Ammonia Update STET raritaanka 2015

Needham Technical Center

Soo saarida ammonia ka Fly Ash

J. Bittner, S. Gasiorowski, iyo F. Hrach

Technologies Kala, LLC 101 Hampton Avenue, Needham, Massachusetts, USA

aan la taaban karin

sahayda ee ash dhoobnayd diyaar u ah isticmaalka sida pozzolan ah ee la taaban karo laga yaabaa in si xun u saamaysay saamaynta xeerarka tayada hawada on hawlaha warshad korontada. Gaar ahaan, hoos u xilsaaray in NOx, particulate, iyo SO3 ay ku jirto heerarka warshadu hawada buufis ayaa la filayaa inay u baahan tahay rakibaadda ee Hab kontaroolo oo isticmaali kartaa ammonia sida reagent a. Iyada oo ku xidhan heerka la joogo ammonia ee gaaska qiiqa at precipitators unugga, ash ka caagan laga soo ururiyey waxaa laga yaabaa in si xoogan wasakheeyay ammonia ugu horrayn sida ammonium sulfate cusbada.

ST Qalabka & technology LLC (STET) ayaa sameeyay nidaamka ah in ka saaraysaa ammonia ka ash dhoobnayd. Geedi socodka soo kabanayo 100% of ash Daqsi loola dhaqmo iyo ash ka dhalanaya la kulmay oo dhan caddaymaha loo isticmaalo in la taaban karo. nidaamka dalka looga saarayo ammonia ST ee la keli ahaan ama isku dhafan oo shirkadda ee technology-soociddiisa carbon loo isticmaali karaa. geedi-soociddiisa carbon The ma saamayn joogitaanka ammonia on ash Daqsi. Habkan qaybsan bixisaa xal ugu hooseeya qiimaha lagu daweeyo ash dhoobnayd haddii kale istimaalaynin.

nidaamka ka saarida ammonia ST waxaa ka howlgala laba goobood ee USA iyo mid ka mid ah Europe. Heerarka ammonia of ash ka caagan la daaweyn ayaa kala duwanaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 200 iyo 3000 mg NH3 / ash kg (qayb halkii milyan by mass, ama ppm). habka ST ayaa si guul ah hoos u heer ammonia ash in ay ka yar tahay 50 mg NH3 / ash kg. In ka badan 500,000 tan oo ash dhoobnayd ayaa waxaa lagu iibin in ay isku dhafka diyaar saarayaasha la taaban karo ka soo nidaamka dalka looga saarayo ammonia ST ee.

Ammonia wasakhoobay Fly Ash

sahayda ee ash dhoobnayd diyaar u ah isticmaalka sida pozzolan ah ee la taaban karo laga yaabaa in si xun u saamaysay saamaynta xeerarka tayada hawada on hawlaha warshad korontada.1 Gaar ahaan, hoos u xilsaaray in NOx , particulate, iyo SO3 ay ku jirto heerarka warshadu hawada buufis ayaa la filayaa inay u baahan tahay rakibaadda ee Hab kontaroolo oo isticmaali kartaa ammonia sida reagent a. Iyada oo ku xidhan heerka la joogo ammonia ee gaaska qiiqa ee precipitators electrostatic, ash ka caagan laga soo ururiyey waxaa laga yaabaa in si xoogan wasakheeyay ammonia ugu horrayn sida ammonium sulfate cusbada 1,2. Waayo gacanta NOx, heerka ammonia gaaska qiiqa la dejin doonaa by xaddiga ammonia "slip‿, i.e. joogo ammonia unreacted ka dib markii unit SCR ama SNCR ah. Si loo yareeyo particulate ama SO3 buufis qiiqa, ammonia lagu mudaa gaaska qiiqa ka hor precipitators iyo la shubi doonaa on ash Daqsi. degree The kaas oo ay taasi dhacdo waa ku tiirsan SO ah3 content, duuli content baaruud ash, alkalinity of ash Daqsi, fiirsashada ammonia ah, iyo loading ash ee gaaska qiiqa.

The use of duuli ash in concrete requires that the fly ash have specific physical and chemical properties3. The guryaha pozzolanic of ash waa la shaqeysiin ee la taaban karo ee ay jiilka la shiday oo lacag la'aan ah heer sare xumadoodu ka fuuq of sibidhka. Marka ash dhoobnayd ku jira ammonia, ammonia tani waxaa la xoreeyay sida gaaska a by tallaabada ee xalka aadka cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay of taaban karo ee. alkalinity The Doodu hoganaya ee ra'iyi ammonium in xal si ammonia kelli sida ay isla'eg soo socda:

NH4+(AQ) + OH–(AQ) ↔ NH3(AQ) + H2The

The ammonia kelli kala diri waxaa si fudud la sii daayay ka soo xal sida gaaska ammonia free.

