Zabi Harshe:
Kyle Flynn, Abhishek Gupta, Frank Hrach
Tsokaci
Review na dacewa da adabi na nuni da cewa gagarumin bincike da aka Kanmu don amfani electrostatically
rabuwa dabarun bushe granular shuka-tushen abinci (Ina nufin, Organic) kayan. Wannan ci gaban da ya kara a baya 10 - 20 shekaru, with many researchers in Europe and the United States applying electrostatic rabuwa techniques to a wide variety of beneficiation challenges. Daga wannan bincike, Tabbatacce ne, cewa electrostatic hanyoyin da damar samar da sabon, mafi girma-darajar shuka kayayyakin, ko bayar da wani madadin rigar aiki da hanyoyin. Ko da yake karfafa separations na hatsi hatsi, pulse and oilseed materials have been demonstrated at the laboratory and in some cases, pilot scale, da electrostatic tsarin amfani da su nuna wadannan sakamakon bazai dace ko kudin-tasiri aiki kayan aiki da su na yin irin wannan separations a kan wani ciniki akai. Mutane da yawa electrostatic fasahar ba su dace domin aiwatar finely ƙasa, low-yawa powders kamar shuka kayan. Duk da haka, da ST Boats & Technology (STET) triboelectrostatic bel SEPARATOR yana da nuna damar aiwatar da lafiya barbashi daga 500 - 1 μm. The STET belt separator is a high-rate, industrially tabbatar da aiki da na'urar da iya zama dace da yadda za su sayar da 'yan aukuwa a Organic abu aiki. A STET bel SEPARATOR aka gwada a kan wani samfurin na dukan alkama gari da kuma aka samu ya zama nasara a cire bran daga sitaci sulusi da murabba'i. Future gwaji tare da STET SEPARATOR za a gudanar a ranar alkama bran samfurori, masara gari
da kuma hatsaisai kamar soya da kuma lupine.
keywords: Kabilar-Electrostatic, Electrostatic, rabuwa, Fractionation, alkama, hatsi, gari, fiber, Protein, Oilseeds, hatsaisai
Gabatarwa
Electrostatic rabuwa da hanyoyin da aka amfani domin baya 50 shekaru a kan kasuwanci sikelin-beneficiation na
masana'antu da ma'adanai da kuma sake amfani da sharar gida kayan. Electrostatic beneficiation busassun granular shuka-tushen abinci (i.e, Organic) kayan da aka bincika don kan 140 shekaru, tare da na farko lamban kira ga electrostatic rabuwa na alkama gari middlings cika a farkon 1880. [1] Electrostatic beneficiation damar domin separations dangane da bambance-bambance a surface sunadarai (aiki aiki) ko dielectric Properties. A wasu lokutta, wadannan separations ba zai yiwu ta amfani da size ko yawa separations kadai. Electrostatic rabuwa tsarin aiki a kan irin wannan akida,. All electrostatic rabuwa tsarin dauke da wani tsarin to electrically cajin barbashi, wani externally generated lantarki filin ga rabuwa faruwa a, da kuma wani hanya ne na isar da barbashi a cikin da kuma fitar da rabuwa na'urar. Banana caji zai iya faruwa ta hanyar daya ko mahara ciki har da hanyoyin conductive shigar da, tribo-caji (lamba da wutar lantarki) da ion ko Corona caji. Electrostatic rabuwa da tsarin amfani da a kalla daya daga wadannan caji sunadaran. [2]
High tashin hankali yi electrostatic rabuwa da tsarin da aka yi amfani da mutane da yawa masana'antu da kuma aikace-aikace inda daya
da bangaren shi ne mafi electrically conductive fiye da wasu. Misalai na aikace-aikace na high tashin hankali yi separators hada titanium hali ma'adanai rabuwa, kazalika da sake amfani da aikace-aikacen, misali kasawa karfe daga roba. Akwai mahara bambancin da kuma geometries amfani ga babban tashin hankali yi tsarin, amma a general, sun yi aiki a kan irin wannan akida,. Hay barbashi an caje barnatar da wani ionizing Corona sallama. Hay barbashi da aka tarwatsa uwa juyawa drum, inda drum ake electrically na rasa. A electrically conductive barbashi daina su cajin kan tuntužar surface na na rasa drum. Juyawa daga cikin drum Yanã shigar da conductive barbashi don a jefa daga surface na drum da kuma ajiye a cikin ta farko samfurin hopper. Abubuwan da ba kwastomomi ba suna riƙe cajin lantarki kuma an manna su zuwa saman