Haukini Whakahōu Tangohanga STET 2015

Needham Center Hangarau

Te tango Haukini i Fly Ash

J. Bittner, S. Gasiorowski, a F. Hrach

Technologies wehenga, LLC 101 Hampton Avenue, Needham, Massachusetts, USA

Abstract

Ko te supply o rere pungarehu wātea ana mō te whakamahi rite he pozzolan i roto i te raima kia rawatia pānga e te pānga o ngā ture kounga rangi i runga i ngā whakahaere whaipainga tipu. Tüturu, ngä mana kōkiri i roto i te NOx, korakora, a SO3 tūmanakohia e kei ngā taumata aerosol tukunga ki rapu utu i te tāutanga o ngā pūnaha mana e kia whakamahi i haukini rite te kaiwhakahohe. Tei runga i te taumata o te haukini reira i roto i te hau flue i te precipitators kōwae, kia puhoi poke te pungarehu rere kohia ki haukini matua rite Mariao te haukini pākawa ngāwhā.

ST Taputapu & hangarau LLC (STET) Kua whakawhanakehia he tukanga e tango i haukini i te rere pungarehu. ora te tukanga 100% o te pungarehu ngaro tukinotia me te pungarehu hua tutuki ngā katoa mo te whakamahi i roto i te raima. Ka taea e tukanga tango haukini o ST te whakamahi anake ranei i roto i ngā ki hangarau waro wehenga te kamupene o. E kore te te tukanga waro wehenga pāngia e te aroaro o te haukini i runga i te pungarehu rere. Tenei huarahi modular tuku te otinga utu i raro mō te rongoā pungarehu rere te kore taea.

Kei te whakahaere te pūnaha tango haukini ST i rua wāhi i roto i te USA, a tetahi i roto i Europe. Kua rerekē te taumata haukini o te pungarehu rere kāore i waenganui i 200 a 3000 mg NH3 / kg pungarehu (wahi ia miriona i te papatipu, ppm ranei). Kua pai te tukanga ST heke te taumata pungarehu haukini ki iti iho i te 50 mg NH3 / kg pungarehu. Neke atu i te 500,000 Kua taranata o te rere pungarehu kua hokona ki kaihanga raima ranunga rite i tukanga tango haukini o ST.

Haukini poke Fly Ash

Ko te supply o rere pungarehu wātea ana mō te whakamahi rite he pozzolan i roto i te raima kia rawatia pānga e te pānga o ngā ture kounga rangi i runga i ngā whakahaere whaipainga tipu.1 Tüturu, ngä mana kōkiri i roto i te NOx , korakora, a SO3 tūmanakohia e kei ngā taumata aerosol tukunga ki rapu utu i te tāutanga o ngā pūnaha mana e kia whakamahi i haukini rite te kaiwhakahohe. Tei runga i te taumata o te haukini reira i roto i te hau flue i te precipitators hiko, kia puhoi poke te pungarehu rere kohia ki haukini matua rite Mariao te haukini pākawa ngāwhā 1,2. Hoki te mana NOx, ka te taumata flue hau haukini kia whakaturia e te nui o te haukini "slip‿, i.e. unreacted reira haukini i muri i te wae SCR SNCR ranei. Hei whakaiti korakora SO ranei3 tukunga aerosol, Kei te patia haukini ki te hau flue mua ki nga precipitators a ka kia takoto i runga i te pungarehu rere. Ko te tohu ki i puta tenei ko ti'aturi i runga i te SO3 ihirangi, rere pungarehu ihirangi whanariki, alkalinity o te pungarehu ngaro, te kukū haukini, me te utanga o pungarehu i roto i te hau flue.

The use of rere pungarehu in concrete requires that the fly ash have specific physical and chemical properties3. Kua whakahohe te āhuatanga pozzolanic o te pungarehu i roto i te raima i te whakatupuranga o tino kawakore kotakota noa i Hydration o te sima. A, no te kei ngaro pungarehu haukini, fakatau'atāina'i tenei haukini kei rite te hau i te mahi o te otinga tino kawakore o te raima. Ko te alkalinity hünuku te taurite o te haukini ngota i roto i te otinga ki te haukini rāpoi rite ki te whārite e whai ake nei:

NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) ↔ NH3(aq) + H2Ko te

Kei te ngāwari tukua te haukini rāpoi rewa i otinga rite te hau haukini free.

