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The cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC (STET) tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa ndi oyenera kupindulira bwino kwambiri (<1μm) kuti amtengo coarse (500μm) tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndi matulukidwe apamwamba kwambiri. Kafukufuku woyeserera adawonetsa kuthekera kwa olekanitsa a STET kuti apindule ndi zitsanzo za bauxite powonjezera alumina omwe akupezeka panthawi yomweyo. Luso STET akuwonetsedwa ngati njira Sinthani ndi chisanadze maganizo madipoziti bauxite ntchito yopanga aluminiyamu. Processing kuuma ndi olekanitsa STET chingandithandize kuchepa kwa ndalama opaleshoni ya fakitale chifukwa mowa wochepa wa soda caustic, kusunga mphamvu chifukwa chotsika kwambiri kwama oxide osapumira komanso kuchepa kwa zotsalira za alumina zotsukira (ARR kapena matope ofiira). Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wa STET utha kupereka alumina oyenga maubwino ena kuphatikiza nkhokwe zowonjezereka za miyala, Kukula kwa malo okhala otetemera ofiira, ndikukhala ndi moyo wopambanitsa wa migodi ya bauxite yomwe ilipo pakukonzanso magwiridwe antchito ndikukulitsa kuchira. Zopanda madzi komanso zopanda mankhwala zopangidwa ndi STET zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga simenti m'magulu ambiri popanda chithandizo chamankhwala, mosiyana ndi matope ofiira omwe agwiritsanso ntchito mopindulitsa.
1.0 Chiyambi
kupanga zotayidwa ndi chofunika kuti makampani migodi ndi zitsulo ndi pochita zosiyanasiyana mafakitale [1-2]. Ngakhale zotayidwa ndi ambiri zachitsulo amafotokozera pa dziko lapansi, mu okwana pafupifupi 8% ya matanthwe a Dziko Lapansi, monga mchitidwe wa ndi zotakasika choncho zimachokeradi mwachibadwa [3]. Motero, zotayidwa kulemera zofuna miyala kuyengedwa kuti zokolola aluminiyamu ndi zotayidwa, chifukwa mu m'badwo kwambiri wa zatsalira [4]. Monga khalidwe la bauxite madipoziti lonse kuchepa, mbadwo wa ukuwonjezeka zotsalira, naonekera zovuta kwa aluminiyamu ndi zotayidwa kupanga makampani mwa mawu a processing ndalama, ndalama nazo ndi yaikulu chilengedwe [3].
Chachikulu poyambira mfundo zotayidwa kuyenga ndi bauxite, dziko yaikulu malonda gwero la zotayidwa [5]. Bauxite ndi Unakhala zotayidwa hydroxide nyanja thanthwe, yopangidwa kuchokera ku laterization ndi weathering wa miyala wolemera oxides chitsulo, oxides zotayidwa, kapena onse ambiri okhala khwatsi ndi clays ngati kaolin wa [3,6]. miyala Bauxite umangokhala zitsulo zotayidwa mchere gibbsite (Al(HA)3), boehmite (C-Ålö(HA)) ndipo diaspore (a-Ålö(HA)) (Table 1), ndipo kawirikawiri wothira awiri oxides chitsulo goethite (FeO(HA)) ndipo hematite (Fe2O3), zitsulo zotayidwa dongo mchere kaolinite, wochepa anatase ndi / kapena titania (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) ndi zosafunika ena aang'ono kapena kufufuza ndalama [3,6,7].
Mawu trihydrate ndi monohydrate chotchuka ntchito ndi makampani kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bauxite. Bauxite kuti kwathunthu kapena pafupifupi onse zimakhudza gibbsite amatchedwa trihydrate miyalayo; ngati boehmite kapena diaspore ndi mchere lalikulu ilo amatchedwa monohydrate miyalayo [3]. Zosakaniza gibbsite ndi boehmite sizachilendo m'mabuku a mitundu yonse bauxites, boehmite ndi diaspore wofala, ndipo gibbsite ndi diaspore yosowa. Mtundu uliwonse wa mphatso bauxite miyala mavuto chake pa mawu a mchere processing ndi beneficiation m'badwo wa aluminiyamu [7,8].
Table 1. Mipweya ya Gibbsite, Boehmite ndi Diaspore [3].
| mipweya | Chithunzi cha AL(HA)3 kapena Al2O3.3H2The | Boehmite ALO(HA) kapena Al2The3.H2The | Diaspora ALO(HA) kapena Al2The3.H2The |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al2The3 wt% | 65.35 | 84.97 | 84.98 |
| (HA) wt% | 34.65 | 15.03 | 15.02 |
Bauxite madipoziti ndi kufalikira padziko lonse, makamaka zikuchitika m'madera otentha kapena subtropical [8]. Bauxite migodi onse zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo kalasi ores ndi analogous ku migodi mchere mafakitale. Mwachibadwa, ndi beneficiation kapena chithandizo cha bauxite okha kuti onongani, sieving, kutsuka, ndi kuyanika wa miyala yosakongola [3]. Asamire wakhala ntchito kwa kukulitsa ena otsika kalasi bauxite ores, Koma mulibe kutsimikiziridwa kwambiri kusankha pa kukana kaolinite, gweronso lalikulu la silika zotakasika makamaka bauxites trihydrate [9].
