Zabi Harshe:
A American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) sifiyo, game da samar da da kuma yin amfani da kwal gardama ash rahoton cewa tsakanin 1966 da kuma 2011, a kan 2.3 biliyan short ton na gardama ash aka samar da kwal-kori mai amfani boilers. Wannan adadin, kamar 625 ton miliyan an beneficially amfani, mafi yawa na siminti da kuma kankare samarwa. Duk da haka, sauran 1.7+ ya kai tan biliyan ana da farko samu a landfills ko cika ponded impoundments.
Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation na Landfilled da Ponded Fly Ash
By Lewis Baker,Abhishek Gupta, Stephen Gasiorowski, da kuma Frank Hrach
A American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) sifiyo, game da samar da da kuma yin amfani da kwal gardama ash rahoton cewa tsakanin 1966 da kuma 2011, a kan 2.3 biliyan short ton na gardama ash aka samar da kwal-kori mai amfani boilers.1 Daga wannan adadin, kamar 625 ton miliyan an beneficially amfani, mafi yawa na siminti da kuma kankare samarwa. Duk da haka, sauran 1.7+ ya kai tan biliyan ana da farko samu a landfills ko cika ponded impoundments. Duk da yake amfani rates for freshly generated gardama ash sun karu da yawa a kan 'yan shekarun nan, tare da na yanzu rates kusa 45%, kamar 40 ton miliyan na gardama ash ci gaba da za a zubar da shekara. Duk da yake amfani rates a Turai sun kasance ya fi yadda a Amurka, babba kundin na gardama ash sun kuma an adana a landfills da impoundments a wasu kasashen Turai
kwanan nan, sha'awa cikin murmurewa wannan kamanta abu ya karu, partially saboda da bukatar high quality-gardama ash ga kankare da siminti samarwa a lokacin wani lokaci na rage samar da kwal-kora ikon tsara ya rage a Turai da kuma Arewacin Amirka. Damuwa game da dogon lokacin da muhalli tasiri na wannan landfills ma hakan ya sa utilities sami m amfani da aikace-aikace da wannan adana ash.
Duk da yake wasu na wannan adana gardama ash iya zama dace da m amfani kamar yadda da farko excavated, mafiya yawa za su bukaci wasu aiki saduwa ingancin nagartacce for ciminti ko kankare samarwa. Saboda abu da aka yawanci wetted taimaka handling da compaction yayin guje wa Airborne ƙura ƙarni, bushewa da kuma deagglomeration ne a dole da ake bukata domin amfani a kankare saboda kankare kera za su so su ci gaba da yi na batching gardama ash a matsayin bushe, lafiya foda. Duk da haka, tabbatar da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na ash hadu da bayani dalla-dalla-galibi da carbon abun ciki, auna a matsayin hasara a kan ƙonewa (DOKA)-Wannan mafi kalubale. Kamar yadda gardama ash amfani ya karu a karshe 20+ shekaru, mafi "a-tabarau" ash an beneficially amfani, da kuma kashe-ingancin ash zubar. Kamar wancan, Loi raguwa zai zama wani da ake bukata domin yin amfani da mafi yawan gardama ash recoverable daga mai amfani impoundments.
Duk da yake wasu masu bincike sun yi amfani da konewa dabaru da kuma flotation matakai domin Loi akan rage gano landfilled da ponded gardama ash, ST Boats & Technologies (STET) ya gano cewa, ta musamman triboelectrostatic bel rabuwa tsarin, dogon amfani ga beneficiation na freshly generated gardama ash, ne ma tasiri a kan gano ash bayan dace bushewa da kuma deagglomeration.