ST Taputapu & hangarau LLC 101 Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Teremera: 781-972-2700

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Haukini Ko te pūhui kaha hongi e mauria e te connotation o barnyards, hamuti me mimi. Ko Kāore ki te kaihanga raima te kakara kaha o te haukini, te kaikirimana mahi ki te raima, me te kaiwhakamahi raima hopea.4

e kore e raruraru nga āhuatanga oti o te raima, ka whakamahi i haukini poke pungarehu rere, engari he Kāore te kakara, tino ki te whakamahia te raima i roto i ngā wāhi raro kopakia ana ranei.5,6,7 Tei runga i te pau o te wāhi, tae atu i te nui o tohanga rangi hou, kitea haukini kakara i kore ki te e whakarihariha ina whakamahi pungarehu rere kei roto 100 ki 200 mg o NH3 / kg (wahi ia miriona i te papatipu, ppm ranei). I roto i te tikanga ki te haapapû e tūtaki kahore raruraru, kia kaua e nui atu i te ihirangi haukini o rere pungarehu 100 ppm2,8.

Heoi, te tua o te haukini i te mana whakatupuranga tipu e taea hua i roto i te rere tirotiro pungarehu haukini o 200 ki 2500 ppm, e utua te pungarehu rere Kāore mō te whakamahi i roto i te raima.8 Ko te kupu, whakaiti raruraru kounga rangi i te whakahaere i nga tukunga rangi o ngā tipu kaha faarahi te raruraru tikanga ururua mārō, me te faarahi CO2 kōtuhi pira i te whakapiki i te nui o sima whakamahia i roto i te hanga raima. e whai hua Tangohanga o te haukini i rere pungarehu kia e taea te whakamahi i te reira i roto i te raima o te whaipainga i te aperaa i te hoko ururua totoka, te kaihanga raima, kaiwhakamahi, me hopea rangatira mā te e tukupu ana i te utu o ngā rauemi, me te whakanui ake i te kounga hua, me te taiao mā te whakaiti i tukunga o ngā haurehu kati kōtuhi i sima production.

pā ana te nui o te haukini me te haukini tai kitea i roto i te rere pungarehu te ki te nui o te haukini reira i roto i te hau flue. Hoki te wae waro heke angamaheni whakamahi waro korotā rawhiti ki te uara whakawera tiketike o 12,000 BTU / LB (6667 kcal / kg), te hau flue ki ōwehenga papatipu waro ko āhua 8 ki 9.5. A, no te te ihirangi pungarehu o te waro, ko te 10%, a 80% o te pungarehu i roto i te waro rio mai te rite rere pungarehu (20% ki te pungarehu raro), te hau flue / Ko āhua ōwehenga pungarehu 100. Ki te i whakatakotoria katoa o nga momo haukini reira i roto i te hau flue ranei adsorbed i runga i te pungarehu rere, e kia te kukū o te haukini i roto i te pungarehu āhua 50 wā nui atu i roto i te hau flue i runga i te pūtake papatipu, e.g. te haukini “pepa” o 2 ppm i rōrahi e hua i roto i te pungarehu kei roto 100 mg / kg (ppm i te WT.) haukini. whakaatu inenga tūturu tenei hononga ki te kia tika.9 Ka rerekē te kukū o te haukini i runga i rere pungarehu i roto i wae whakahaere ti'aturi i runga i te ihirangi pungarehu o te waro me te pungarehu rere ki ōwehenga pungarehu raro me ētahi atu āhuatanga.

Haukini werohanga ki precipitators hiko (ESP) ki te whakapai ake i te kakama, me te whakaiti i taea raukura Āheiō hua i roto i ngā taumata tiketike rawa o te haukini i roto i te rere pungarehu. Taumata ki runga ki 2500 haukini ppm i roto i te pungarehu Kua kitea hoki taua pūnaha. ngā mahi SNCR nuinga mahi ki nohanga pepa haukini o 5 ki 20 ppm, ki te pungarehu poke ki te taumata o 200 ki 1000 haukini ppm. E hangaia te tikanga pūnaha SCR ki te mahi i te mōrahi taumata pepa haukini o 2 ranei 5 ppm, i runga i nga pau o te tāutanga rānei.10 Ko te tikanga, te nui te NH3/KOREx ōwehenga, te nui te KOREx whakaiti ka e kia whiwhi, ki te pepa haukini teitei hua. Heoi, pepa haukini nui atu 2 ppm may result in ash-ammonia contents of greater than 100 ppm, te whakaputa i tētahi pungarehu unmarketable.11 He maha ngā tipu te mana i roto i whakahaere wae SCR Japan me Germany hangaia mo te 2 Kua kite ppm pepa mōrahi iti pānga i runga i te marketability o rere pungarehu.1,5 Heoi, etahi SCR o huri noa te ao i hangaia mō te 5 pepa haukini ppm. Mahi o enei wae i tenei taumata pepa tiketike e hua tino pea i roto i nui ake i 100 ppm o haukini i runga i te pungarehu rere.