Chochuluka bauxite opangidwa ku dziko ntchito ngati chakudya kwa zotsimikizira wa aluminiyamu kudzera njira Bayer, njira yonyowa ndi mankhwala yomwe Al_2 O_3 imasungunuka mwala wa bauxite pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera vuto la soda potentha ndi kukakamiza [3,10,11]. kenako, zambiri za aluminiyamu ndi ntchito monga chakudya kwa kupanga zitsulo zotayidwa kudzera njira Nyumba Héroult, Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo electrolytic kuchepetsa aluminiyamu mu kusamba wa cryolite (Na3AlF6). Pamafunika za 4-6 matani bauxite zouma kuti zokolola 2 T wa aluminiyamu, amene motsatana zokolola 1 T zitsulo zotayidwa [3,11].
The ndondomeko Bayer amasankha ndi kusanganikirana kuchapa ndi finely kuuluka bauxite ndi njira leach. Chifukwa slurry okhala 40-50% zolimba ndiye pressurized ndi usavutike ndi nthunzi. Pa stepi ino ena aluminiyamu uli kusungunuka ndipo ndipamene sungunuka ndi sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), koma chifukwa kukhalapo kwa silika zotakasika, kuipidwa ndi sodium zotayidwa silicate komanso precipitates chomwe chimayimira kutaya onse aluminiyamu ndi koloko. The slurry chifukwa kusamba, ndi zotsalira kwaiye (i.e., matope ofiira) ndi decanted. Sodium aluminate ndiye woterowu monga zotayidwa trihydrate (Al(HA)3) kudzera njira seeding. Chifukwa caustic koloko njira ndi recirculated mu njira leach. Pomaliza, ndi osasankhidwa ndi osambitsidwa olimba aluminiyamu trihydrate ndi zipolopolo kapena calcined kuti zokolola aluminiyamu [3,11].
Leaching kutentha lingayambire pakukhala 105 ° C kwa 290 ° C ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana monga lolingana 390 kPa kuti 1500 kPa. M'munsi kutentha ranges ntchito bauxite imene pafupi aluminiyamu alipo alipo monga gibbsite. Kutentha kwakukulu kumafunika kuti digedepositsst bauxite yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa boehmite ndi diaspore. Kutentha kwa 140 ° C kapena kuchepa kwamagulu a gibbsite ndi kaolin amasungunuka mumowa wam'madzi wam'madzi motero kutentha koteroko kumakonzedwa kuti kukonzedwe ka alumina wa trihydrate . Pa kutentha kuposa 180 ° C aluminiyamu pano monga trihydrate ndi monohydrate ndi recoverable mu njira ndi clays ndi ufulu khwatsi kukhala zotakasika [3]. zinthu zikugwira ntchito monga kutentha, kuthamanga ndi reagent mlingo ali ndi mtundu wa bauxite choncho lililonse fakitale aluminiyamu ndi zogwirizana mtundu yeniyeni miyala bauxite. Imfa ya mtengo caustic koloko (NaOH) ndi mbadwo wa matope ofiira onse okhudzana ndi khalidwe la bauxite ntchito kuyenga. Mwambiri, ndi kuchepetsa Al_2 O_3 zili bauxite, ikuluikulu buku la matope ofiira kuti adzakhala kwaiye, monga mbali sanali Al_2 O_3 adzakanidwe ngati matope ofiira. Kuphatikiza apo, apamwamba a kaolinite kapena zotakasika silika zili bauxite, matope kwambiri wofiira adzakhala kwaiye [3,8].
Mkulu amasankha bauxite lili mpaka 61% Al_2 O_3, ndipo ambiri madipoziti opaleshoni bauxite -typically anatchula monga kalasi sanali zitsulo- bwino pansipa izi, nthawi inafika pamene 30-50% Al_2 O_3. Chifukwa tinachita chifunirocho ndicho ungwiro mkulu
Al_2 O_3, ndi oxides otsala mu bauxite ndi (Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, organic) anasiyanitsidwa ndi Al_2 O_3 ndi kukanidwa ngati zatsalira aluminiyamu fakitale (ARR) kapena matope ofiira kudzera njira Bayer. Mwambiri, m'munsi mkhalidwe wa bauxite (i.e., kutsitsa Al_2 O_3 okhutira) matope zambiri lofiira ndi kwaiye pa tani mankhwala aluminiyamu. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale ena Al_2 O_3 zimakhudza mchere, alimiwa kaolinite, kubala zochita osafunika mbali pa kuyenga ndi kutsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu matope m'badwo wofiira, komanso kufa mtengo caustic koloko mankhwala, yaikulu variable mtengo mu bauxite kuyenga [3,6,8].