duriyar. Daga qarshe, cajin wutar lantarki akan barbashin da ba kwaran kwata zai watse, ko za a goge barbashin daga drum bayan da drum ya juya don haka an sanya ƙwayoyin da ba na conductive a cikin hopper ba. A wasu aikace-aikace, an sanya hopper a tsakiyar matsakaita tsakanin hopper mai kwalliya da mara kwalliya. Amfanin wannan nau'in na'urar rabuwa gabaɗaya an iyakance shi zuwa barbashi waɗanda basu da kyan gani kuma / ko kuma suna da nauyi na musamman, saboda buƙatar dukkan ƙwayoyin don tuntuɓar farfajiyar. Bugu da kari, barbashi kwarara kuzarin kawo cikas da muhimmanci kamar yadda kusurwa lokacinta ne kyakkyawan alhakin isar da barbashi daga farfajiyar da drum zuwa Game da samfurin hoppers. Kyawawan ƙwayoyi masu kyau da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa suna iya tasirin tasirin iska kuma saboda haka ƙasa da yuwuwar jefawa daga ganga a cikin yankin da ake hangowa. [2] [3] [4]
Babban tashin hankali bel SEPARATOR ne bambance-bambancen da babban tashin hankali yi SEPARATOR aka bayyana a sama. Ana watsa barbashin abinci ko'ina a fadin faɗin bel mai ɗauke da lantarki. Ana cajin barbashi, yawanci ta hanyar kwarin gwiwa, kodayake sauran hanyoyin caji suna yiwuwa. Sake maɓallin keɓaɓɓen abu ya ba da cajin lantarki har zuwa bel ɗin mai ɗaukar mai ƙasa, yayin da ƙananan abubuwan da ba sa sarrafawa suna riƙe cajin su. Abubuwan sarrafawa suna faɗuwa daga gefen bel ɗin ta nauyi, alhali kuwa “an dauke” abubuwan da ba a iya sarrafa su ba daga sama daga bel din ta hanyar karfin lantarki. Sakewa don rabuwa tayi tasiri, kowane barbashi dole ne ya tuntuɓi farfajiyar bel ɗin don ba da izinin ƙwaƙƙwarar maɓuɓɓugar don ba da caji zuwa bel. Saboda haka, guda daya na barbashi guda daya za a iya isar dashi ta hanyar mai raba lokaci daya. Yayinda girman abincin abincin ya zama karami, an rage aikin sarrafa na'urar. [5] [6]
Daidaici da farantin electrostatic separators yawanci dogara ne a kan raba barbashi ba a kan tushen da watsin aiki, amma a kan bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin sunadarai na sama wanda ke ba da izinin canja wurin cajin lantarki ta hanyar tuntuɓar rikici. Ana cajin barbashi ta hanyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi tare da wasu ƙwayoyin, ko tare da farfajiyar ta uku kamar ƙarfe ko filastik za a sami abubuwan da ake cajin tribo-da ake so. Abubuwan da suke lantarki (da ke kan ƙarshen ƙarshen jerin tribo-lantarki) cire wutan lantarki daga saman caji-tribo-caji kuma ta haka ne zasu samu cajin mara kyau. A cikin lamba, kayan da suke kan kyakkyawan ƙarshen jerin tribo-electric suna ba da lantarki kuma suna yin caji daidai. A caje barbashi an sa'an nan gabatar a cikin wani filin lantarki generated tsakanin biyu a layi daya farantin wayoyin da daban-daban sufuri nufin (nauyi, pneumatic, vibration). A gaban lantarki filin, da cajin barbashi matsar kusa da oppositely cajin wayoyin da aka tattara a cikin daidai samfurin hoppers. sake, wani middlings sulusi da murabba'i dauke da wata cakuda da barbashi iya ko ba za a tattara,, dangane da sanyi na rabuwa na'urar. [4] [7]
Figure 1: Zane na wani babban tashin hankali yi SEPARATOR (bar) kuma a layi daya farantin free fall SEPARATOR (dama).
Table 1: Takaitacciyar amfani electrostatic rabuwa da na'urorin.
case 1 - Alkama da kuma Alkama Bran Beneficiation.
Alkama bran ne da-samfurin na al'ada alkama milling, wakiltar 10-15% na alkama hatsi. Alkama bran kunshi da m yadudduka ciki har da pericarp, shugaban, kuma aleurone. Alkama bran ƙunshi mafi yawan micronutrients, fiber, kuma phytochemicals kunshe ne a cikin hatsi, wanda sun nuna kiwon lafiya amfanin da mutane. [8] Sha'awa muhimmanci a raba da beneficiating alkama bran da aka ruwaito. Historical amfani a raba alkama bran ya inganta da inganci da darajar da gari samfurin. Duk da haka, karin kwanan nan ban sha'awa da aka ruwaito a cikin murmurewa m aka gyara daga alkama bran.
