Electrostatic Beneficiation nke phosphate Ores: Review of n'Oge Gara Aga Work na Discussion nke ihe improvised Nkewa System

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Procedia Engineering 00 (2015) 000-000

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3Rd International mkparita na Innovation na Technology na phosphate Industry

Electrostatic beneficiation nke phosphate ores: Review nke gara aga na-arụ ọrụ

na ntụle nke ka mma nkewa usoro

J.D. Bittnera, S.A.Gasiorowskia, F.J.Hracha, H. Guicherdb *

aST Equiment na Technology LLC, Needham, Massachusetts, USA

bST Equipment & Technology LLC, Avignon, France

Abstract

Beneficiation nke phosphate ores site akọrọ electrostatic Filiks e nwara site iche iche na-eme nnyocha ebe ọ bụ na 1940. The akpata ihe mere na-emepe emepe akọrọ Filiks maka phosphate mgbake bụ ole na ole nke mmiri na ụfọdụ efekarị na mpaghara, na flotation chemical-akwụ ụgwọ, na wastewater ọgwụgwọ na-akwụ ụgwọ. Mgbe electrostatic Filiks nwere ike ghara inye a zuru ezu ọzọ ka flotation, o nwere ike ịbụ kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka a emeju maka ụfọdụ iyi dị ka mbenata Iwu / slimes ọdịnaya nke ore tupu flotation, nhazi nke flotation tailings mgbake nke furu efu ngwaahịa, na n'ibelata gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara. Mgbe ọtụtụ ọrụ e rụrụ iji ma elu erughị ala ala na freefall separators na laabu akpịrịkpa, naanị ihe àmà nke azụmahịa echichi bụ n'ihe dị ka 1940 "Johnson" usoro na Pierce Mine FL; E nweghị ihe àmà na akwụkwọ nke ugbu a azụmahịa were nke electrostatics, ezie na ike mmasị akọrọ Filiks na-aga n'ihu maka ojiji na efekarị na mpaghara. The dị iche iche nyocha oru ngo kọrọ mesie ya ike na oriri nkwadebe (okpomọkụ, size nhazi ọkwa, oyi mmadụ) nwere a isi mmetụta na arụmọrụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ ezi nkewa e enweta site na iwepu silica si phosphates, na ole na ole ihe atụ nke calcite na dolomite si phosphate, nsonaazụ ndị na-erughị mma mgbe multiple adịghị bụ ugbu. Research na-aga n'ihu n'ihu nụchaa ndị a ụzọ, ma isi-agaghị emeli na ot electrostatic systems gụnyere ala ikike, mkpa multiple nkebi ezu upgrading nke ore, na arụmọrụ nsogbu mere site Iwu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-agaghị emeli nwere ike merie ọhụrụ electrostatic Filiks tinyere a triboelectric belt separator.

© 2015 The Authors. Bipụtara Elsevier Ltd.

Ọgbọ na-review n'okpuru ibu ọrụ nke Scientific Committee of SYMPHOS 2015.

Keywords: phosphate, electrostatic; nkewa; minerals; ezi ahụ; akọrọ usoro

*kwekọrọ ekwekọ Author: Tel: +33-4-8912-0306 E-mail address: guicherdh@steqtech.com

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Bipụtara Elsevier Ltd.

Ọgbọ na-review n'okpuru ibu ọrụ nke Scientific Committee of SYMPHOS 2015.

J.D. Bittner a al./ Procedia Engineering 00 (2015) 000-000

1. Kọrọ ọrụ na electrostatic beneficiation nke phosphate ores

Phosphate ịta si eke ores dịwo rụrụ site a dịgasị iche iche nke usoro eji mgbe ụfọdụ ọkpụrụkpụ ichekwa mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ụkọ mmiri na dị iche iche phosphate ego gburugburu ụwa, nakwa dị ka na-amụba na-akwụ ụgwọ nke kwere na wastewater ọgwụgwọ, mmepe nke dị irè, aku na uba na akọrọ usoro bụ ukwuu na-achọsi ike.