Matope ofiira kapena ARR akuimira lalikulu ndi kupita amavutika makampani zotayidwa [12-14]. Matope ofiira lili kwambiri yotsalira caustic mankhwala zotsala kuchokera kuyenga, ndipo kwambiri zamchere, Nthawi zambiri ndi pH a 10 - 13 [15]. Iwo kwaiye m'mavoliyumu lalikulu padziko lonse - monga USGS ndi, Akuti padziko lonse aluminiyamu kupanga anali 121 matani miliyoni mu 2016 [16]. Zimenezi zinachititsa pafupifupi 150 matani mamiliyoni matope ofiira kwaiye panthaŵiyinso [4]. Ngakhale kafukufuku kupitirirabe, matope ofiira panopa ali ochepa njira malonda yotheka kwa opindulitsa kukonzanso ntchito. Akuti kwenikweni matope ofiira ndi mopindulitsa kukonzanso ntchito padziko lonse [13-14]. m'malo, matope ofiira amawapopa kuchokera fakitale aluminiyamu mu impoundments yosungirako kapena landfills, kumene kusungidwa ndi kuunikira pa mtengo waukulu [3]. Choncho, onse mkangano zachuma ndi chilengedwe zikhoza kupangidwa kwa kuwongolera bauxite isanafike kuyenga, makamaka ngati kusintha akhoza zichitidwe mwa otsika mphamvu njira thupi kulekana.
Ngakhale nkhokwe kutsimikiziridwa wa bauxite akuyembekezeka yotsiriza kwa zaka zambiri, khalidwe la nkhokwe kuti akhoza chuma kufika ndi kuchepekela [1,3]. pakuti refiners, amene ali mu malonda processing bauxite kuti aluminiyamu, ndi zitsulo kenako zotayidwa, ili ndi vuto ndi tanthauzo onse zachuma ndi a zachilengedwe
njira youma monga kulekana electrostatic kungakhale chidwi malonda bauxite kwa chisanadze ndende ya bauxite isanafike ndondomeko Bayer. njira Electrostatic kulekana kuti ntchito kukhudzana, kapena tribo za magesi, adzapereke ndi particularity chidwi chifukwa angathe kudzipatula zosiyanasiyana zosakaniza munali conductive, zokutira zitsulo, ndi tinthu theka-conductive. Tribo-magetsi adzapereke kumachitika pamene apawokha, particles yosiyana adzawombana wina ndi mzake, kapena ndi pamwamba lachitatu, chifukwa mu pamwamba mlandu kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri tinthu. chizindikiro ndi ukulu wa kusiyana mlandu zimatengera mwina pa kusiyana elekitironi kuyandikana (kapena ntchito ntchito) pakati pa mitundu ndi tinthu. Kupatukana kenako mwana'yo ntchito kunja ntchito m'munda magetsi.
njira wakhala ntchito m'mafakitale mu ofukula chatsika mtundu separators. Mu separators chatsika, particles woyamba tikhale woyang'anira, igwani ndi yokoka kudzera chipangizo adani maelekitirodi kuti ntchito amphamvu munda chamagetsi nacho pa njira yodutsamo wa particles monga chizindikiro ndi kufunika kwa chiweruzo chawo pamwamba [18]. Free kugwa separators akhoza kukhala amphamvu kwa particles coarse koma ogwira ntchito mwaluso particles bwino kuposa za 0.075 kuti 0.1 mamilimita [19-20]. Chimodzi mwa akulonjeza zinthu zatsopano kusiyana youma mchere ndi tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa. Njira imeneyi wandisonyeza ndi tinthu kukula osiyanasiyana kuti bwino particles kuposa ochiritsira umisiri electrostatic kulekana, mu uthunthu yekha flotation wakhala bwino m'mbuyomu.
Tribo-electrostatic kulekana yagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana magetsi mlandu pakati zipangizo umatulutsa kukhudzana pamwamba kapena triboelectric adzapereke. Mu njira simplistic, pamene zipangizo awiri ali mu kukhudzana, zakuthupi ndi kuyandikana apamwamba kwa electros akupeza ma elekitironi Choncho amasintha zoipa, pamene zinthu ndi m'munsi elekitironi kuyandikana anapatsa zabwino.
The cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology (STET) tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa umafuna buku beneficiation njira Pre-maganizo bauxite ores. The STET youma kupatukana ndondomeko umafuna bauxite opanga kapena refiners bauxite mwayi kuchita chisanadze Bayer-ndondomeko kukulitsa miyala bauxite yowongolera. Njira imeneyi phindu ambiri, kuphatikizapo: Kuchepetsa zikugwira ntchito mtengo wa fakitale chifukwa mowa apansi koloko caustic ndi kuchepetsa athandizira zotakasika silika; ndalama mu mphamvu pa kuyenga chifukwa buku la oxides inert kuchepetsa (Fe2The3, TiO2, Non-zotakasika SiO2) kulowa ndi bauxite; misa otaya ang'onoang'ono a bauxite kwa fakitale ndi chofunika chake wochepa mphamvu kutentha ndi pressurize; kuchepetsa matope ofiira m'badwo buku (i.e., matope ofiira kuti chiŵerengero aluminiyamu) ndi kuchotsa silika zotakasika ndi inert okusayidi; ndi, molimbira kulamulira athandizira bauxite Khalidweli kumachepetsa ndondomeko atasokonezeka ndipo walola refiners kuti chandamale abwino zotakasika mlingo silika kudzapeza wodetsedwa kukanidwa. Abwino kulamulira chakudya bauxite kwa fakitale komanso maximizes uptime ndi zokolola. Komanso, kuchepetsa matope ofiira buku anamasuliridwa mu mankhwala ndi kutaya zochepa ndalama ndi magwiritsidwe bwino landfills alipo.
The preprocessing miyala bauxite isanafike ndondomeko Bayer angapeleke ubwino kwambiri mawu processing ndi malonda a tailings. Mosiyana ndi matope ofiira, tailings kuchokera youma ndondomeko electrostatic mulibe mankhwala sanena nthawi yaitali zachilengedwe yosungirako udindo pa. Mosiyana ndi matope ofiira, youma ndi-mankhwala / tailings kuchokera chisanadze processing bauxite ntchito zingagwiritsidwe mu kupanga simenti ngati palibe lamulo kuchotsa ndi sodium, chimene chimawononga kupanga simenti. Ndipotu - bauxite kale wamba zopangira kwa simenti kupanga Portland. Kuwawonjezera opaleshoni moyo wa alipo migodi bauxite Angagwiritsidwenso anafika mwa kuwongolera miyala magwiritsidwe ndi maximizing kuchira.
2.0 experimental
2.1 zipangizo
STET maphunziro chisanadze kuthekera zoposa 15 zitsanzo osiyana bauxite ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse ntchito olekanitsa benchi-ang'ono. awa, 7 zitsanzo anali osiyana
Table 2. Zotsatira za mankhwala kusanthula zitsanzo bauxite.
2.2 njira
Zatsopano inkachitikira ntchito benchi-ang'ono tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa, Tsiku lomaliza anatchula monga 'benchtop olekanitsa'. Benchi-ang'ono kuyezetsa ndi gawo loyamba la atatu gawo luso ndondomeko kukhazikitsa (Onani Table 3) kuphatikizapo benchi-ang'ono kuwunika, woyendetsa-ang'ono kuyezetsa komanso kukhazikitsa malonda-ang'ono.
The olekanitsa benchtop ntchito kuphimba umboni wa tribo-electrostatic adzapereke ndi kudziwa ngati chuma ndi wophunzira wabwino beneficiation electrostatic. Kusiyana waukulu pakati pa chidutswa chilichonse cha zida ndi kuperekedwa mu Table 3. Ngakhale zida ntchito mkati gawo lirilonse losiyana kukula, ntchito mfundo limeneli linachokera yemweyo.
Table 3. Zitatu gawo ndondomeko kukhazikitsa ntchito STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso
| Gawo | Zogwiritsidwa ntchito: | Electrode Utali cm | Mtundu wa Njira |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Bench Scale Evaluation | Kuwunika Kwabwino | 250 | Gulu |
| 2- Pilot Scale Tikuyesa | Kuwunika kochulukira | 610 | Gulu |
| 3- Kukhazikitsa Malonda Amalonda | Kupanga Zamalonda | 610 | Zopitilira |
Monga mmene taonera mu Table 3, kusiyana waukulu pakati pa olekanitsa benchtop ndi woyendetsa-ang'ono ndi separators malonda-ang'ono ndi kutalika kwa olekanitsa benchtop pafupifupi 0.4 nthawi kutalika mayunitsi woyendetsa-ang'ono ndi malonda-ang'ono. Monga dzuwa olekanitsa ndi ntchito ya kutalika elekitirodi, benchi-ang'ono kuyezetsa sangathe ntchito m'malo kuyezetsa woyendetsa-ang'ono. Pilot-ang'ono kuyezetsa m'pofunika kudziwa mmene olekanitsa kuti ndondomeko STET akhoza kukwaniritsa, ndi kudziwa ngati STET ndondomeko akhoza kukumana mipherezero mankhwala pansi mitengo kupatsidwa chakudya. m'malo, ndi olekanitsa benchtop ntchito akatsimikizire zipangizo wakonzekera kuti zimavuta kusonyeza kusiyana kulikonse kwambiri pa mlingo woyendetsa-ang'ono. Zotsatira analandira pa benchi-ang'ono adzakhala sanali wokometsedwa, ndi kulekana anaona ndi zosakwana lomwe kuti anaona pa malonda kakulidwe STET olekanitsa.