Whakahaere pepa haukini ki taumata iti hoki whakaiti plugging me te waikura o te taputapu awa e tika ana ki te waipara o te haukinia ngāwhā.1,10 tūmanakohia te tupato ano preheater rangi plugging tika ki tenei āhuatanga ki te kia noa mahu'inga atu ki ngā kōwae, ka tahu tiketike whanariki, waro US. Ko te kupu, whakahaere o te pepa haukini ki whakaiti wae wa outage ka waiho he āwangawanga nui atu te whakahaere i te taumata haukini o rere pungarehu. Ko te hua

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kia kia e kore raruraru nui whakawhanake hoki te whakamahi o te pungarehu i te tahi mau pae whaipainga, i runga i te hoahoa motuhake, me te mahi o nga pūnaha mana tukunga rānei.

Ko te Tukanga STET

Kua whakawhanakehia STET he tukanga e tango i haukini i te rere pungarehu.12 ora te tukanga 100% o te pungarehu ngaro tukinotia me te pungarehu hua tutuki ngā katoa mo te whakamahi i roto i te raima. Ka taea e tukanga tango haukini o STET te whakamahi anake ranei i roto i ngā ki hangarau waro wehenga te kamupene o. E kore te te tukanga waro wehenga pāngia e te aroaro o te haukini. Tenei huarahi modular tuku te otinga utu i raro mō te rongoā pungarehu rere te kore taea.

Hei tango haukini rite te hau i te pungarehu rere, faaohipahia te tukanga STET te tauhohenga matū taketake taua e hua i roto i te tuku haukini i roto i te raima. titau whakaoranga o te haukini i te rere pungarehu e te katote haukini

–kia neke haukini rāpoi taurite i roto i te manakohia o haukini i te aroaro o alkali. Rere pungarehu ki fakanatula alkalinity tiketike e hiahia ana kahore alkali atu. Hoki iti pungarehu kawakore, ka mahi i tetahi alkali kaha. Ko te pūtake na'ina'i o te alkali he kotakota (cao). Kei te kaha te titiro atu te tauhohenga o te haukinia tai ki kotakota faati'amâ haukini i te taurite matū. puta tere te tauhohenga matū rewa kotahi e te pūhui.

taea te whakatakiruatanga o te tauhohenga whānui rite:

(NH4)2SO4(s) + cao(s) → 2NH3(g) + caso4(s) + H2Ko te(g)

Heoi, Ko tino iti nga faaheporaa kohu o nga totoka, me te kore e taea e te tauhohenga puta i roto i te hau wāhanga mārō ranei. Ko tino wairewa i roto i te wai te haukini pākawa ngāwhā me te dissociates ki haukini katote me ngā katote pūkawa.

(NH4)2SO4(aq) → 2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

Ko tino iu i runga i te rongo ki te wai Lime, kanohi he tauhohenga tino putawera nuitia mohiotia rite “slaking”, te whakaputa konupūmā waihā kotakota hydrated ranei.

caos +H2E → Ca(OH)2(s)

Ko anake torutoru wairewa i roto i te wai i te kotakota hydrated, te whakaputa konupūmā me ngā katote waihā.

rite(OH)2(s) ↔ rite2+(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)

Ko hoki konupūmā pākawa ngāwhā torutoru wairewa, kia rite e hanga katote konupūmā wātea mā te tātau te kotakota hydrated, Kei te matua pau ratou i te rerenga o te konupūmā pūkawa.

rite2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → caso4(s)

I te pae hopea, vai te taurite i waenganui i haukini katote me te haukini rewa i roto i te wai.

NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) ↔ NH3(aq) + H2Ko te

ST Taputapu & hangarau LLC 101 Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Teremera: 781-972-2700

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Ko te tohu ki nei e tahuri katote haukinia ki haukini rāpoi he ti'aturi i runga i te pH o te pūnaha wai, teitei pH o kanohi te hanganga o te haukini rāpoi. Ko te pai mōhiotia tenei taurite.13

He āhuatanga matua o te tukanga STET ko te whakamahi o te rahinga iti o te wai (1 ki 4%, te nuinga 2%) me rahinga iti o alkali (< 2%). He tuukino ki te tukanga nui o te wai, tērā i te auau o te tuku haukini. Ko te pH o te pungarehu hua / kotakota / kia nui atu pH ranunga wai 10.0. E tapiritia rahinga Tino iti o alkali ki haapapû tenei pH, i runga i te pH tūturu o te pungarehu rānei. Tikanga, iti iho i te 1% rite(OH)2 kei te hiahiatia, ara ki te rere pungarehu ki pH fakanatula waikawa. E whakamahia konupūmā hāngai kawakore i hua i roto i te whakarereketanga iti o te matū rere pungarehu. whakamana ana te tukanga i ambient pāmahana.

Mai te utu o te alkali me utu o maroke te hua he utu whakahaere nui, me te whakarahi türanga i te taputapu Mixing me te whakamaroke ko nga wāhanga nui o te utu whakapaipai, āta ine i te whakaritenga kaiwhakahohe mo te pungarehu motuhake he tika ki te arotau i te economics o te tukanga.

aroaro te hoahoa rere tukanga mo te mahi tonu o te tukanga STET te i roto i te Whakaahua 1. Ash, E metered wai me te alkali i roto i te hanganga te mana ki te whakaranu. Hei haapapû Mixing tere, me te manene kākahu o te wai tāpiri, me te alkali, whakamahia te whakaranu kaha nui te. Ko te tino iti te wa noho i roto i tenei momo o te whakaranu, i runga i te tikanga o tetahi tuarua. Kei te tukua tonu haukini engari titau kukuwhatanga oti te ranu wā o 3 ki 4 meneti ki te tukua hoki waka papatipu o te hau i te nuinga o te pungarehu ki te tukua hoki waka papatipu o te hau i te nuinga o te pungarehu.

Hei whiwhi i tēnei wā Mixing, me te haapapû waka pai o te haukini i te nuinga o te pungarehu, he pūrere kaha iti pērā i te mira pug whakamahia te rite te whakaranu tuarua. Mai te mea te tino iti te ihirangi makuku o te pungarehu, te rauemi rere i roto i tenei whakaranu rite te puehu maroke tino te heihei o. hau haukini kohia i roto i rua nga mihini tere tiketike, me te iti te rānei hangarua ki te flue wae whakaputa tahuri ki te hauota i roto i te rua ranei- wae catalytic atamira.

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Figure 1: STET Haukini Tangohanga Tukanga Rere Hoahoa

maroke te pungarehu deammoniated e tuku i te rauemi i roto i te takutai, flash ki te tango wai te taikaha. Nā ki te nui iti o te wai tāpiri, wai pau i roto i te hanganga o hydrated konupūmā pūkawa ki runga ki te tauhohenga ki te pūkawa wairewa i roto i te pungarehu, me te mate o te wai i roto i te wā kaha iti te ranu, anake te nui iti o te wai me ki kia nekehia atu e te tamoe. whakaiti te tono pūngao o te atamira whakamaroke tenei. pāmahana pungarehu Final o āhua 150teF are adequate to produce a completely free-flowing, pungarehu rere hua ki tirotiro makuku pai i raro i te ASTM C 618 whakatakotoranga o 3 WT. %.3

The first full-scale application of STET’s ammonia removal process began operating in 2003 i wāhi tukatuka pungarehu o ST i te Mana Jacksonville Electric St. Awa Johns Power Park i roto i Jacksonville, Florida. Tenei mahi tauine arumoni kakau ki runga ki 40 taranata ia haora o te pungarehu poke, whakaiti i te ihirangi haukini ki iti iho i te 30 ppm. taumata haukini i roto i te pungarehu rere taumai rerekē i ~ 200 ki 900 ppm. Ko te tino pakari te tukanga, hua i roto i 90+% tango haukini i raro i ngā tautuhinga tamataraa katoa, te whakaputa pungarehu pai i raro i to tatou ūnga o mōrahi 50 haukini ppm. tirotiro makuku Whakamutunga e <0.3%. E whakarārangitia hua māngai i roto i Ripanga 2. Neke atu i te 250,000 tons of ammonia-contaminated ash has been successfully processed at the Jacksonville facility.