STET masu bincike sun gwada triboelectrostatic rabuwa hali na bushe landfilled ash daga dama gardama ash landfills a cikin nahiyar Amirka da Turai. Wannan gano ash rabu sosai kamar wancan zuwa freshly generated ash tare da daya m bambanci: barbashi caji da aka juyawa daga abin da na sabo ne ash, tare da carbon caji korau dangane da mineral.2 Sauran masu bincike na electrostatic rabuwa da gardama ash carbon da kuma lura da wannan phenomenon.3-5 The polarity na STET triboelectrostatic SEPARATOR za a iya gyara ga damar kin amincewa da barnatar da cajin carbon daga bushe landfilled gardama ash kafofin. Babu musamman gyare-gyare ga SEPARATOR zane ko controls ne zama dole don saukar da mamaki
A STET carbon SEPARATOR (Ɓaure. 1), abu ne ciyar a cikin bakin ciki rata tsakanin biyu a layi daya planar wayoyin. A barbashi an triboelectrically cajin da interparticle lamba. A gaskiya ma cajin carbon da barnatar da cajin ma'adinai (a freshly generated ash cewa ba a wetted da bushe) suna janyo hankalin zuwa gaban wayoyin. A barbashi an sa'an nan share up da a ci gaba da dabba ba a kanta bel da kuma isar da a gaban kwatance. A bel motsa barbashi m zuwa kowane lantarki wajen m iyakar da SEPARATOR. A high bel gudun ma sa sosai high throughputs har zuwa 36 ton a kowace awa a kan wani guda SEPARATOR. The kananan rata, high-ƙarfin lantarki filin, counter-halin yanzu kwarara, ƙwazo barbashi-barbashi agitation, kuma kai-tsaftacewa mataki na bel a kan wayoyin ne m fasali na STET SEPARATOR. By iko daban-daban aiwatar sigogi, kamar bel gudun, feed nufi, da abinci kudi, da STET aiwatar samar low Loi gardama ash a carbon abinda ke ciki na kasa da 1.5 to 4.5% daga abinci gardama toka jere a Loi daga 4% to kan 25%.
A SEPARATOR zane ne in mun gwada da sauki kuma m. A na'ura tsara don aiwatar 40 ton a kowace awa daya ne kamar 30 ft (9 m) dogon, 5 ft (1.5 m) m, da kuma 9 ft (2.75 m) tsayi. A bel da Associated rollers ne kawai motsi sassa. A wayoyin ne na kullum da kuma hada da wani kasafi m kaya. A bel da aka sanya na nonconductive roba. A SEPARATOR ta ikon amfani ne game da 1 kilowatt-hour da ton na kayan sarrafa shi da mafi yawan ikon cinye ta biyu Motors tuki da bel.
A tsari ne gaba ɗaya bushe, bukatar wani ƙarin kayan wanin gardama ash, da kuma samar da wani sharar gida da ruwa ko iska watsi. A gano kayan kunshi gardama ash rage a carbon abun ciki zuwa matakan dace da amfani a matsayin pozzolanic admixture a kankare, kuma a high-carbon sulusi da murabba'i amfani kamar man fetur. Amfani na biyu samfurin kõguna na samar da wani 100% warware tashi ash dashi matsaloli.
Hudu kafofin of ash da aka samu daga landfills: Samfurin A daga wani iko shuka located in United Kingdom da kuma samfurori B, C, kuma D daga Amurka. Duk wadannan samfurori kunshi ash daga konewa na bituminous kwal da manyan mai amfani boilers. Saboda da intermingling na littattafai na landfills, babu wani karin bayani yana samuwa a kan takamaiman ci tushen ko konewa yanayi.
The samfurori a matsayin samu ta hanyar STET dauke tsakanin 15 da kuma 27% ruwa, kamar yadda shi ne hali na landfilled abu. The samfurori ma dauke da sãɓãwar launukansa yawa na manyan >1/8 a. (3 mm) material. Don shirya samfurori for carbon rabuwa, da manyan tarkace aka cire ta nunawa da kuma samfurori sa'an nan bushe da deagglomerated kafin carbon beneficiation. Hanyoyin da dama ga bushewa / deagglomeration da aka kimanta a matukin jirgi sikelin don inganta overall aiwatar. STET ya zaba wani industrially tabbatar feed aiki tsarin cewa yayi lokaci daya bushewa da kuma deagglomeration zama dole domin tasiri electrostatic rabuwa. A general aiwatar kashi da aka gabatar a cikin siffa. 2.
Abubuwan da aka shirya samfurori sun kasance da kyau a cikin kewayon tashi ash samu kai tsaye daga al'ada mai amfani boilers. A mafi dacewa Properties duka biyu da SEPARATOR ciyarwarka da kuma kayayyakin da ake takaita a Table 2, tare da gano samfurin.