Ụzọ akọrọ electrostatic nhazi nke phosphate ores e chọrọ na owụt ke obere akpịrịkpa n'ihi na n'elu 70 afọ. Otú ọ dị, azụmahịa ngwa nke a ụzọ e arịasi. The "Johnson usoro" [1] e ji commercially malite na 1938 maka oge nke oge na American Agricultural Chemical Company osisi nso Pierce Florida USA. Usoro a na-eji a nnọọ mgbagwoju usoro nke ala electrodes (Ọgụgụ 1) maka multi ogbo ịta nke phosphate mgbake si deslimed washery tailings, flotation tupu-Ụtụtụ, ma ọ bụ flotation tailings. malite na 15.4% P2The5 na 57.3% unyi anaghị agbasa na ihe onwunwe ke mma tailings, site a zọpụta nke size nhazi ọkwa, desliming, na preconditioning nke mịrị amị tailings, na ihe onwunwe na 33.7% P2The5 na naanị 6.2% unyi anaghị agbasa na-natara. Na ọzọ atụ, upgrading nke flotation tailings na 2.91% P2The5 rụpụtara a ngwaahịa nke 26.7% P2The5 na ihe 80% mgbake. Johnson hụrụ na ọ dị mkpa na-emeso ndị washery tailings na chemical reagents a-eji na phosphate flotation iji nweta elu phosphate ọkwa na mgbake. Ọ kwuru kpọmkwem banyere irè nke mmanụ na ọdụdụ asịd dị ka reagents.

Ọgụgụ 1, Johnson usoro ngwa na eruba mpempe akwụkwọ US Patent 2,135,716 na 2,197,865, 1940 [1][2]

Ka a na-azụmahịa echichi na-e zoro aka na akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka na-amalite banyere 1938, ọ bụghị doro anya otú ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ n'ihi otú oge a usoro e ji. Na ya nchịkọta nke ọnọdụ nke electrostatic nkewa ruo 1961, The. C. Ralston

[3]na-ede na ise nnukwu Johnson separators na-arụnyere na onye ọ bụla nhazi banyere 10 tọn / Ọrụ Nchịkwa nke -20 ntupu oriri. Onye ọ bụla separator bụ 10 na-apụta elu na etinyere voltaji of 20 kV. Ọ dịghị ndị ọzọ azụmahịa-ọnụ ọgụgụ phosphate concentrators iji electrostatics na-arụnyere na Florida dika Ralston. Dabere na usoro ngwá nkọwa, ndị dere

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kwubiri na n'ozuzu ike nke usoro bụ kama ala na ikwu na ike nke ndị ọzọ Filiks, dị ka mmiri flotation. Low ike na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ihicha ndepụta ore si mmiri Ngwuputa na Florida ndị yiri ihe mere na ịmachi n'ihu ngwa nke usoro na 1940s na 1950s.

Na 1950 na 1960 ọrụ International mineral & chemicals Corporation (IMC) na-enyocha ngwa nke akọrọ electrostatic nkewa Filiks maka ịnweta beneficiation. Floridian phosphate ore nhazi bụ nke otu mmasị ka IMC. The IMC ọrụ tinye n'ọrụ a free ọdịda separator imewe mgbe ụfọdụ na urughuru Nchaji enwekwukwa agafe ihe agitator ma ọ bụ impactor dị ka a hama ma ọ bụ mkpanaka na nkume igwe nri. [4] A ụdi patent [5] gụnyere ụfọdụ nkwalite nke nkewa eji chaja nke dị iche iche ihe, ezie na ndị ikpeazụ patent ke nsonso

[6]kwubiri na urughuru kọntaktị odori na dị elu okpomọkụ (>70° F) bụ irè karịa iji a chaja usoro. Nnochite anya ihe atụ nke na-arụpụta kọrọ na a nchọpụta Kemịkalụ na-egosi na Isiokwu 1.

Isiokwu 1. Kọrọ na-esi International mineral & chemicals Ikike nchọpụta 1955-1965

The dị iche iche IMC nchọpụta Kemịkalụ enyocha mmetụta nke urughuru size, tinyere nhazi nke dị iche iche na ihuenyo he onwe, ezie na obere ọrụ dị nnọọ mma (<45 μm) ahụ. Sample oyi iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe,, tinyere okpomọkụ ukpụhọde, tupu ịsa na ihicha, na dị iche iche ihicha ụzọ (anọ ihicha, flash ihicha, okpomọkụ oriọna na kpọmkwem Iye wavelength àmà). dị iche iche adịghị (i.e. silicates vesos carbonates) chọrọ dị iche iche njikwa na pretreatment ụzọ na-ebuli nkewa. Ezie na ọ bụ doro anya na patent nkowa na IMC naach ịzụlite a azụmahịa ọnụ ọgụgụ usoro, nyochaa akwụkwọ adịghị egosi na ihe dị otú ahụ echichi mgbe wuru na ejikwara mgbe ọ bụla IMC saịtị.