ST Taputapu & hangarau LLC 101 Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Teremera: 781-972-2700

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ripanga 2: hua pūnaha haukini tauine arumoni angamaheni

Rere pungarehu i Big Bend Station i Tampa, poke Florida i te haukini tika ki te werohanga o te haukini ki ngā pūnaha ESP o te whakato te mana ki te whakahaere i te tukunga o SO3 aerosol hangaia e te pūnaha mana SCR NOx. I te tahi atu tipu te mana, puta hoki haukini paru ki te mana SNCR NOx me te whakamahi o te haukini ki te whakarei ake kohinga korakora i roto i ngā pūnaha ESP. I Big Bend, te taumata ngaro pungarehu haukini mō wae ki ngā haukini werohanga i 750 ki 3360 haukini ppm. Nā tēnei, Me tukinotia te pungarehu rere tikanga mō te hanga raima i te tukanga tango haukini ST.

Ko te hoahoa o te tukanga tango haukini STET tāuta i Big Bend (Figure 2) Ko te rua te tāutanga tauine tonu me ngā maha ngā whakamahinetanga. ake taputapu whāwhā Material te ki tukua mahi i reiti teitei. downsized te pūnaha whakamaroke te i te hoahoa o mua, me te ngā hangarua o hau wera ki te whakaiti i te whakaritenga pūngao whānui o te pūnaha. Heoi, the ammonia released in the process is fed to a two-stage catalytic unit where the collected ammonia gas is converted into nitrogen. ora ake te wera i hanga e tenei tauhohenga te ka whakamahia ki te fakalahi te whakaritenga pūngao o te pūnaha flash whakamaroke rere pungarehu. The use of the two-stage catalytic system results in minimal NOx emissions. ora te tukanga 100% o te pungarehu ngaro tukinotia me te pungarehu hua tutuki ngā katoa mo te whakamahi i roto i te raima.

Ka taea e tēnei mahi tauine arumoni hapai i runga ki 52 taranata ia haora o te pungarehu poke, whakaiti i te ihirangi haukini ki iti iho i te 75 mg / kg. Ko te tino pakari te tukanga, hua i roto i 97+% tango haukini, te whakaputa pungarehu pai i raro i to tatou ūnga o mōrahi 100 mg / haukini kg. tirotiro makuku Whakamutunga e <0.5%.

kua tētahi tukanga tango haukini STET kua i roto i te mahi i te RWE npower Aberthaw whakaurunga tukatuka teihana pungarehu i roto i te UK mai 2008. tāpiri Aberthaw haukini ki te whakapai ake ESP kohinga kakama ki ngā taumata haukini i runga i te pungarehu angamaheni 200 Kei te hangaia ppm me te tukanga hoki 500 ppm mōrahi.

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Figure 2: pūnaha tango haukini i Big Bend Station, Tampa Florida

Te Hua Ash

tutuki ana te haukini hua rere pungarehu iti whakaritenga matū, me te tinana katoa o te ASTM C 618 He ōrite ki te pungarehu kore i raro ki te tukanga tango haukini paerewa, me te hua āhuatanga raima. whakataurite Ripanga ahau āhuatanga angamaheni o pungarehu i teihana whakaputa kotahi me ngā āhuatanga o te pungarehu tipu iti i roto i te ihirangi haukini i 250 mg / kg ki 20 mg / kg i te tukanga ST tonu. Kia mahara e te whānuitanga o te ihirangi konupūmā waikura kitea mo te pungarehu i tenei puna ko 1.4 ki 12%. Ko te tua o runga ki 1% rite(OH)2 (0.75% rite cao) ka hua i roto i te huringa iti anake i roto i te matū pungarehu, faaaano i te rerekētanga insignificantly.

whakamātautau Raima whakamana i runga i te pungarehu deammoniated whakakitea reira ki te waiho hei rauemi pozzolanic pai. He rite pai rite ranei pai atu i te pungarehu unammoniated i tenei puna whanaketanga kaha Compressive te whakamahi i tenei pungarehu. He pai hoki te wā roa āhuatanga mauroa raima, tae ake ātete te waikura, ātete pūkawa, uruhanga pūhaumāota, me te na'ina'iraa kotakota.