ST Qalabka & technology LLC 101 Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

Needham Technical Center

Ammonia waa xarunta xoog uraya qaada xidhiidh ah barnyards, digada iyo kaadida. ur xoogan oo ammonia waa la aqbali karin in soo saare ah la taaban karo, qandaraasle la taaban karo ku shaqeeya, iyo user kama dambaysta ah la taaban karo.4

The guryaha dhammeeyayna ee la taaban karo waxaa lagu si xun u saamayn kuma yeelan marka la isticmaalayo ammonia wasakhaysan ash dhoobnayd, laakiin udgoonkii aan la aqbali karin, gaar ahaan haddii la taaban karo ee loo isticmaalo meelaha dhulka hoostiisa ama ku lifaaqan.5,6,7 Iyadoo ku xiran waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee goobta, ay ka mid yihiin xaddiga wareegga hawo cusub, ur ammonia laga helay ma noqon objectionable marka la isticmaalayo dambas Daqsi kooban 100 si ay u 200 mg NH3 / kg (qayb halkii milyan by mass, ama ppm). Si loo xaqiijiyo in wax dhibaato ah ma waxaa kala kulantay, content ammonia of ash dhoobnayd waa in aysan ka badan 100 ppm2,8.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Intaa waxaa dheer ee ammonia at warshadda korontada ah oo keeni kara in Daqsi waxyaabaha ammonia ash of 200 si ay u 2500 ppm, haya'ad ash Daqsi aan la aqbali karin in loo isticmaalo in la taaban karo.8 Sayidka, yareynta dhibaatooyinka tayada hawada by gacanta qiiqa hawada ee dhirta awood u kordhiyaa dhibaato iyo fogeynta qashinka iyo kordhisaa CO2 qiiqa lagu koriyo by sii kordhaya xaddiga sibidhka loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka la taaban karo. Removal of ammonia ka ash dhoobnayd si waxa loo isticmaali karaa in la taaban karo ka faa'iideysan lahaa korontada iyadoo laga fogaado asturidda qashinka adkaha ah, soo saare ah la taaban karo, user, iyo milkiilaha kama dambaysta ah by hoos qiimaha alaabta iyo kordhinta tayada wax soo saarka, iyo deegaanka by yaraynta qiiqa ee gaasaska koriyo ka-soo-saarka cement.

Inta ay ammonia iyo ammonium cusbada laga helo ash dhoobnayd la xiriira cadadka joogo ammonia ee gaaska qiiqa. Waayo, unit caadiga ah isuku soo dhuxusha la adeegsanayo dhuxul bituminous bariga leh qiimaha sare ee kululaynta 12,000 BTU / LB (6667 Kcal / kg), gaaska qiiqa in dhuxusha ratio mass waa qiyaastii 8 si ay u 9.5. Marka content ash of dhuxusha ah waa 10%, iyo 80% of ash ee dhuxusha waxaa soo kabsaday sida ash dhoobnayd (20% in ash hoose), gaaska qiiqa / ratio ash waa qiyaastii 100. Haddii dhammaan noocyada ammonia xaadirka ah in gaaska qiiqa ayaa shubo ama adsorbed on ash Daqsi, fiirsashada of ammonia ee ash ku noqon lahaa ku dhowaad 50 jeer ka badan ee gaaska qiiqa weyn ku salaysan mass, e.g. ammonia ah “warqada” of 2 ppm by mugga keeni lahaa geed oren ah oo ka kooban 100 mg / kg (ppm by WT.) ammonia. Cabirka dhabta ah muujiyaan xiriirka this in ay sax tahay.9 fiirsashada of ammonia on ash dhoobnayd ka mid ah cutubyo ka hawlgala tiirsan content ash ah dhuxusha iyo ash dhoobnayd in ratio ash hooseysa iyo sidoo kale qodobo kale oo kala duwan yihiin.