Na 1960 ọrụ kpọmkwem na carbonate nwere phosphate ores si North Carolina e rụrụ na North Carolina State University mineral Research Laboratory, [9] Iji a laabu ọnụ ọgụgụ freefall separator na a sịntetik ngwakọta nke ala shei carbonate na phosphate obere okwute flotation uche na a warara nke ukwuu size nso (-20ka +48 ntupu), nnyocha gosiri na preconditioning na ihe onwunwe na ihe acid sikrob ma ọ bụ ọdụdụ asịd na-enwe mmetụta ndị ikwu ndebe nke phosphate ka ma ebughi. Dịtụ nkọ nkewa e nwetara. Otú ọ dị, mgbe eji a eke ore nwere a bukwanu ego nke Iwu, naanị ogbenye nkewa kwere omume. The kacha mma kọrọ ikewapụ a fọduru site flotation upgrading na mbụ P2The5 ịta nke 8.2% natara a ngwaahịa nke 22.1% P2The5. Ọ dịghị mgbake larịị kọrọ. Ichi, onye nke kọrọ ihe isi ike bụ a Mee-elu nke Iwu na separator electrodes.

Ọzọ ọrụ na electrostatic nkewa nke North Carolina phosphate eji a elu erughị ala ala ụdị separator

[10]kwubiri na mgbe nkewa nke phosphate na quartz-ekwe omume, ihicha eri bụ prohibitive. Otú ọ dị, nyere na calcined phosphate ores bụ akọrọ, na-eme nnyocha na-atụ aro na electrostatic nkewa dị otú ahụ ores pụrụ ikwe omume. Nkewa nke calcined phosphates bụ ogbenye na kọrọ ọrụ. Nkewa pụtara ìhè n'ihu metụtara urughuru size kama mejupụtara. Aro ndozi gụnyere iji ihe ndị ọzọ electrostatic nkewa usoro, reagents aka urughuru odori e ji mara na dị nnọọ nso na ihuenyo sizing nke ihe. E nweghị ihe àmà na ihe ọ bụla na-elu-na-arụ ọrụ e rụrụ na nke a oru ngo.

Dịtụ na mbụ ọrụ iji elu-erughị ala ala separators [11] ọma wepụrụ aluminum na ígwè ogige si ọsọ-of-m ore si Florida. The ore e akpọnwụwo, gburu, ma jiri nlezianya na sized tupu nkewa. The P2The5 ịta ama ọkọri marginally si 30.1% ka 30.6% ma mwepụ nke Al na Fe ogige nyeere a ka mma ụdi mgbake site flotation ụzọ. Nke a na-arụ ọrụ gosiri na ojiji nke ihe electrostatic separator ilebara a nsogbu na a kpọmkwem ore na-ejedebeghị ot mmiri nhazi.

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Yana nnyocha n'ime nkewa nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na ihe, Ciccu na ngalaba-ọrụ na-anwale nkewa nke a dịgasị iche iche nke phosphate ores tinyere isi mmalite si India, Algeria, Tunisia, na Angola. [12] Electrostatic nkewa bụ nke mmasị dị ka onye ọzọ flotation si akụ na ụba si ele ihe anya n'ihi na eziokwu na nnukwu ego nke phosphates na-hụrụ efekarị na mpaghara. [13] Iji laabu-ọnụ ọgụgụ free ọdịda separators na a "turbocharger", ndị a na-eme nnyocha na-enwetazi nkewa pụta yiri flotation Filiks si ores na dịtụ mfe gangue ikwọ. kpọmkwem, ha chọpụtara na phosphate ebubo ghaghị na ọnụnọ nke silica, ma na-adịghị mma na ọnụnọ nke calcite. Otú ọ dị, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ore ẹdude ịrịba ichekwa ma silica na carbonate, na electrostatic nkewa bụ ogbenye na flotation Filiks owụt ọzọ mgbanwe maka inweta uru nkewa. Site ọmụmụ nke mmetụta nke turbocharger na odori nke onye ahụ, ndị a na-eme nnyocha kwubiri na gangue ihe ebubo bụ isi urughuru-urughuru kọntaktị kama na kọntaktị na turbocharger ebupụta. [13] [14] Nchaji bụ ukwuu chebaara ihe okpomọkụ, ezi nkewa naanị nnara n'elu 100 ° C. Ọzọkwa, ọnụnọ nke ezi ihe mere nsogbu na separator na-arụpụta ezi ihe na-adabere na-akpachara anya sizing nke ahụ na elu atọ size àmà tupu nkewa. A nchịkọta nke na-esi otu a na-adade ke Isiokwu 2. Ọ dịghị full- ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwa egosi na a na-emejuputa atumatu dabeere na-arụ ọrụ a.