STET SEPARATOR aiki bushe, landfilled gardama ash
Tsari kwarara zane
Carbon rage gwaji ta amfani da STET triboelectric bel SEPARATOR sa a sosai kyau dawo daga low-Loi kayayyakin daga duk hudu landfill gardama ash kafofin. A baya caji na carbon kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya bai kaskantar da rabuwa a kowace hanya kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa sabo ne ash.
A Properties daga cikin low-Loi gardama ash gano yin amfani da STET aiwatar duka biyu freshly tattara ash daga tukunyar jirgi da kuma ash gano daga landfill aka takaita a Table 1. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa samfurin quality for ProAsh® samar daga landfilled abu ne daidai da samfurin samar daga sabo gardama ash kafofin.
A Properties daga cikin ProAsh generated daga kwace landfill abu da aka idan aka kwatanta da cewa na ProAsh samar daga sabo gardama ash generated da mai amfani boilers daga wannan wuri. The sarrafa kwace ash hadu da duk bayani dalla-dalla na ASTM C618 kuma AASHTO M 250 nagartacce. Table 2 takaita sunadarai for samfurori daga biyu na kafofin nuna bai isa a kula bambanci tsakanin sabo ne da kuma kwace kayan.
Tsayin ci gaban a 20% canzawa na low-Loi gardama ash a turmi dauke da 600 laba / yd3 cementitious abu (ganin Table 3) nuna ProAsh samfurin samu daga landfilled ash bada rokoki tare da ƙarfin m zuwa rokoki samar amfani ProAsh daga sabo gardama ash samar a wannan wuri. A karshen samfurin na beneficiated kwace ash zai goyi bayan high-karshen amfani a kankare masana'antu daidai da sosai m matsayin ProAsh a kai a cikin kasuwanni da shi a halin yanzu hidima.
Samuwar low-cost iskar gas a Amurka ƙwarai kara habaka da tattalin arziki na bushewa matakai, ciki har da bushewa da wetted gardama ash daga landfills. Table 4 takaita man fetur halin kaka ga ayyukan a Amurka domin 15% da kuma 20% danshi abinda ke ciki. Hankula inefficiencies bushewa suke kunshe a cikin lasafta dabi'u. Halin kaka su ne bisa taro na kayan bayan bushewa. A kari halin kaka don bushewa gardama ash ga STET triboelectrostatic rabuwa aiki ne in mun gwada low.
Ko da tare da Bugu da kari na feed bushewa halin kaka, da STET rabuwa tsari yayi wani low-cost, industrially tabbatar da tsari na Loi akan rage landfilled gardama ash. A STET tsari ga kwace gardama ash ne daya-uku da daya-da rabi daga cikin babban birnin kasar kudin idan aka kwatanta da konewa-tushen tsarin. A STET tsari ga kwace gardama ash kuma yana da muhimmanci ƙananan watsi da yanayi idan aka kwatanta da konewa ko flotation-tushen tsarin. Saboda kawai ƙarin iska watsi tushen ga misali STET aiwatar da kafuwa ne na halitta gas-kora na'urar busar, bayar da izni zai zama mun gwada sauki.