Ammonia duro si precipitators electrostatic (gaar ahaan) in ay hagaajiso waxqabadka iyo in la yareeyo sentigiiba plume keeni kartaa heerka aad u sarreeya oo ammonia ee ash dhoobnayd. Heerarka ilaa 2500 ammonia ppm ee ash waa la helay, waayo, nidaamyada sida. hawlgallada SNCR caadi ahaan la shaqeeyaan uruureen warqada ammonia ah 5 si ay u 20 ppm, la ash wasakhaysan heer ah 200 si ay u 1000 ammonia ppm. nidaamyada SCR guud ahaan waxaa loogu talagalay in ay ku shaqeeyaan heer warqada ammonia ugu badan ee 2 ama 5 ppm, ku xiran tahay waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee la rakibo.10 Guud ahaan, weyn NH ah3/NOx ratio, weyn NO ahx hoos kaas oo laga heli doonaa, iyadoo warqada ah ammonia sare keentay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warqada ammonia ka weyn tahay 2 ppm may result in ash-ammonia contents of greater than 100 ppm, soo saara ash ah unmarketable.11 Quwadda badan oo ka hawlgala unugyada SCR Japan iyo Germany loogu talagalay a 2 ppm warqada ugu badnaan ku arkay saameyn yar ku suuq ee ash dhoobnayd.1,5 Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah SCR ee dunida ku baahsan ayaa la loogu talagalay 5 warqada ammonia ppm. Operation of unugyada kuwaas oo at this heer sare warqada doono natiijada ay u badan tahay in ka weyn 100 ppm of ammonia on ash Daqsi.

Xakamaynta warqada ammonia si heer hoose ayaa sidoo kale yareyneysa deeruhu iyo daxalka qalabka geysto sabab u dhigaalka ee sulfates ammonium.1,10 Avoiding air preheater plugging due to this phenomenon is expected to be even more important to unit operators when burning high sulfur, US coals. Sayidka, management of ammonia slip to minimize unit outage time will be a greater concern than controlling the ammonia level of fly ash. The result

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may be that no significant problem develops for the utilization of ash at some utility sites, depending on the specific design and operation of the emission control systems.

The STET Process

STET has developed a process that removes ammonia from fly ash.12 Geedi socodka soo kabanayo 100% of ash Daqsi loola dhaqmo iyo ash ka dhalanaya la kulmay oo dhan caddaymaha loo isticmaalo in la taaban karo. nidaamka dalka looga saarayo ammonia STET la keli ahaan ama isku dhafan oo shirkadda ee technology-soociddiisa carbon loo isticmaali karaa. The carbon separation process is not affected by the presence of ammonia. Habkan qaybsan bixisaa xal ugu hooseeya qiimaha lagu daweeyo ash dhoobnayd haddii kale istimaalaynin.

Si aad u saaro ammonia sida gaaska ka ash Daqsi, the STET process utilizes the same fundamental chemical reaction that results in ammonia release in concrete. Liberation of ammonia ka ash dhoobnayd u ​​baahan yahay in ra'iyi ammonium ah

–hoganaya ammonia kelli lagu wareejiyay ay guushu ku ammonia by joogitaanka alkali. Duuli dambas la dabiici ah alkalinity sare uma baahnaan alkali dheeraad ah. Waayo, dambas xumadoodu yar, wax alkali xoog u adeegi doonaa. midka ugu qiimo jaban ee alkali waa lime (Cao). falcelinta ee ammonium cusbada leh ammonia lime xoreeyay waxaa si xoog leh ka fadilay by hoganaya kiimikada. reaction kiimikada si degdeg ah dhacdaa mar wada dhalaaleen xeryahooda ah.

The overall reaction can be generalized as:

(NH4)2SO4(s) + Cao(s) → 2NH3(g) + CaSO4(s) + H2The(g)

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, the vapor pressures of the solids are quite low and the reaction cannot occur in the gas or solid phase. Ammonium sulfate is highly soluble in water and dissociates to ammonium ions and sulfate ions.

(NH4)2SO4(AQ) → 2NH4+(AQ) + SO42-(AQ)

Lime is highly unstable on exposure to water, favoring a highly exothermic reaction commonly known as “slaking”, producing calcium hydroxide or hydrated lime.

Caos +H2O → Ca(OH)2(s)

The hydrated lime is only sparingly soluble in water, producing calcium and hydroxide ions.

Ca(OH)2(s) ↔ Ca2+(AQ) + 2 OH–(AQ)

Calcium sulfate sidoo kale waa ku Tolosnaada L, si udhigo calcium ayaa ay u qoondeeyaan kala diridda liin biyuhu, waxay ugu horayn ku baabba'nay roobab ah calcium sulfate.

Ca2+(AQ) + SO42-(AQ) → CaSO4(s)

Ugu dambeyntii, nuqdad jira ee u dhexeeya udhigo ammonium iyo ammonia kala diri ee biyaha.