a 1880, Thomas Osborne ya jadadda mallaka na farko kasuwanci electrostatic SEPARATOR for cire bran daga gari middlings. A SEPARATOR kunshi Rolls mai rufi da wuya roba ko daidai abu wanda ya iya da za a electrically cajin via frictional tribo-caji da ulu. Kodayake ba a bayyana ba, ana ɗauka cewa zaren roba ya sami cajin mara kyau dangane da ulu, daidai da mafi yawan jerin tribo-lantarki. Rolls ɗin da aka ɗora da wutar lantarki sannan ya jawo hankalin kyawawan ƙwayoyin zaren zaren, isar da su a saman mirgina har sai an goge ƙwayoyin zaren filon daga farfajiyar. wannan (zaci) m caji na alkama bran ne a rikicin da sakamakon rahoton da wasu. Tribo-caji na bran barbashi aka taimaka by fluidizing iska gabatar a kasa daga cikin na'ura, wanda ya da ƙarin amfanin haifar da kasa m bran barbashi don surface, kusa da Rolls. [1]
a 1958 wani inji for electrostatic rabuwa da bran kuma endosperm kunshe ne a cikin gari middlings aka bayyana a cikin lamban kira jerawa da Terry Branstad aiki a Janar Mills. The na'urar kunshi wani layi daya farantin SEPARATOR a wadda barbashi aka isar tsakanin biyu faranti da vibration. bran barbashi, cajin da frictional lamba tare da endosperm barbashi, aka sa'an nan kuma dauke da saman lantarki ta hanyar perforations a saman lantarki. [9]
a 1988 wani na'ura da kuma aiwatar ga murmurewa aleurone daga kasuwanci alkama bran aka bayyana a cikin lamban kira jerawa. Commercial alkama bran da fara aleurone abun ciki na 34% An wadãtar da su a tattara na 95% a 10% taro amfanin ƙasa (28% aleurone dawo da) ta hanyar hadewar guduma, sizing ta hanyar nunawa, iska elutriation da electrostatic rabuwa amfani da a layi daya farantin electrostatic SEPARATOR. An caje barbashi a cikin na'urar elutriator na iska, wanda ke da rawar biyu na cire tara (<40 μm) ta hanyar isar da su, yayin da kake yin caji sau uku a lokaci guda tabbatacce (bayar da rahoto ga kwanon lantarki mara kyau) da barbashin pericarp / testa mara kyau. Girman barbashi na cakuda bran an sarrafa shi a hankali ta hanyar guduma da hammata da kuma nuna matakan da yawa, don samun abinci mafi yawa girman su 130 - 290 rangem kewayon. [10]
Aikin kwanan nan kan murmurewar aleurone daga alkamar alkama na ci gaba. a 2008, Buhler AG ya mallaki na'urar rabuwa ta electrostatic don raba barbashin aleurone daga kwasfan harsashi wanda aka yi da reshen reshe. Emaya daga cikin samfurin na'urar ta ƙunshi na'ura mai juzuwar aiki a cikin yanki mai ƙanƙantar girma, wanda ke ba da damar kwalliyar-da-kwayar da sadarwar-da-bango lamba da m tribo-caji. Ana shigar da barbashin da aka caje ta hanyar injiniya zuwa cikin jirgin ruwa mai rabuwa wanda yake dauke da wayoyin farantin layi daya. Barbashi sun faɗi ta cikin jirgin ruwa na rabuwa da nauyi, yayin da bangarorin da aka bambance daban suke motsawa zuwa ga wayoyin da aka caje su akarkashin tasirin filin lantarki. [11] Lokacin da aka haɗu tare da dacewar girman ƙwayar abincin da hanyoyin rarrabu na inji, tarin aleurone na har zuwa 90% an ruwaito. [12] [8]
Figure 2: An sake bugawa daga Hemery et al, 2007 [8].
Tribo-caji da corona caji gwaje-gwaje a kan alkama bran da aka yi da ma'aikata a Electrostatics na tarwatsa Media Research Unit, Jami'ar Poitiers, Faransa a ciki 2010. Da masu bincike auna surface cajin da surface m lalata lokaci a kan alkama bran da 10% danshi da kuma lyophilized (daskare-bushe) alkama bran. A rabuwa gwajin da aka yi a kan wani samfurin na 50% daskare-bushe alkama bran da kuma 50% daskare-bushe aleurone feed amfani da bel irin Corona electrostatic SEPARATOR. (Figure 3) Rabuwa da sakamakon ga dakin gwaje-gwaje sikelin Corona SEPARATOR nuna 67% na aleurone aka gano a cikin wadanda ba shugaba hopper, yayin kawai 2% na alkama bran ruwaito da ba shugaba hopper. Hakanan an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen caji tare da alkama da aleurone, amma kawai don auna takamaiman surface cajin [μC / g] generated a kan kowane sulusi da murabba'i, kamar yadda tsayayya wa murmurewa kayayyakin daga wani electrostatic rabuwa. Dukansu feed kayan da aka caje ta amfani da Teflon matsayin lamba surface. Dukansu alkama bran da aleurone aka ruwaito kamar yadda caji m dangi zuwa Teflon, wanda kanta sosai electronegative. The girma na cajin da aka samu a dogara ne a kan aiki matsin lamba a kan yi amfani da tribo-caja, bayar da shawara cewa mafi girma haukan kogi take kaiwa zuwa mafi lambobi da kuma mafi cikakken tribo-caji. [13]
Figure 3: Reproduced daga Dascalescu et al, 2010 [13]