Kumuyesa pa mbewu woyendetsa n'kofunika isanafike malonda lonse analamula, Komabe, kuyezetsa pa benchi-ang'ono amauzidwa kuti gawo loyamba la ndondomeko kukhazikitsa chifukwa cha nkhani iliyonse. Komanso, milandu imene kupezeka zinthu zambiri, ndi benchtop olekanitsa lili chida chothandiza kwa mosamala ntchito kuthekera bwino (i.e., ntchito zimene kasitomala ndi makampani mipherezero khalidwe angathetsedwe ntchito luso STET).
2.2.1 STET Triboelectrostatic m'Galimoto olekanitsa
Mu tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa (chithunzi 1 ndi Chithunzi 2), zakuthupi zimalowa kusiyana woonda 0.9 - 1.5 masentimita awiri maelekitirodi kufanana planar. particles ndi triboelectrically mlandu ndi interparticle kukhudzana. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya nyemba bauxite amene m'nyanjazi chachikulu ndi gibssite, kaolinite ndi khwatsi particles mchere, ndi zabwino adawalamulira (gibssite) ndi zoipa adawalamulira (kaolinite ndi khwatsi) amakopeka maelekitirodi popenyana. particles kenako yosesa ndi yothandizira kusuntha lamba lotseguka-mauna ndi zoperekedwa mbali zosiyana. Lamba amasuntha particles pafupi wina ndi elekitirodi kwa malekezero wosiyana olekanitsa ndi. Munda magetsi Tiyenera kulimbikitsa particles chochepa centimeter kusamukira ndi tinthu kuchokera kumanzere chikusuntha kuti ufulu ukusuntha mtsinje. Kauntala panopa otaya wa particles kulekanitsa ndi zonse triboelectric adzapereke ndi mwansanga tinthu amapereka kulekana Mipikisano gawo ndi zotsatira mu chiyero kwambiri ndi kuchira mu gulu limodzi-chiphaso. Mkulu lamba liwiro imathandizanso throughputs kwambiri, mpaka 40 tonnes paola pa olekanitsa limodzi. Ndi kulamulira magawo osiyanasiyana ndondomeko, chipangizo limalola kukhathamiritsa wa kalasi mchere ndi kuchira.
chithunzi 1. Chojambula wa triboelectric lamba olekanitsa
Kamangidwe olekanitsa ndi osavuta. Lamba ndi odzigudubuza okhudzidwa ndi mbali chabe kusuntha. maelekitirodi ndi n'kupuma ndi lopangidwa ndi zinthu moyenera cholimba. lamba wopangidwa ndi zinthu pulasitiki. The olekanitsa elekitirodi kutalika pafupifupi 6 meters (20 ft.) ndipo m'lifupi 1.25 meters (4 ft.) chifukwa chachikulu mayunitsi malonda. The mowa mphamvu ndi zosakwana 2 kilowatt maola pa tonne zakuthupi kukonzedwa ndi ambiri a mphamvu yochuluka Motors awiri galimoto lamba.
chithunzi 2. Tsatanetsatane wa zone kulekana
ndondomeko ndi youma kwathunthu, amafuna palibe zipangizo zina ndipo pomaliza palibe madzi zinyalala kapena mpweya mpweya. Pakuti amapatukana mchere ndi olekanitsa amapereka luso kuchepetsa ntchito madzi, kuwonjezera malo moyo ndi / kapena achire ndi reprocess tailings.
The compactness a dongosolo limalola kusinthasintha ziwembu unsembe. The tribo-electrostatic lamba kulekana luso ndi wangwiro ndi m'mafakitale kutsimikiziridwa ndipo woyamba ntchito m'mafakitale kwa processing wa malasha kuyaka ntchentche phulusa mu 1997. umisiri ndi mogwira kulekanitsa particles mpweya ku kuyaka chosakwanira wa malasha, kuchokera kunyezimira particles aluminosilicate mchere mu ntchentche phulusa. luso lathandiza kwambiri kuwapangitsa akonzanso ya mchere wolemera ntchentche phulusa mmalo simenti kupanga konkire.
Popeza 1995, pa 20 tonnes miliyoni mankhwala ntchentche phulusa akhala kukonzedwa ndi STET separators anaika mu USA. Mbiri mafakitale kulekana ntchentche phulusa kutchulidwa mu Table 4.