NH4+(AQ) + OH–(AQ) ↔ NH3(AQ) + H2The

ST Qalabka & technology LLC 101 Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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Darajada kaas oo udhigo ammonium yihiin diinta ammonia kelli ku xiran yahay pH ah ee nidaamka aqueous, sare pH ee doorbidayey formation of ammonia kelli. hoganaya Tani waa si fiican u yaqaan.13

feature A muhiimka ah ee geedi socodka STET waa adeegsiga tirada ugu yar oo biyo ah (1 si ay u 4%, caadi ahaan 2%) iyo tiro yar ee alkali (< 2%). xaddi weyn oo biyo ah waa dhaawici habka, gaabis heerka of sii daayo ammonia. pH ah ee ash ka dhalanaya / lime / biyo isku dar ah waa in ay ka sii weyn tahay pH 10.0. tiro aad u yar oo alkali waxaa lagu daraa si loo hubiyo pH this, ku xiran tahay pH dabiiciga ah ee ash ah. Sida caadiga ah, Ka yar 1% Ca(OH)2 ayaa loo baahan yahay, xataa la ash dhoobnayd leh pH si dabiici ah acidic. alkalis ku salaysan Calcium waxaa loo isticmaalaa oo natiijo in isbeddel yar ee kimistari ash Daqsi. Geedi socodka la sameeyaa Heerkulka.

Tan iyo kharashka ku alkali iyo qiimaha qalajinta sheyga yihiin kharashyada hawlgalka waaweyn iyo qiimaynta qalabka qodan iyo qalajiyo yihiin qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee qiimaha caasimada, si taxadar leh lagu qiyaaso shuruudaha reagent ee ash gaar ah waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay tayadoodii ay dhaqaalaha ee geedi socodka.

Shaxdan waxay socodka nidaamka hawlgalka joogto ah habka STET la soo bandhigay Jaantuska 1. Ash, biyaha iyo alkali ee Joogaba, ay gacanta ku yihiin ayaa mitir in fiicni. Si loo hubiyo qodan degdeg ah oo kala firidhsan uniform biyaha ku daray oo alkali, fiicni xoojinta sare waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Waqtiga joogitaanka ee noocan ah fiicni waa mid aad u yar, on amarka of mid ka mid labaad. Ammonia waa isla markiiba la sii daayay laakiin dhamaystiran horumar u baahan jeer isku qasin ah 3 si ay u 4 minutes to allow for mass transport of the gas from the bulk of the ash to allow for mass transport of the gas from the bulk of the ash.

To obtain this mixing time and assure good transport of the ammonia from the bulk of the ash, a low intensity device such as a pug mill is used as a secondary mixer. Tan iyo content qoyaan of ash ah waa mid aad u yar, wax ku qubanayo dhex fiicni sida budada ah ee aadka u doodaya qalalan. gaaska ammonia ururiyay labadaba ooyinka xawaaraha sare iyo hoose waxaa ka mid ah dib loo si qiiqa unit abuurayo ama diinta nitrogen in laba a- stage unit horseed.

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Jaantuska 1: Hab-saarista STET ammonia Flow Jaantuska

ash The deammoniated waa qallalay by gudbiyo wax ku dhex qalleyl flash a in meesha laga saaro biyaha xad-dhaaf. Maaddaama ay lacagta ugu yar oo biyo ah ku daray, biyo baabbi'ine formation of calcium biyuhu sulfate dul reaction la sulfate milma ee ash ah, iyo khasaaro oo biyo ah inta lagu guda jiro marxaladda xooga yar yahay isku qasin, kaliya qadar yar oo biyo ah loo baahan yahay in laga saaro by qalleyl ah. Tani waxa ay yaraynaysaa baahida tamarta ee stage qalajiyo ah. heerkulka ash Final qiyaastii 150ahF are adequate to produce a completely free-flowing, ash dhoobnayd wax soo saarka leh ka kooban qoyaan si fiican hoos ku ASTM C ah 618 faahfaahinta of 3 WT. %.3

The first full-scale application of STET’s ammonia removal process began operating in 2003 xarunta processing ash ST ee Authority Jacksonville Electric ee St. Johns River Power Park ee Jacksonville, Florida. Tani hawlgal baaxad ganacsiga kor u qabtaa in 40 metrik saacadiiba of ash sumaysan, yaraynta content ammonia in ay ka yar tahay 30 ppm. heerarka ammonia ee ash ka caagan soo socda kala duwan ~ 200 si ay u 900 ppm. Geedi socodka waa mid aad u adag, taasoo keentay in 90+% ka saarida ammonia hoos yimaada oo dhan goobaha maxkamadda, soo saara ash si fiican hoos ku target of our ugu badnaan 50 ammonia ppm. ka kooban qoyaan Final yihiin <0.3%. Natiijooyinka Wakiilka waxay ku qoran yihiin Jadwalka 2. In ka badan 250,000 tons of ammonia-contaminated ash has been successfully processed at the Jacksonville facility.