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ahau ripanga: Rere Āhuatanga Ash Tinana me Chemical.

whakarāpopototanga

Ka te tohu ki i rere te kounga pai pungarehu kia faaoti rite te hua o ngā pūnaha NOx korakora tukunga ranei i roto i te heke mai ka whakawhirinaki ki runga ki kōwhiringa hangarau i hanga e te taputapu ki te whakaiti i NOx, pira korakora mea me te raukura Āheiō. Heoi, Ka taea te whakamahi tukanga tango haukini o STET ki te tango i te haukini i te pungarehu poke, te whakaputa i te rauemi uara tiketike mō te whakamahi i roto i te hanga raima. Ka taea te hangarua haukini ora ake ki te wae whakaputa mō te reutilization. This ammonia removal process can be installed as a stand-alone system or can be used in conjunction with STET’s successful fly ash carbon removal system.

1Stewart, B.R., Pānga kāore i o Tata Ture ozone Transport o EPA, Proceedings, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Reduction for NOx control, kia 1999, pp.9-10.

2Sloss, L. L., Hjalmarsson, A-K, marae, H.N., Campbell, L.M., Stone, D.K., Shareef, G.S., Emmel, T., Naebodi, M., Livengood, C.D., Markussen, J. Book Fact Nitrogen waikura Mana Technology, Noyes Corporation Raraunga, pp. 94-95, 1992

3“Whakapūtātanga Paerewa mō te Coal Fly Ash me Raw ranei Calcined Natural Pozzolan mō te Whakamahi rite he Mineral hawhekaihe i roto i Concrete”, ASTM C 618, American Society mō te Whakamātautau me Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

4Meiha, R.K., Hill, R., McMurry, R., Thomas, S., He Ako o te Pānga o te Haukini Werohanga i runga i hoko Fly Ash tae tukanga Kounga Mana, Proceedings, 1999 Conference i runga i whiriwhiri catalytic me Non-catalytic Whakaitinga mō te mana NOx, kia 1999, pp.11-13.

5Mai i reira Brugghen, F.W., te āheinga, C.H., Van den Berg, J.W., Kuiper, W.H., Visser, R., Raruraru tūpono I roto i te Whakamahi o Haukini poke Fly Ash. Proceedings: EPRI / EPA 1995 Joint Symposium i runga i Station Mana NOx Te tahu, kia 16-19, 1995. Book 4, Session 8A, pp. 1-16.

6Van den Berg, J.W., Cornelissen, H.A.W. ,Pānga o iti NOx Technologies i runga i Fly Ash Kounga, Proceedings: 13th International Symposium i runga i Whakamahia ko Whakahaere o Coal Te tahu Products, 1999, pp. 29-1 – 29-11.

7Koch, H-J., Prenzel, H., Whakamātautau i runga i kakara Whanaketanga i roto i te, e maka ana o te Screed Concrete – Using a NH3-Contaminated Fly Ash, Raima Precasting Plant me Technology, Vol 11, 1989 pp. 72-75.

8Fisher, Te Mesia, Blackstock, T. Fly Ash Beneficiation te whakamahi i te Haukini murua Tukanga, 12th International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Products Management and Use, 1997 pp. 65-1 – 65-8.

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9Larrimore, L., Dodgen, D., Monroe, L., Kiripuaki o Haukini Pānga runga Ash me te aromātai o Methods Tangohanga, Proceedings: 13th International Symposium i runga i Whakamahia ko Whakahaere o Coal Te tahu Products, 1999, pp. 16-1 – 16-15.

10Mana o Tukunga Nitrogen waikura: Tuhinga catalytic whiriwhiri (SCR), Hangarau Coal Clean, Tau Report Topical 9. U.S. Tari o Ratonga Company Energy me Southern, Inc. Hōngongoi, 1997.

11O'Connor, D., Larrimore, L, Dodgen, D., Monroe, L., The Effects of Ammonia-Based NOx Reduction on Fly Ash: Adsorption haukini i runga i Ash, Proceedings, EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined Taputapu Air Pollution Mana Symposium: Ko te Symposium MEGA, August, 1999, pepa # 16.

12Gasiorowski, S.A., ko Hrach, F.J., Tikanga mō te tango Haukini i Haukini poke Fly Ash, United States Tau Patent 6,077,494, Pipiri 20, 2000.

13Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., Emerson, K., Waiwai Haukini taurite – Tabulation of Percent Un-ionized Ammonia, United States Environmental Protection, EPA-600 / 3-79-091, August, 1979.

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