a 2009, masu bincike kimanta da electrostatic caji Properties na aleurone arziki da kuma pericarp arziki feed kayan. [14] a 2011 da masu bincike ya yi electrostatic rabuwa gwaji a kan samfurori da lallausan ƙasa alkama bran amfani da wani matukin jirgi sikelin electrostatic farantin SEPARATOR (TEP System, Tribo Flow Separations, Lexington, USA). A TEP System utilizes wani caji line, inda feed barbashi an gabatar a cikin wani m matsa iska rafi, kuma pneumatically isar ta hanyar caji line to rabuwa jam'iyya. A barbashi an tribo-caje da barbashi don barbashi lamba, kazalika da barbashi lamba tare da surface na caji line. Results samu tare da TEP System nuna cewa electrostatic rabuwa da aka tasiri a da haɓaka aleurone da beta-glucan abun ciki na alkama bran. Abin sha'awa, da sulusi da murabba'i na abu da aka samu a dauke da mafi aleurone cell abun ciki, a 68%, ya da lafiya sosai (D50 = 8 μm) sulusi da murabba'i cewa an gano daga caji tube. Shi ne ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa wannan abu da aka preferentially mayar da hankali a caji na'ura, duk da haka, shi ya nuna cewa da ikon aiwatar aleurone cell abinda ke ciki na iya bukatar electrostatic dabaru suke iya aiki sosai lafiya powders. Bugu da ƙari, wannan aiki ya nuna cewa feed shiri na alkama bran ya na da muhimmanci shawara. Samfurori ta shirya cryogenic nika a guduma niƙa aka samu da za a kasa gaba daya barranta (liberated) fiye da wadanda ƙasa a wani tasiri irin niƙa a yanayi zazzabi. [15] [16]
Figure 4: An sake bugawa daga Hemery et al, 2011 [16]
Recent aikin karatu cikin taro na arabinoxylans daga alkama bran da electrostatic hanyoyin. Da masu bincike amfani da wani dakin gwaje-gwaje sikelin electrostatic SEPARATOR kunshi wani caji tube da kuma rabuwa jam'iyya dauke da biyu a layi daya farantin wayoyin. Milled alkama bran da aka gabatar a cikin caji tube da kuma isar pneumatically cikin rabuwa jam'iyya ta amfani da matsa nitrogen. Tashin hankali da kuma saurin saurin iskar gas a cikin bututun da ke caji ya samar da lambar da ake bukata don cajin tribo. Particlesananan cajin (kayayyakin rabuwa) aka tattara daga saman wayoyin don bincike. Saboda daidaiton tsaye na wayoyin an kasa tattara abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Wannan middlings sulusi da murabba'i iya sake yin fa'ida domin kara aiki a al'ada electrostatics, duk da haka, domin dalilai da wannan gwaji, abu ba tattara a kan wayoyin da aka dauke batattu. Da masu bincike ya ruwaito wani karuwa a duka biyu samfurin sa (arabinoxylan abun ciki a cikin samfurin) kuma rabuwa yadda ya dace a matsayin isar gudu ya karu. [17]
Yunƙurinsa beneficiate alkama bran amfani electrostatic hanyoyin da ake takaita kasa a Table 2.
Table 2: Takaitacciyar electrostatic hanyoyin kimanta to beneficiate alkama bran.
case 2 - Protein farfadowa da na'ura daga lupine Gari
Masu bincike a cikin Abinci Tsari Engineering Group a Wageningen, The Netherlands, kimanta yuwuwar gina jiki enrichment amfani legumes. Fis da lupine gari da aka yi amfani da matsayin ciyarwa ga wani iri-iri na gina jiki enrichment dabaru ciki har da iska rarrabuwa a hade tare da electrostatic rabuwa. Untreated fis da lupine tsaba aka farko milled zuwa kimanin 200 μm. Ciyar da kayan abinci don rarrabuwa da rabuwa ta lantarki an sake milled su daga baya ta amfani da injin nika mai tasiri tare da mai rarraba ciki (Hosokawa-Alpine ZPS50). Girman barbashi na Mediya (d50) aka ruwaito kamar yadda kusan 25 m na garin fis, kuma kusan 200 m na garin lupine, kafin rarraba iska. A karshe, rukuni na kowane samfurin, fis da lupine flour, An rarraba iska a lokacin (Hosokawa-Alpine ATP50). Abincin ga mai raba wutar lantarki ya kunshi fure biyun da ba a kula dasu ba, kazalika da hanya da ingantaccen samfurin daga rarrabuwa ta iska. [18]
Na'urar rabuwa ta lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita yayin gwaje-gwajen ya kasance nau'in farantin layi daya, tare da caji da za'ayi ta hanyar caji triboelectric a cikin 125 mm tsawon caji bututu, tare da barbashi isar da pneumatically da matsa nitrogen. Na'urar ta yi kama da ta daidaita da na'urar da Wang et al suka yi amfani da ita (2015). [17] An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen rabuwa na Electrostatic akan garin fure da garin lupine, kazalika da kwatankwacin da ingantattun abubuwa na garin fure da garin lupine da aka samu daga rarraba iska. Fulawar pea ta nuna ƙaramin motsi na furotin yayin gwajin lantarki. Duk da haka, Lupine flour ta nuna muhimmin motsi na furotin a cikin dukkan samfuran da aka gwada (garin alkama - 35% furotin, tara tarar kuɗi - 45% furotin, milled classified m - 29% furotin). Abubuwan da ke da wadataccen furotin na kusan 60% An samo su a kan lantarki don kowane ɗayan samfuran lupine uku da aka gwada. [18]