ST Qalabka & technology LLC 101 Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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Miis 2: baaxadda ganacsiga natiijooyinka nidaamka ammonia caadiga ah

Duuli ash ee Big laab Station ee Tampa, Florida waa wasakheeyay ammonia sabab u duray of ammonia galay warshad koronto ee nidaamka gaar ahaan in la xakameeyo warshadu hawada ku of SO3 buufis ee ay nidaamka gacanta SCR NOx ah. At Quwadda kale, faddarayn ammonia sidoo kale dhacda kontoroolka SNCR NOx iyo isticmaalka ammonia si kor loogu qaado qayb ururinta ee nidaamka gaar ahaan. At Big Laab, heerarka ammonia ash dhoobnayd unugyada kala duwan la isku duro ammonia ka 750 si ay u 3360 ammonia ppm. Sidaas awgeed, ash Daqsi loogu talagalay soo-saarka la taaban karo waa in la daaweeyaa by habka ST ka saarista ammonia.

Qorshahaa waxa ka mid ah nidaamka dalka looga saarayo ammonia ka STET rakibay Big Laab (Jaantuska 2) Waa labaad rakibo qiyaasta buuxa oo ka mid ah oo aanlarabin badan. qalabka maaraysay Waxyaabaha waa soo hagaagtay in ay oggolaadaan in hawlgalka heerar sare. nidaamka qalajiyo waxaa downsized ka design hore iyo waxaa ka mid ah dib u warshadaynta of gaasas kulul si loo yareeyo shuruudaha tamarta guud ee nidaamka. Ugu dambayn, the ammonia released in the process is fed to a two-stage catalytic unit where the collected ammonia gas is converted into nitrogen. kulaylka ee ay dareen-celin tani waxaa la soo kabsaday iyo sida loo isticmaalo si ay u kaabaan looga baahan yahay tamar nidaamka qalajiyo flash ash dhoobnayd ah. The use of the two-stage catalytic system results in minimal NOx emissions. Geedi socodka soo kabanayo 100% of ash Daqsi loola dhaqmo iyo ash ka dhalanaya la kulmay oo dhan caddaymaha loo isticmaalo in la taaban karo.

Tani hawlgal baaxad ganacsi xamili karo ilaa 52 metrik saacadiiba of ash sumaysan, yaraynta content ammonia in ay ka yar tahay 75 mg / kg. Geedi socodka waa mid aad u adag, taasoo keentay in 97+% ka saarida ammonia, soo saara ash si fiican hoos ku target of our ugu badnaan 100 mg / kg ammonia. ka kooban qoyaan Final yihiin <0.5%.

habka An saarista ammonia STET ayaa hawlgal ee RWE loo kansalay Aberthaw goobaha processing ash saldhigga UK tan 2008. Aberthaw ku darayaa ammonia in ay hagaajiso waxqabadka ururinta gaar ahaan oo leh heerar ammonia on ash caadiga ah 200 ppm iyo geeddi-socodka waxaa loogu talagalay 500 ppm ugu badnaan.

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Jaantuska 2: nidaamka ka saarida ammonia ee Big laab Station, Tampa Florida

Product Ash The

The ammonia saarka ash dhoobnayd hooseeyo kulmo shuruudaha kiimikada iyo muuqaal ee ASTM C ah 618 caadiga ah iyo guryaha la taaban karo taasoo keentay waa inay isku dambas ma sakhiray in ay geedi socodka ammonia kaxayntu. Shaxda waxaan barbardhigay guryaha caadiga ah ee ash ka mid ah saldhiga tamarta oo ay la socdaan sifooyinka ash geedka hoos ku content ammonia ka 250 mg / kg in 20 mg / kg by nidaamka ST joogto ah. Ogsoonow in kala duwan ee content calcium xabagta arkay, waayo, ash ka il tani waa 1.4 si ay u 12%. Intaa waxaa dheer ee ilaa 1% Ca(OH)2 (0.75% sida Cao) waxay keeni doontaa in isbedel keliya yar ee kimistari ash ah, balaarinayay tirayn u badnayn.

imtixaanka la taaban karo lagu sameeyo ash ku deammoniated waxay muujiyeen in ay wax aad u fiican pozzolanic. horumarinta xoog compressive la isticmaalayo ash tani waa sida ugu fiican ee ka fiican ama ka badan ash unammoniated ka il this. guryaha cimri dherer la taaban karo oo muddo dheer sidoo kale waa heer sare, oo ay ku jiraan hagaagtay iska caabin ah daxalka, caabin sulfate, permeability chloride, iyo yaraanshaha lime.