Mu mchere processing, ndi triboelectric lamba olekanitsa luso lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatukana osiyanasiyana zipangizo kuphatikizapo calcite / khwatsi, talc / magnesite, ndipo barite / khwatsi.
chithunzi 3. Malonda tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa
Table 4. Industrial ntchito tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa kwa ntchentche phulusa.
| Kagwiritsidwe / opangira magetsi | Location | Yambani ntchito malonda | mfundo malo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | North Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Separators |
| zinenero Energy- Brandon Shores | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Separators |
| Scottish Mphamvu- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Jacksonville Zamagetsi-St. Johns River Power Park | Florida USA | 2003 | 2 Separators |
| South Mississippi Electric Power -R.D. Morrow | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Latsopano Brunswick Mphamvu Belledune | Latsopano Brunswick Canada | 2005 | 1 olekanitsa |
| OF npower-Didcot Station | England UK | 2005 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Talen Energy-Brunner Island Station | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Separators |
| Tampa Zamagetsi-Big Bend Station | Florida USA | 2008 | 3 Separators |
| OF npower Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 olekanitsa |
| EDF Energy-West Burton Station | England UK | 2008 | 1 olekanitsa |
| ZGP (Lafarge Cement / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | 2010 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Korea Southeast Mphamvu- Yeongheung | Korea South | 2014 | 1 olekanitsa |
| PGNiG Termika-Sierkirki | Poland | 2018 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Taiheiyo Cement Company-Chichibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Armstrong Fly Ash- Eagle Cement | Philippines | 2019 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Korea Southeast Mphamvu- Samcheonpo | Korea South | 2019 | 1 olekanitsa |
2.2.2 kuyezetsa benchi-ang'ono
Mayesero oyeserera adachitidwa mozungulira cholinga chokhazikitsa Al_2 O_3 ndende ndikuchepetsa mchere wamagulu a gangue. Mayesero inkachitikira pa olekanitsa benchtop m'mikhalidwe mtanda, kuyezedwa anachita mu chibwereza kompyuta kuti khazikika, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense carryover zotsatira tingathere ndi chikhalidwe m'mbuyomu anali suona. Isanafike aliyense mayeso, yaing'ono chakudya boma chitsanzo anali anasonkhana (ikhale 'Chakudya'). Pa atakhala zosintha zonse opareshoni, zakuthupi anali zimalowa ndi olekanitsa benchtop ntchito magetsi vibratory wodyetsa pakati pa mzinda wa olekanitsa benchtop. Zitsanzo anasonkhana kumapeto kwa aliyense kuyesera ndi miyeso ya mapeto mankhwala 1 (ikhale 'E1') ndipo pomalizira pake 2 (ikhale 'E2') anatsimikiza ntchito malamulo chifukwa-malonda ochuluka lonse. Pakuti zitsanzo bauxite, 'E2' limafanana ndi mankhwala bauxite kulemera. Pakuti aliyense ya kum'mwera zitsanzo (i.e., chakudya, E1 ndi E2) LAMULO, chachikulu oxides zikuchokera ndi XRF, zotakasika silika ndi kupezeka aluminiyamu anatsimikiza. XRD mapangidwe chitachitidwa pa anasankha boma zitsanzo.
3.0 Zotsatira ndi zokambirana
3.1. zitsanzo Mineralogy
Zotsatira za kachulukidwe nkhani XRD kwa zitsanzo chakudya aphatikizidwa Table 5. Ambiri zitsanzo anali kwenikweni wapangidwa gibbsite ndi ndalama osiyanasiyana a goethite, hematite, kaolinite, ndipo khwatsi. Ilmenite ndi anatase komanso anaonetsa ndalama zazing'ono ambiri zitsanzo za.
Panali kusintha mu mchere zikuchokera kwa S6 ndi S7 monga zitsanzo izi chakudya anali kwenikweni wapangidwa diaspore ndi ndalama zazing'ono calcite, hematite, goethite, boehmite, kaolinite, gibbsite, khwatsi, anatase, ndipo rutile kuti wapezeka. An gawo amorphous nayenso wapezeka mu S1 ndi S4 ndi ranged kwa pafupifupi 1 kuti 2 peresenti. Mwina chifukwa mwina kukhalapo kwa mchere ndi smectite, kapena zinthu sanali crystalline. Popeza nkhaniyi sanathe mwachindunji anayeza, Zotsatira za zitsanzo izi tiyenera kuziganizira zoyerekeza.
3.2 Zimene benchi-ang'ono
A mndandanda wa amathamanga mayeso ankachiritsa pa aliyense nyemba mchere umalimbana maximizing Al2O3 ndi kucheperachepera SiO_2 okhutira. Species moonetsetsa kuti mankhwala bauxite kulemera adzakhala zimasonyeza adzapereke makhalidwe abwino. Zotsatira amaoneka mu Table 6
Table 5. XRD kusanthula zitsanzo chakudya.
Table 6. Chidule Zotsatira.