case 3 - Cire Fiber daga Masara
Masu bincike a sashen Injiniyan Noma da Halittu, Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi ta yi gwajin lantarki akan garin masarar da aka nika, tare da haƙiƙa na cire fiber. Na'urar rabuwa ta electrostatic ta kunshi bel mai daukar kaya tare da wutan lantarki mara kyau wanda aka sanya a karshen mahimmin. Da gaskiya ma caje barbashi, fiber barbashi, a wannan yanayin, an ɗaga daga bel ɗin jigilar kayan kuma an jera su cikin hopper na biyu. A ba-fiber barbashi fadi a kashe na na'ura bel da nauyi da kuma aka ajiye a cikin ta farko samfurin hopper. A mawallafa ba bayyana yadda lantarki caji ne da za'ayi. A feed abu to wannan SEPARATOR aka gwada da m, tare da barbashi masu girma dabam na feed jere daga 12 raga (1,532 μm) to 24 raga (704 μm). Shi ba ya bayyana cewa undersize (<704 μm) kayan aiki an sarrafa su yayin wannan binciken. An kammala kowane yanayin gwajin ta amfani 1 Kilogiram na kayan abinci wanda aka watse ko'ina cikin bel. [6]
Figure 5: Reproduced daga Pandya et al, 2013 [6]
A Mississippi Jihar bincike kammala electrostatic rabuwa gwaji a kan unscreened masara gari, da kariya masara gari kasarun adadi da kuma fiber-arziki kasarun adadi dawo dasu daga iska rarrabuwa. Electrostatic gwaji da aka ba kammala a low-fiber kõguna dawo dasu daga iska rarrabuwa. Analysis na da sakamakon da electrostatic rabuwa da aka bayar a kasa:
Table 3: Sakamako na fiber rabuwa reproduced daga Pandya et al, 2013 [6]
case 4 - Protein natsuwa daga Oilseeds
Oilseeds kamar rapeseed (canola), sunflower, sesame, mustard, waken soya da masara-kumshe, kuma flaxseed kullum dauke da wani gwaji adadin biyun da furotin da kuma fiber. Sarrafa fasahar cire fiber, kuma ta haka ne kara da sunadaran ciki, na oilseeds zai zama ƙara muhimmanci kamar yadda duniya ke bukata gina jiki ƙaruwa. [19] Recent aikin da masu bincike, a Faransa National Institute for binciken aikin gona yayi nazari Ultrafine milling a hade tare da electrostatic aiki na sunflower iri abinci, su mayar da hankali gina jiki. A feed sunflower ci abinci samfurori da aka ƙasa a cikin wani tasiri a niƙa aiki a yanayi zazzabi zuwa barbashi size (D50) na 69.5 μm. A electrostatic SEPARATOR amfani ga gwaji da aka a layi daya farantin na'urar inda primary caji inji aka tribo-caji. A tribo-caji da aka za'ayi cirewa daga cikin wayoyin a tribo-caji line, tare da barbashi isar ta hanyar caji line, kuma ga wayoyin, via pneumatic kai. Protein aka samu cajin kyau (rahoton zuwa korau lantarki) da kuma fiber-arziki sulusi da murabba'i aka samu cajin barnatar. Protein selectivity da aka samu ya zama babban. Hay gina jiki da aka 30.8%, tare da furotin-arziki samfurin aunawa 48.9% da kuma gina jiki tsautsayi (fiber-arziki) samfurin aunawa kawai 5.1% furotin. Protein dawo ya 93% ga m samfurin. cellulose, hemicelluloses, kuma lignin aka auna, ya same su bayar da rahoton da barnatar da cajin samfurin, m cewa na gina jiki. [20]
Table 4: Sakamako na sunflower iri abinci rabuwa reproduced daga Barakat et al, 2015 [20]
a 2016, wani ƙarin binciken da aka kammala amfani da finely asa rapeseed man iri abinci, ko rapeseed man cakes (ROC), a matsayin abinci ga wani electrostatic rabuwa tsari. Sake Ultrafine milling a yanayi zazzabi da aka yi amfani da wuka niƙa na'urar (Retsch SM 100). A milled abu, tare da wani tsakãtsaki ce barbashi size (D50) kusan 90 μm, aka sarrafa ta amfani da wani matukin jirgi sikelin layi daya farantin SEPARATOR (TEP System, Tribo Flow Separations). A TEP System utilizes triboelectric caji da pneumatic isar da barbashi ta high matsa lamba caji line karkashin m yanayi. A guda izinin rabuwa gwajin tare da TEP System sa a cikin gagarumin taro na gina jiki, tare da wani abinci gina jiki na 37%, a gaskiya ma cajin samfurin gina jiki matakin na 47% kuma a barnatar da cajin samfurin gina jiki matakin na 25%. Ƙarin rabuwa, saukarwa da aka yi, kyakkyawan samar da wani sunadari mai arzikin samfurin tare da 51% gina jiki bayan 3 m rabuwa, saukarwa. [21]
Table 5: Sakamako na rapeseed man fetur iri abinci rabuwa reproduced daga Basset et al, 2016 [21]
tattaunawa
Review na dacewa da adabi na nuni da cewa gagarumin bincike da aka Kanmu wajen samar da electrostatic rabuwa dabaru domin kwayoyin kayan. Wannan ci gaban ya ci gaba ko ma an hanzarta a baya 10 - 20 shekaru, da yawa masu bincike a Turai da kuma Amurka da ake ji electrostatic rabuwa dabarun wani m iri-iri beneficiation kalubale. Daga wannan bincike, ya bayyana cewa hanyoyin lantarki suna da damar samar da sabo, mafi girma darajar shuka kayayyakin, ko bayar da wani madadin rigar aiki da hanyoyin.
