineineraa whāngai (pāmahana, whakarōpū rahi, āpiha conditioning) kua he pānga nui i runga i mahi o nga pūnaha wehenga. Whai wāhitanga mō te mahi anō i roto i tenei rohe, i roto i ngā ki te tūhura o āpiha conditioning matū whakarei i te utu pārōnaki o matūriki ki taea ai te kakama nui i roto i te wehenga muri. Ko te whakamahi o taua āpiha tiaki-whakakē kia hua i roto i ngā tukanga e taea pai te beneficiate tokahuke ki rauemi gangue matatini, tae atu e rua silicates me pākawa waro.

Ahakoa tonu te mahi ki te whakamahine atu enei tikanga, whāititanga taketake i runga i te pūnaha hiko tikanga ngā kaha, te hiahiatia mō ngā wāhanga maha hoki e tika ana whakahoutanga o ore, me ngā raruraru whakahaere meinga e whaina. I roto i te tikanga mō te tono arumoni-tauine taea o nga tikanga taiwhanga whakaatu, Me hanga nui ngā whakapaitanga kia ki haapapû pono, mahi tonu, kahore kinonga o pai.

Ko te whakawehe STET triboelectric whakarato te ahumahi tukatuka kohuke te tikanga ki te beneficiate rauemi pai ki te hangarau katoa maroke. Ka taea e te tukanga taiao faaore mākū tukatuka me te whakamaroke hiahiatia o te rauemi whakamutunga. E whakahaerehia ana te tukanga STET i kaha nui - ki runga ki 40 tana ia haora e te mīhini kiato. Ka taea e te kaiwehe STET tukatuka i te whānui o ngā rahi matūriki ngā pai waho te hiahia mō te whakarōpū ki awhe rahi kuiti. No te mea o te rōpū, maia, te auau kutikuti tiketike i waenganui i nga whitiki neke, a ki te kaha hapai i matūriki rawa pai (<0.001 mm) kia whai hua i roto i te wehe häware i tokahuke Phosphate ai te whakawehe STET kua rahua te wahi atu whakawehe hiko. he iti Energy kohi, āhua 1-2 kWh / tana o rauemi tukatuka. Mai te tukunga pea anake o te tukanga ko te puehu, Ko te nuinga āhua ngāwari tukua.

J.D. Bittner he Procedia Engineering al./ 00 (2015) 000-000

Tohutoro

[1]H. B. Johnson, Tukatuka o te tutonu i Minerals Phosphate ◊Oku hanga, Patent United States # 2,135,716, Whiringa, 1938

[2]H. B. Johnson, Tukatuka o te tutonu i Minerals Phosphate ◊Oku hanga, Patent United States # 2,197,865, April, 1940.

[3]O.C. Ralston, Wehewehenga hiko o Solids potakataka Mixed, Elsevier Publishing Company, i roto o te tā, 1961.

[4]J.E. Lawver, Ore Beneficiation Tikanga US Patent 2723029 Whiringa 1955

[5]J.E. Lawver, Beneficiation o Non-konganuku kohuke. US Patent 2,754,965 Hōngongoi 1956

[6]J.E. Lawver, Beneficiation o Phosphate tokahuke US Patent 3,225,923 Hakihea 1965

[7]C. C. Cook, Beneficiation Tikanga me te taputapu reira, Patent United States # 2,738,067, Maehe, 1956

[8]J.E. Lawver, Beneficiation o Non-konganuku kohuke. US Patent 2,805,769 Mahuru 1957

[9]D. G. Freasby, Free-hinga wehenga hiko o te Phosphate me te konupūmā matūriki, Minerals Report Kaunuku Taiwhanga Research, Hakihea, 1966

[10]J.G. Groppo, wehenga hiko o phosphates Te Tai Tokerau Carolina, Te Tai Tokerau Carolina State University Minerals Rangahau Report Laboratory

# 80-22-P, 1980

[11]A.P. Kouloheris, M.S. Huang, tangohanga maroke me te purenga o pōhatu Phosphate i toka rere-o-aku, Patent United States # 3,806,046, April 1974

[12]R. Brillante, C. Delfa, G.B. painga, P. Carbini, L. Whakahoroa, P. Saba1972 Ētahi whakamātautau o te wehenga hiko tono ki phosphates ki gangue pākawa waro ', International Mineral Processing Congress, University o Cagliari, Italy

[13]R. Brillante, M. haere, Beneficiation o kikokore tokahuke Phosphate parataiao i tēnei waka whiriwhiri wehenga hiko ranei, Proceedings, hui FIPR 1993, 135-146.

[14]R. Brillante, M. haere, G. Ferrara tribocharging whiriwhiri o matūriki mō te wehenga, Kona Paura ko Korakora Journal 1993, 11, 5-15.

[15]N.S. Hammoud, A. E. Khazback, M.M. ranei, 1977 He tukanga ki te whakapai ake i te phosphates kikokore kore-oxidized matatini o Abu Tartur Plateau

(koraha Western)". International Mineral Processing Conference.

[16]A.Z.M. Abouzeid, A. E. Khazback, S.A. Hassan, Whakahoutanga o tokahuke Phosphate i te wehenga hiko, Te huri hira o Mineral Processing, 1996, 161-170.

[17]A.Z.M. Abouzeid, maimoatanga tinana me te waiariki o tokahuke Phosphate - He tirohanga whānui, International Journal o Mineral Processing, 2008, 85, 59-84.

[18]J.M. Stencel, X. Jiang Transport whāhauhau, Triboelectric Beneficiation mo te Florida Phosphate Ahumahi, rite Report Whakamutunga mo te Institute o Research Phosphate Florida, Project FIPR 01-02-149R, Hakihea 2003.

[19]D. tangata, M. Al-Hwaiti, Beneficiation ako o Eshidiya phosphorites te whakamahi i te whakawehe triboelectrostatic hurihuri, Mining Pūtaiao me te Hangarau 20 (2010) pp. 357-364.

[20]S. Ko te. Ki te, I.M. Falcon, R.M.S. Falcon, C.P, Bergmann, ako whai huanga i runga i te kukū triboelectrostatic o <105μm Phosphate ore. Ko te Journal o te Southern Institute o Mining me Metallurgy African, kia 2012, 112, 341-345.

[21]He. Sobhy, D. tangata, hangarau RTS auaha mō te beneficiation maroke o te Phosphate, SYMPHOS 2013 - 2nd International Symposium i runga i Innovation me Technology mo te Industry Phosphate. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 83 PP 111-121, 2014.

[22]J. Elder, E. yan, 2003. "EForce.- whakatupuranga hōu o te whakawehe hiko mo te ahumahi kohuke onepu. "taumaha Minerals Conference, Johannesburg, Tonga Institute o Mining me Metallurgy Awherika.

[23]L. rama, P-M. Beier I roto i. Stahl,Separation hiko, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH& Co., 2005.

[24]J.D. Bittner, F.J. Hrach, S.A. Gasiorowski, L.A. Canellopoulus, H. Guicherd, whakawehe whitiki Triboelectric mō te beneficiation o kohuke pai, SYMPHOS 2013 - 2nd International Symposium i runga i Innovation me Technology mo te Industry Phosphate. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 83 PP 122-129, 2014.

[25]J.D. Bittner, IC. Flynn, F.J. Hrach, Ki te whakanui koe tono i roto i te wehenga triboelectric maroke o kohuke, Nga mahi o te maereraa International Mineral Processing Congress - IMPC 2014, Santiago, Chile, Oct 20 - 24, 2014.