Kudziyesa ndi STET benchtop olekanitsa anasonyeza gulu lapadera la Al2O3 kwa zitsanzo zonse. Kulekana kwa Al2O3 unkachitika kwa S1-5 amene anali makamaka gibbsite, ndiponso chifukwa S6-7 amene anali makamaka diaspore. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu ina ikuluikulu Fe2O3, SiO2 ndi TiO2 anasonyeza gulu lapadera nthawi zambiri. Pakuti zitsanzo zonse, kayendedwe ka chitayiko poyatsira (LAMULO) adamtsata kayendedwe ka Al2O3. Kumbali ya silika zotakasika ndi kupezeka aluminiyamu, chifukwa S1-5 amene ali pafupifupi onse gibbsite (zotayidwa trihydrate) mfundo tiyenera kuziganizira pa 145 ° C pamene chifukwa S6-7 zimene mchere lalikulu ndi diaspore (zotayidwa monohydrate) mfundo ayenera imawunikidwa pa 235 ° C. Pakuti zitsanzo zonse kudziyesa ndi olekanitsa STET benchtop anasonyeza kuwonjezeka yokulirapo mu aluminiyamu kupezeka ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri silika zotakasika kuti mankhwala onse trihydrate ndi monohydrate zitsanzo bauxite. Movement mitundu ikuluikulu mchere anali anatinso ndipo zimaonetsa pansipa Chithunzi 4.
Kumbali ya mineralogy, STET benchtop olekanitsa anasonyeza ndende ya aluminiyamu zimakhudza mitundu gibbsite ndi diaspore kwa mankhwala bauxite kulemera pamene imodzi kukana mitundu ina gangue. ziwerengero 5 ndi 6 kusonyeza selectivity magawo mchere kwa bauxite kulemera mankhwala kwa trihydrate ndi monohydrate zitsanzo, motero. Selectivity inaŵerengeredwa kukhala kusiyana pakati pa misa deportment kuti mankhwala lililonse mitundu mchere ndi akukhudzidwira misa kuchira kwa mankhwala. A selectivity chabwino zimasonyeza ndende mchere kwa mankhwala bauxite kulemera, ndi wa chonse zabwino adzapereke khalidwe. Mosiyana, mtengo zoipa selectivity ndi zimasonyeza ndende ku coproduct bauxite-Taphunzira, ndi wa chonse adzapereke makhalidwe oipa.
Pakuti trihydrate zitsanzo zonse otsika kutentha (i.e., S1, S2 ndi S4) kaolinite anasonyeza zoipa nawuza khalidwe ndipo ankaganiza kuti bauxite-Taphunzira co-mankhwala pamene gibbsite anaikira kwa mankhwala bauxite kulemera (chithunzi 5). Pakuti monohydrate zitsanzo onse apamwamba kutentha (i.e., S6 ndi S7) onse zotakasika silika zimakhudza mchere, kaolinite ndi khwatsi, anasonyeza zoipa nawuza khalidwe. Cha mtsogolo, diaspore ndi boehmite lipoti ku mankhwala bauxite-olemera ndi anasonyeza zabwino adzapereke khalidwe (chithunzi 6).
chithunzi 5. Selectivity magawo mchere ndi mankhwala.
chithunzi 6. Selectivity magawo mchere ndi mankhwala.
Miyezo ya aluminiyamu kupezeka ndi silika zotakasika kusonyeza kayendedwe yokulirapo. Pakuti bauxites otsika kutentha (S1-S5), kuchuluka kwa zotakasika silika pano pa unit wa aluminiyamu zilipo zochepa kuchokera 10-50% pa maziko wachibale (chithunzi 7). A kuchepetsa ofanana unkachitika mu bauxites mkulu kutentha (S6-S7) monga Tingaone Chithunzi 7.
The bauxite kuti chiŵerengero aluminiyamu inaŵerengeredwa ngati osiyanitsidwa wa aluminiyamu zilipo. The bauxite kuti chiŵerengero aluminiyamu anali anatsika ndi pakati 8 - 26% mawu wachibale kwa zitsanzo zonse anayesedwa (chithunzi 8). Ichi ndi watanthauzo monga zimatanthauza kuchepetsa ofanana otaya misa bauxite kuti ayenera kudyetsedwa kwa ndondomeko Bayer.
chithunzi 7. Zotakasika SiO2 pa unit wa Mukhozanso Al2O3
chithunzi 8. Bauxite kuti aluminiyamu chiŵerengero.