Kodayake karfafa rarrabe hatsin, bugun jini, kuma an nuna kayan mai a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma a wasu lokuta ma'aunin matukin jirgi, tsarin lantarki da ake amfani da shi don nuna wadannan sakamakon na iya zama a karshe ba zai zama mafi dacewa ko kayan aiki masu aiki masu tsada ba don yin irin wannan rarrabuwa bisa tsarin kasuwanci. Data kasance kasuwanci electrostatic tsarin suna fi amfani da rabuwa na ma'adanai, karafa ko robobi. Ma'adanai da karafa dukkansu abubuwa ne masu ɗanɗano tare da madaidaicin nauyi, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da kayan shuka. Ko da tare da babban takamaiman nauyi na ma'adanai da karafa, da tasiri barbashi size gazawar ga drum yi da layi daya farantin electrostatic separators ne in mun gwada da m, tare da 'yan barbashi a ƙasa 100 form misali. Robobi ne na ƙananan yawa fiye da duka ma'adanai da karafa amma galibi ana sarrafa su a ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar filastik flakes misali. The introduction of fine particles creates operational difficulties for both high-tension roll and parallel plate separators. Lafiya, ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa suna da matukar damuwa ga igiyoyin iska, musamman ma idan aka kwatanta da ma'adinai da karafa. Differencesananan bambance-bambance a cikin igiyar iska a cikin na'urar rabuwa suna tasiri hanyar tafiya ta kyawawan ƙwayoyin, biyayya su ga sojojin wanin wadanda sa da electrostatic filin.
Domin mafi layi daya farantin SEPARATOR tsarin, finely ƙasa, kuma low-yawa barbashi cewa an electrostatically cajin suna tattara a kan wayoyin na layi daya farantin separators. Idan wadannan lafiya electrically a haɗe barbashi an ba cire, akai-akai, da lantarki filin ƙarfi da kuma ingancinsu na na'ura kaskantar. The aiki na masu bincike, a cikin Abinci Tsari Engineering Group Wageningen UR (Wang et al, 2015) ya yi amfani da wannan sabon abu da ya tattara samfurori kashe surface na wayoyin na layi daya farantin SEPARATOR don nazarin kayayyakin da rabuwa. Layi daya farantin SEPARATOR tsarin, musamman ma wadanda suke cewa dõgara nauyi zuwa kai barbashi ta hanyar da lantarki filin, suka yi ƙoƙarin magance wannan matsala a hanyoyi da dama. Stone et al (1988) bayyana wani tsari a cikin abin da lafiya barbashi da aka cire cirewa daga cikin electrostatic SEPARATOR da iska elutriation. [10] Wasu sun ruwaito rike da wani laminar rafi na iska gudãna a fadin wayoyin hana lafiya barbashi daga ana rinjayi iska igiyoyin. [22Duk da haka, rike laminar airflow zama kalubale a matsayin rabuwa na'urar zama ya fi girma, yadda ya kamata iyakance aiki damar irin wannan na'urorin. Daga qarshe barbashi size a cikin abin da aka gyara su ne jiki ware daga sauran (ba kamar yadda mai hankali barbashi), zai zama mafi girma a direba a kayyade da barbashi size a wadda aiki dole ne faruwa.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, al'ada electrostatic rabuwa na'urorin suna iyakance a aiki iya aiki, especially with low-density and finely ground powders such as plant materials. For high-tension drum and belt separation devices, the effectiveness is limited to particles that are relatively coarse and/or have high specific gravity, saboda buƙatar dukkan ƙwayoyin don tuntuɓar farfajiyar. Kamar yadda barbashi zama karami da aiki kudi ne rage. Daidaici plate separators an kara iyakance ta barbashi yawa da za a iya sarrafa a cikin lantarki zone. Aukar barbashi dole ne ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa don hana tasirin cajin sarari.
ST Boats & Fasaha Belt SEPARATOR
A ST Boats & Technology (STET) triboelectrostatic bel SEPARATOR yana da nuna damar aiwatar da lafiya barbashi daga 500 - 1 μm. The STET SEPARATOR ne a layi daya farantin electrostatic SEPARATOR, duk da haka, da lantarki faranti suna daidaitacce a kwance kamar yadda tsayayya wa vertically kamar yadda shi ne yanayin a mafi yawan layi daya farantin SEPARATOR. (Dubi Figure 6) Bugu da ƙari, da STET SEPARATOR aikata cika barbashi tribo-caji da isar lokaci guda ta wani babban-gudun bude raga na'ura mai bel. Wannan fasalin yana ba da damar ƙayyadaddun ƙimar sarrafa abinci, kazalika da damar aiwatar da powders yawa finer fiye da na al'ada electrostatic na'urorin. Wannan irin rabuwa na'urar ya kasance a cikin kasuwanci aiki tun 1995 raba unburned carbon daga gardama ash ma'adanai (hankula D50 kamar 20 μm) a ci-kora ikon shuke-shuke. Wannan electrostatic rabuwa na'urar ya kuma kasance nasara a beneficiating sauran inorganic kayan, ciki har da ma'adanai irin su alli carbonate, talc, barite, da sauransu.
Da muhimman hakkokin bayani na STET SEPARATOR aka kwatanta a Figure 7. A barbashi an caje da triboelectric sakamako ta hanyar barbashi-to-barbashi collisions cikin rata tsakanin wayoyin. A amfani ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin wayoyin ne tsakanin ± 4 da kuma ± 10 KV dangi zuwa ƙasa, bada wani total ƙarfin lantarki bambanci na 8 - 20 KV fadin wani sosai kunkuntar lantarki rata na nominally 1.5 cm (0.6 inci). Hay barbashi an gabatar da STET SEPARATOR a daya daga uku wurare (Hay Mashigai) via a rabawa iska nunin tsarin da wuka ƙofar bawuloli. A STET SEPARATOR samar kawai biyu kayayyakin, a barnatar caje barbashi rafi tattara a gaskiya ma cajin lantarki, kuma a gaskiya ma caje barbashi rafi tattara a kan barnatar da cajin lantarki. A kayayyakin an hukunta zuwa ga Game da hoppers a kowane karshen STET SEPARATOR da SEPARATOR bel da kuma isar daga cikin SEPARATOR da nauyi. A STET SEPARATOR ba a samar da middlings ko maimaita rafi, ko da yake mahara izinin jeri don inganta samfurin tsarki da kuma / ko dawo da su zai yiwu.