| Ciyar da samfurin zuwa SEPARATOR | DOKA, % | ProAsh DOKA, % | ProAsh fineness, % +325 raga |
ProAsh taro amfanin ƙasa, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh A | 10.2 | 3.6 | 23 | 84 |
| Landfilled A | 11.1 | 3.6 | 20 | 80 |
| Fresh B | 5.3 | 2.0 | 13 | 86 |
| Landfilled B | 7.1 | 2.0 | 15 | 65 |
| Fresh C | 4.7 | 2.6 | 16 | 82 |
| Landfilled C | 5.7 | 2.5 | 23 | 72 |
| Landfilled D | 10.8 | 3.0 | 25 | 80 |
| Material source | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | Cao | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh B | 51.60 | 24.70 | 9.9 | 2.22 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Landfilled B | 50.40 | 25.00 | 9.3 | 3.04 | 0.85 | 2.41 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
| Fresh C | 47.7 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
| Landfilled C | 48.5 | 26.5 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 0.86 | 2.39 | 1.18 | 0.02 |
| 7-rana compressive ƙarfi, % na sabo ne ash iko | 28-rana compressive ƙarfi, % na sabo ne ash iko | |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh B | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled B | 107 | 113 |
| Fresh C | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled C | 97 | 99 |
| danshi abun ciki, % | Heat bukata KWhr / T rigar-akai | Bushewa kudin / T bushe-akai (iskar gas kudin $ 3,45 / mmBtu) |
| 15 | 165 | $ 2.28 |
| 20 | 217 | $ 3.19 |
Bugu da kari ga low-carbon samfurin don amfani a concrete- iri-mai suna ProAsh-da STET rabuwa aiwatar ma Recovers in ba haka ba halakarda unburned carbon a cikin nau'i na carbon-arziki gardama ash, akayi EcoTherm™. EcoTherm yana da muhimmanci man fetur darajar da za a iya mayar da su zuwa da wutar lantarki na shuka amfani da STET EcoTherm koma tsarin don rage kwal amfani a shuka. Lokacin da EcoTherm aka ƙone a cikin tukunyar jirgi mai amfani, makamashi daga konewa da aka tuba zuwa high-matsa lamba / high-zazzabi tururi, sa'an nan kuma su da wutar lantarki a wannan ingancinsu kamar yadda kwal, yawanci 35%. A hira da gano thermal makamashi da wutar lantarki a STET EcoTherm koma tsarin ne biyu zuwa uku sau fi da cewa da m fasahar inda makamashi da aka gano a matsayin low-sa kadan a cikin nau'i na zafi ruwa, wanda aka kẽwayãwa zuwa tukunyar jirgi feed ruwa tsarin. EcoTherm ana amfani a matsayin tushen alumina a ciminti kilns, wuce da mafi tsada haƙar, wanda mafi yawa ana hawa mai nisa. Amfani da high-carbon EcoTherm ash ko dai a wani ikon shuka ko wani ciminti kiln maximizes da makamashi dawo daga tsĩrar da kwal, rage bukatar Nãwa kuma safarar ƙarin man fetur zuwa wuraren.
STET ta Talen Energy Brandon gaba, SMEPA R.D. Morrow, NBP Belledune, RWEnpower Didcot, EDF Energy West Burton, RWEnpower Aberthaw, da kuma Korea ta Kudu-Gabas Power tashi ash shuke-shuke duk hada EcoTherm koma tsarin.
STET ta rabuwa tsari da aka yi amfani da kudi ne tun 1995 domin gardama ash beneficiation kuma ya generated kan 20 ton miliyan na high quality-tashi ash ga kankare samarwa. Sarrafawa low-Loi ProAsh a halin yanzu samar da STET ta fasaha a 12 ikon tashoshin cikin Amurka, Canada, da United Kingdom, Poland, da kuma Jamhuriyar Korea. ProAshfly ash an yarda da amfani da fiye da 20 Jihar karauka hukumomi, kazalika da yawa wasu jaddadawa hukumomin. ProAsh kuma an bokan karkashin Kanad Standards Association da EN 450:2005 ingancin nagartacce a Turai. Ash aiki da wuraren yin amfani da STET fasahar aka jera a cikin Table 5.
Bayan dace scalping na manyan kaya, bushewa, kuma deagglomeration, tashi ash dawo dasu daga mai amfani shuka landfills za a iya rage a carbon abun ciki ta amfani da commercialized STET triboelectric bel SEPARATOR. A ingancin da gardama ash samfurin, ProAsh, ta amfani da STET tsarin a kwace landfill abu, shi ne daidai da ProAsh samar daga sabo ne feed gardama ash. A ProAsh samfurin ne sosai-dace da kuma tabbatar da samar da kankare. A dawo da kuma beneficiation na landfilled ash zai samar da wani ci gaba da samar da high quality-ash ga kankare kera duk da rage samar da "sabo" ash matsayin ci-kora utilities rage ƙarni. Bugu da, ikon shuke-shuke da bukatar cire ash daga landfills saduwa canza muhalli da dokokinta za su iya amfani da tsari to canza a sharar gida samfurin alhaki a cikin wani muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin kankare kera. A STET rabuwa aiwatar da abinci preprocessing kayan aiki ga bushewa da kuma deagglomerating landfilled gardama ash ne wani m zaɓi don ash beneficiation da muhimmanci ƙananan kudin da ƙananan watsi idan aka kwatanta da sauran konewa- kuma flotation-tushen tsarin. ❖
1. American Coal Ash Coal konewa Products da kuma amfani da Statistics, http://www.acaausa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports.