3.3 zokambirana
Deta experimental atsimikiza kuti STET olekanitsa kuchuluka zilipo Al2O3 pamene imodzi kuchepetsa SiO_2 okhutira. chithunzi 9 mphatso ndi cilamulo chithunzi cha ubwino kuyembekezera kugwirizana kuchepetsa wa silika zotakasika ndi kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu zilipo isanafike Njira Bayer. Olemba kupeza phindu zachuma aluminiyamu woyenga adzakhala mu osiyanasiyana $15-30 USD pa tani mankhwala aluminiyamu. Amasonyeza kupewa mtengo kuchokera koloko caustic anasowa de A-silicaton mankhwala (DSP), ndalama mphamvu kuchepetsa Muzifunsa bauxite kwa fakitale ya, kuchepetsa matope m'badwo ofiira ndi yaing'ono mtsinje ndalama opangidwa kuchokera kugulitsa otsika kalasi bauxite chochokera kwa alimi simenti. chithunzi 9 maphunziro ubwino ankayembekezera ndikukhazikitsa STET triboelectrostatic luso monga zikutanthauza Pre-maganizo bauxite miyala isanafike ndondomeko Bayer.
Unsembe wa STET kupatukana ndondomeko bauxite chisanadze processing akhoza kuchitidwa kaya pa fakitale aluminiyamu kapena bauxite wanga palokha. Komabe, ndondomeko STET amafuna youma akupera wa ores bauxite isanafike kulekana, kumasula gangue, Choncho mmene kukumana kusinja ndi processing bauxite fakitale mwina osapita m'mbali.
Monga njira imodzi – wouma bauxite akanati kuuluka ntchito youma okhazikika bwino akupera luso, Mwachitsanzo choimirira wodzigudubuza mphero kapena amadza mphero. The bauxite finely kuuluka adzasiyanitsidwa ndi ndondomeko STET, ndi mkulu-aluminiyamu mankhwala bauxite anatumizidwa ku fakitale aluminiyamu. The unsembe wa umapezeka youma adzalola kuti Kupha yonyowa Ufa kale ntchito pa ndondomeko Bayer. Amaganiza kuti ndalama opaleshoni ya umapezeka youma adzakhala pafupifupi wofanana ndi mtengo opaleshoni ya yonyowa umapezeka, makamaka poganizira umene umapezeka yonyowa anachita lero amachitidwa pa osakaniza kwambiri zamchere, zikubweretsa ndalama ndithu yokonza.
The youma otsika kalasi bauxite co-mankhwala (tailings) kuchokera ndondomeko kulekana kuti agulitsidwe kuti kupanga simenti monga gwero aluminiyamu. Bauxite ambiri anawonjezera kuti kupanga simenti, ndi youma co-mankhwala, mosiyana matope ofiira, lilibe ndi sodium zomwe zingathandize ntchito mu kupanga simenti. Izi amapereka fakitale ndi njira valorizing zinthu zimene sakanavomereza kutuluka yoyenga ngati matope ofiira, ndipo inafunika yosungirako Pomalizira, woimira mtengo.
An mawerengedwe mtengo opaleshoni anachita ndi olemba ndi pafupifupi ntchito phindu la $27 USD pa tani aluminiyamu, ndi zotsatira zikuluzikulu Zimapezeka ndi kuchepetsa koloko caustic, kuchepetsa matope ofiira, valorization wa co-mankhwala ndi mafuta ndalama chifukwa buku apansi bauxite kwa fakitale ya. Choncho ndi 800,000 tani pa fakitale chaka ankayembekezera phindu la ndalama $21 M USD pa chaka (Onani Chithunzi 10). kusanthula izi saganizira ndalama mungathe kuchepetsa inatha kapena mmene kukumana ndalama bauxite, amene akhoza zina kumapangitsanso ntchito kubwerera.
chithunzi 10. Ubwino zotakasika silika Kuchepetsa ndi Mukhozanso aluminiyamu kuwonjezeka.
4.0 Mawuwo
Powombetsa mkota, processing youma ndi STET olekanitsa mipata kupanga phindu kwa alimi bauxite ndi refiners. Chisanadze processing wa isanafike bauxite kuyenga kuchepetsa ndalama mankhwala, Muzitsitsa matope ofiira kwaiye ndi kuchepetsa ndondomeko atasokonezeka. STET luso akhoza kulola mapurosesa bauxite kutembenukira sanali zitsulo grade ku zitsulo kalasi bauxite - amene akhoza kuchepetsa kufunika bauxite kunja ndi / kapena kuwonjezera exiting moyo miyala gwero. ndondomeko STET akhozanso kukhala akuyendera kupanga apamwamba khalidwe sanali zitsulo kalasi ndi zitsulo kalasi bauxite, ndi simenti kalasi bauxite ndi-mankhwala isanafike ndondomeko Bayer.
The ndondomeko STET amafuna pang'ono chisanadze mankhwala a mchere ndi ukugwira ntchito pa mphamvu mkulu - mpaka 40 malankhulidwe paola. magetsi ndi zosakwana 2 kilowatt-maola tani zinthu kukonzedwa. Komanso, ndondomeko STET ndi kwathunthu malonda luso mu mchere processing, choncho sikutanthauza chitukuko cha umisiri.
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