Figure 6: STET Triboelectric Belt SEPARATOR
Barbashi an isar ta hanyar lantarki rata (rabuwa zone) da a ci gaba da madauki, bude raga bel. A bel aiki a high gudun, m daga 4 to 20 m / s (13 - 65 ft / s). A lissafi na bel da hidima ga share lafiya barbashi kashe surface na wayoyin, hana jari na lafiya barbashi cewa kaskantar da yi da kuma irin ƙarfin lantarki filin na gargajiya free-fall layi daya farantin irin rabuwa da na'urorin. Bugu da kari, da bel da ya haifar da wani babban aras, high haukan kogi zone tsakanin biyu wayoyin, inganta tribo-caji. A counter-halin yanzu tafiya na SEPARATOR bel damar domin ci gaba da caji da sake caji ko barbashi a cikin SEPARATOR, kawar da buƙatar tsarin caji kafin caji na mai raba STET.
Figure 7: Tushen aiki na STET Belt SEPARATOR
Mai raba STET babban matakin abinci ne, kasuwanci tabbatar da aiki tsarin. Matsakaicin aiki iya aiki na STET SEPARATOR ne mafi yawa a aiki na da volumetric feed kudi da za a iya isar ta hanyar lantarki rata da STET SEPARATOR bel. sauran canji, kamar gudun da bel, da nisa tsakanin wayoyin da aerated yawa na foda sakamako da matsakaicin abinci rate, yawanci wani karami har. Domin mun gwada high-yawa kayan, misali, tashi ash, matsakaicin aiki kudi na wani 42 inch (106 cm) lantarki nisa kasuwanci rabuwa naúrar ne wajen 40 - 45 Ton a kowace sa'a guda daga feed. Ga kasa m abinci da kayayyakin, matsakaicin abinci kudi ne m.
Table 6: M matsakaicin abinci rate daban-daban domin kayan sarrafa shi da STET 42 inch electrostatic SEPARATOR.
Dust fashewar ne mai babbar Hazard a hatsi da sauran kwayoyin foda aiki yadda ake gudanar da. A STET SEPARATOR ya dace wa sarrafa combustible kwayoyin powders da kawai qananan gyare-gyare. Babu mai tsanani saman a cikin STET SEPARATOR. The kawai motsi sassa ne SEPARATOR bel da drive rollers. A nadi bearings suna located waje na foda rafi a waje harsashi na naúra. Saboda haka ba su da wani hadarin ga zafi fiye da kima / haifar a cikin kayan rafi. Bugu da ƙari, da STET SEPARATOR bearings suna samuwa tare da ma'aikata Fitted zazzabi ji damar gane qazanta gazawar da kyau kafin dangerously high yanayin zafi da ake kai. A SEPARATOR bel da drive tsarin gabatar da wani mafi girma hadarin fiye da sauran al'ada juyawa kayan. A STET SEPARATOR high ƙarfin lantarki aka gyara an ma dake waje da kayan rafi da kuma dauke a cikin turbaya-m enclosures. Matsakaicin makamashi tartsatsin fadin SEPARATOR rata ne iyakance ta da zane na high ƙarfin lantarki aka gyara. An ƙarin matakin da aminci za a iya gabatar da via nitrogen watsi da.
Whole alkama gari Processing da STET SEPARATOR
Dukan alkama gari da aka samu daga nika dukan hatsi na alkama (bran, kumshe, kuma endosperm). kasuwanci, akwai, shiryayye, dukan alkama gari da aka saya don amfani da gwajin abu don kimanta da damar da STET SEPARATOR cire fibrous bran da kuma kumshe daga starchy endosperm sulusi da murabba'i na alkama gari. A dukan alkama gari samfurin da aka bincikar ta STET kafin fara da gwaji. Ash abun ciki da aka gwada ta da ICC Standard 104 / 1 (900° C). Maimaita ash ma'aunai na wannan samfurin, wani unseparated feed samfurin, auna 10 sau, da aka samu a yi wani ash abun ciki na 1.61%, wani misali karkata daga 0.01 da dangi misali karkata daga 0.7%. Barbashi size bincike da aka kammala ta Laser diffraction amfani da wani Malvern Mastersizer 3000 tare da bushe watsawa na'ura. Protein bincike da aka gudanar ta amfani da Dumas Hanyar, tare da wani Elementary m N wuce nitrogen / gina jiki analyzer. A hira factor na N x 6.25 an yi amfani da. A daban-daban Properties daga cikin dukan alkama gari samfurin an tarke a kasa. (Dubi Table 7)
Table 7: Analysis na dukan alkama gari feed ta STET
Ash ciki da kuma gina jiki abun ciki da aka samu ya zama sosai repeatable a lokacin da ya gwada a cikin wannan samfurin, amma gagarumin canzawa aka gano a tsakanin mahara bags na dukan alkama gari amfani da matsayin abinci samfurin. (Dubi Table 8) Wannan abinci samfurin canzawa sa a wasu watsa a cikin gwajin data.