2. ST Ciki Report, Aug. 1995.
3. a, T. X.; Schaefer, J. L.; Ban, H.; Neathery, J. K.; kuma Stencel, J. M., "Dry Beneficiation Processing na konewa Fly Ash,"Gabatarwar na DOE Conference on Unburned Carbon a kan Utility Fly Ash, Pittsburgh, PA, Mayu 19-20, 1998.
4. Baltrus, J. P.; Diehl, J. R.; Soong, Y.; kuma Sands, W., "Triboelectrostatic Rabuwa da Fly Ash kuma Cajin sokewa,"Fuel, V. 81, 2002, pp. 757-762.
5. Cangialosi, F.; Notarnicola, M.; Liberti, L.; kuma Stencel, J., "A Aikin Weathering a kan Fly Ash Cajin Rarraba a lokacin Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation,"Journal of m Materials, V. 164, 2009, pp. 683-688.
Lewis Baker ne Turai Technical Support Manager don ST Boats & Technology (STET) tushen a cikin United Kingdom
Abhishek Gupta ne mai tsari Engineer tushen a STET matukin jirgi shuka da kuma Lab makaman a Needham, MA.
Stephen Gasiorowski ne a babban jami'in harkokin bincike Scientist for ST Boats & Technology (STET) tushen a New Hampshire.
Frank Hrach ne mataimakin shugaban kasar na Tsari Engineering tushen a STET matukin jirgi shuka da kuma Lab makaman a Needham, MA.
| Mai amfani da ikon tashar | location | Fara kasuwanci ayyukan | Facility bayani |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy-Roxboro Station | North Carolina | Satumba. 1997 | 2 separators |
| Talen Energy-Brandon gaba Station | Maryland | Apr. 1999 | 2 separators 35,000 ton ajiya Dome Ecotherm koma 2008 |
| Shchotash (Lafarge / Scottish Power hadin gwiwa Venture)-Longannet Station | Scotland, UK | Oct. 2002 | 1 SEPARATOR |
| Jacksonville Electric Authority- St. John ta River Power Park, FL | Florida | Mayu 2003 | 2 separators Coal / petcoke blends ammonia kau |
| Kudu Mississippi Electric Power Authority R.D. Morrow Station | Mississippi | Jan. 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR Ecotherm samu |
| New Brunswick Power Company Belledune Station | New Brunswick, Canada | Apr. 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR Coal / petcoke blends Ecotherm samu |
| RWE npower Didcot Station | Ingila, A | Aug. 2005 | 1 SEPARATOR Ecotherm samu |
| Talen Energy Brunner Island Station | Pennsylvania | Dec. 2006 | 2 separators 40,000 ton ajiya Dome |
| Tampa Electric Co. Big Bend Station | Florida | Apr. 2008 | 3 separators, biyu izinin 25,000 ton ajiya Dome ammonia kau |
| OF npower Aberthaw Station (Lafarge Siminti UK) | Wales, UK | Satumba. 2008 | 1 SEPARATOR ammonia kau Ecotherm samu |
| EDF Energy West Burton Station (Lafarge Siminti UK, Cemex) | Ingila, UK | Oct. 2008 | 1 SEPARATOR Ecotherm samu |
| ZGP (Lafarge Siminti Poland / Ciech Janikosoda Jb) | Poland | Mar. 2010 | 1 raba |
| Korea ta Kudu-Gabas Power Yeongheung Units 5&6 | Koriya ta Kudu | Satumba. 2014 | 1 SEPARATOR Ecotherm samu |
| PGNiG-Siekierki Termika | Poland | shirya 2016 | 1 SEPARATOR Ecotherm samu |
| Da za a sanar | Poland | shirya 2016 | 1 SEPARATOR Ecotherm samu |