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Shaxda aan: Duuli Guryaha Ash Jirka iyo Chemical.

Summary

The degree to which good quality fly ash will be compromised as the result of NOx or particulate emission systems in the future will depend upon technology choices made by utilities to reduce NOx, particulate matter emissions and plume opacity. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, STET’s ammonia removal process can be utilized to remove the ammonia from contaminated ash, producing a high value material for use in concrete production. Recovered ammonia can be recycled to the generating unit for reutilization. This ammonia removal process can be installed as a stand-alone system or can be used in conjunction with STET’s successful fly ash carbon removal system.

1Stewart, B.R., Unintended Effects of EPA’s Recent Ozone Transport Rule, Talaaboda, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Reduction for NOx control, Laga yaabaa 1999, pp.9-10.

2Sloss, L.L., Hjalmarsson, A-K, Soud, H.N., Campbell, L.M., Stone, D.K., Shareef, G.S., Emmel, T., Maibodi, M., Livengood, C.D., Markussen, J. Nitrogen Oxides Control Technology Fact Book, Noyes Data Corporation, pp. 94-95, 1992

3“Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete”, ASTM C 618, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

4Majors, R.K., Hill, R., McMurry, R., Thomas, S., A Study of the Impact of Ammonia Injection on Marketable Fly Ash including Quality Control Procedures, Talaaboda, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Non-caawintu Reduction for NOx control, Laga yaabaa 1999, pp.11-13.

5Van der Brugghen, F.W., Gast, C.H., Van den Berg, J.W., Kuiper, W.H., Visser, R., Problems encountered During the Use of Ammonium contaminated Fly Ash. Talaaboda: EPRI / EPA 1995 Joint Symposium on Station Combustion NOx Control, Laga yaabaa 16-19, 1995. Book 4, Session 8A, pp. 1-16.

6Van den Berg, J.W., Cornelissen, H.A.W. ,Effect of low NOx Technologies on Fly Ash Quality, Talaaboda: 13th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Products, 1999, pp. 29-1 – 29-11.

7Koch, H-J., Prenzel, H., Imtixaanada on ur Isbeddellada in loo shubay ee Screed a la taaban karo – Using a NH3-Contaminated Fly Ash, La taaban karo Precasting Plant iyo Technology, vol 11, 1989 pp. 72-75.

8Fisher, CH, Blackstock, T. Daqsi Ash Beneficiation isticmaalaya Hab-ammonia ah siibi, 12th International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Products Management and Use, 1997 pp. 65-1 – 65-8.

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9Larrimore, L., Dodgen, D., Monroe, L., Soocista of ammonia Saamaynta Ash iyo Qiimeynta ee Dariiqooyinka Ka kaxaynta, Talaaboda: 13th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Products, 1999, pp. 16-1 – 16-15.

10Control of Wasakhda Oxide Nitrogendoksid: Dhimista caawintu Selective (SCR), Technology Dhuxul Nadiifi, Number Report la mariyo 9. xoreeyo. Waaxda Adeegyada Shirkadda Tamarta iyo Southern, Inc. July, 1997.

11O'Connor, D., Larrimore, L, Dodgen, D., Monroe, L., The Effects of Ammonia-Based NOx Reduction on Fly Ash: Adsorption ammonia on Ash, Talaaboda, EPRI-DOE-EPA Utility Forces Air Pollution Control Dood Cilmiyeed: Dood Cilmiyeed The qaraniga ahee, August, 1999, warqad # 16.

12Gasiorowski, S.A., iyo Hrach, F.J., Habka for saaridda ammonia ka ammonia wasakhoobay Fly Ash, United States Number Xaqsiinta 6,077,494, June 20, 2000.

13Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., Emerson, K., Aqueous ammonia hoganaya – Tabulation of Percent Un-ionized Ammonia, United States Environmental Protection, EPA-600 / 3-79-091, August, 1979.

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