Table 8: Analysis na rabuwa gwajin sakamakon dukan alkama gari da STET
Electrostatic rabuwa gwaji na dukan alkama gari samfurin da aka yi a ST Boats & Technology (STET) matukin jirgi shuka makaman a Needham, Massachusetts. A STET matukin jirgi shuka ya ƙunshi biyu matukin jirgi sikelin STET separators tare da ancillary kayan aiki amfani da su gudanar da bincike da rabuwa da kayan daga takarar kafofin. A matukin jirgi sikelin-STET separators ne guda tsawon matsayin kasuwanci STET SEPARATOR, a 30 feet (9.1 mita) dogon, duk da haka, matukin jirgin shuka SEPARATOR lantarki nisa ne kawai 6 inci (150 mm), ko daya da bakwai da nisa daga cikin mafi girma da kasuwanci STET SEPARATOR a 42 inci (1070 mm) lantarki nisa. A feed damar da STET SEPARATOR ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga nisa daga cikin wayoyin, saboda haka, adadin abincin mai raba matukin jirgi shine kashi daya bisa bakwai na adadin abincin mai raba Injin mai fadin inci 42. Matsakaicin matsakaicin abinci tare da garin alkama duka shine 2.3 Ton a kowace awa a sikelin gwaji, wanda yayi daidai da 16 Tons a kowace awa don mai raba ciniki na inci 42. A kwatankwacin sikelin da aka gudanar da yawancin karatun rabuwa na lantarki zuwa yau, da STET SEPARATOR gwaji da aka za'ayi a da yawa mafi girma feed kudi. An yi gwaji a cikin 10 kg (20 fam) gwaje-gwajen tsari, saboda da m sharudda na samar da 2.3 Ton a kowace sa'a guda daga feed ci gaba. Ga kowane tsari gwajin yanayin, da kayayyakin da rabuwa aiwatar da aka auna yin lissafi da taro dawo da. Subsamples daga kowane gwajin da aka tattara da kuma bincikar domin ash abun ciki da kuma gina jiki abun ciki.
Figure 8: STET Pilot Shuka SEPARATOR.
Barbashi size ji na dukan alkama gari feed da biyu samfurin samfurori da aka nuna a kasa a Figure 9.
Figure 9: Barbashi size ji daga dukan alkama gari feed, da biyu rabu samfurin samfurori.
Hoton kayayyakin rabuwa da aka gano an haɗa su a ƙasa. (Dubi Figure 10) An lura da sauya launi mai ganuwa yayin rabuwa, wanda babban samfurin abun ciki wanda yake da yawa yafi duhu fiye da abincin garin alkama.
Figure 10: Hankula kayayyakin dawo dasu daga STET rabuwa tsari.
Ash abun ciki ga duk kayayyakin daga rabuwa tsari da aka auna. (Dubi Figure 11)
Figure 11: Ash abun ciki a kan taro taro na low ash samfurin ga dukan alkama gari rabuwa gwaje-gwaje da STET
Gwaji na STET electrostatic SEPARATOR tare da dukan alkama gari nuna gagarumin motsi na high ash (bran) fraangare na alkama kwaya zuwa tabbataccen lantarki. A rage ash samfurin aka baya tattara a kan korau lantarki. Anyi gwaji akan makirci ɗaya, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a yi ƙarin haɓaka ɗayan samfuran rabuwa ta hanyar yin wani matakin rabuwa. Future gwaji tare da STET SEPARATOR za a gudanar a ranar alkama bran samfurori, da kuma garin masara da kuma legumes irinsu Lupine.
karshe
Review na dacewa da adabi na nuni da cewa gagarumin bincike da aka Kanmu wajen samar da electrostatic rabuwa dabaru domin kwayoyin kayan. Wannan ci gaban ya ci gaba ko ma an hanzarta a baya 10 - 20 shekaru, da yawa masu bincike a Turai da kuma Amurka da ake ji electrostatic rabuwa dabarun wani m iri-iri beneficiation kalubale. Daga wannan bincike, Tabbatacce ne, cewa electrostatic hanyoyin da damar samar da sabon, mafi girma darajar shuka kayayyakin, ko bayar da wani madadin rigar aiki da hanyoyin. Kodayake yana karfafa rabewar alkama, masara da lupine-tushen shuka kayan da aka nuna a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma a wasu lokuta matukin jirgi sikelin, da electrostatic tsarin amfani da su nuna wadannan sakamakon bazai mafi dace ko kudin-tasiri aiki kayan aiki da su na yin irin wannan separations a kan wani ciniki akai. Mutane da yawa electrostatic fasahar ba su dace domin aiwatar finely ƙasa, low-yawa powders kamar shuka kayan. Duk da haka, da ST Boats & Technology (STET) triboelectrostatic bel SEPARATOR yana da nuna damar aiwatar da lafiya barbashi daga 500 - 1 μm a high rates. A STET bel SEPARATOR ne mai high rate, industrially tabbatar da aiki da na'urar da iya zama dace da yadda za su sayar da 'yan aukuwa a shuka kayan aiki. A STET bel SEPARATOR aka gwada a kan wani samfurin na dukan alkama gari da kuma aka samu ya zama nasara a cire bran daga sitaci sulusi da murabba'i. Future gwaji tare da STET SEPARATOR za a gudanar a ranar alkama bran samfurori, kazalika da masara gari da kuma hatsaisai kamar soya da kuma lupine.
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