Isiokwu 2. Kọrọ na-esi Ciccu, na. al. si laabu-ọnụ ọgụgụ free ọdịda separators

Electrostatic nkewa nke otu onye Ijipt na ore e mụọ site Hammoud, et al. eji a laabu-ọnụ ọgụgụ free ọdịda separator. [15] The ore eji ẹdude isi silica na ndị ọzọ unyi anaghị agbasa na mbụ P2The5 ịta nke 27.5%. The natara ngwaahịa nwere a P2The5 ịta nke 33% na a 71.5% mgbake.

Ihe ọzọ na-amụ onye Ijipt ore na isi siliceous gangue E duziri site Abouzeid, et al. eji a laabu ala separator. [16] The na-eme nnyocha kpọmkwem chọrọ ka a mata akọrọ usoro itinye uche na / ma ọ bụ dedust phosphate ores na distrikti na ụkọ mmiri. Nke a na-amụ nwetara a ngwaahịa na 30% P2The5 site na ndepụta ihe onwunwe na 18.2 % P2The5 na a mgbake nke 76.3 % mgbe ịkpachara anya sizing nke ihe onwunwe ka a warara iche n'etiti 0.20 mm na 0.09 mm.

Na a ụdi review isiokwu ekpuchi na nso nke beneficiation Filiks maka phosphate mgbake, Abouzeid kọrọ na mgbe electrostatic nkewa usoro e ọma na upgrading phosphate ores site na iwepu silica na carbonates, na ala ike nke separators dị oke ha na ojiji maka azụmahịa na mmepụta. [17]

Electrostatic nkewa nke Florida ores e mụọ nso nso site Stencel na Jian eji a laabu eruba-thru free- ọdịda separator. [18] Nzube ya bụ ime ka a mata onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ yana nhazi atụmatụ na ogologo-eji flotation systems kemgbe flotation ike ga-eji na ihe nke na-erughị 105 μm. Nke a mma ihe onwunwe e nanị landfilled, n'ihi na a na ọnwụ nke fọrọ nke nta 30% nke phosphate mbụ mined. Ha anwale deslimed raw ore, ezi flotation oriri, rougher flotation uche, na nke ikpeazụ flotation Ụtụtụ enwetara site na abụọ mgbere osisi na Florida na oriri udu ruo 14 kg / hour na a lab-ọnụ ọgụgụ separator. Good nkewa pụta nọ na-kọrọ na ezi flotation oriri (+0.1 mm; ~ 12% P2The5) site n'otu isi iyi nke e kwalite ka 21-23% P2The5 abụọ gafee na 81- 87% P2The5 mgbake ahụ site n'ịjụ isi unyi anaghị agbasa na silica. Yiri pụta nọ na-enweta mgbe tribocharging ndepụta iji ma a pneumatic erute tube ma ọ bụ a n'usoro n'usoro tribo-chaja.

The kasị nso nso kọrọ banyere ndị electrostatic nkewa nke phosphate ores aka na usoro e mere iji mma-ebuli Nchaji nke ihe tupu iwebata n'ime a free ọdịda separator, Tao na Al-Hwaiti [19] mata na ọ dịghị azụmahịa were nke electrostatics maka phosphate beneficiation ruru ka usoro ala

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throughput, ala arụmọrụ na mkpa na-arụ ọrụ na warara urughuru size nkesa. Ndị a na-eme nnyocha kpọmkwem chọrọ iji merie ala urughuru ụgwọ njupụta metụtara na usoro dabere na urughuru na urughuru kọntaktị ma ọ bụ mmetụta na a mfe Nchaji usoro. -Arụ ọrụ na a Jordanian ore na isi silica gangue, na ihe onwunwe e gwepịawokwa -1.53 mm ma jiri nlezianya na jụrụ wepu ihe n'okpuru 0.045 mm. A obere laabu ọnụ ọgụgụ free-ọdịda separator e ruo eruo na a ọhụrụ e mere n'usoro chaja e na a anyịnya cylinder na a n'usoro n'usoro drum, ma ọ bụ chaja, na ihe annular ohere n'agbata. Mpụga ike ọkọnọ e ji etinye ihe electric nwere n'etiti ngwa ngwa n'usoro drum na anyịnya cylinder. Mgbe odori site na kọntaktị na n'usoro drum, ahụ rue n'ime a ot free-ọdịda separator. arụ ọrụ na 100 gram ogbe size na malite na a jụrụ oriri P2The5 ọdịnaya nke 23.8%, mgbe abụọ gafee a uche na ruo 32.11% P2The5 e natara, ezie na ọ bụ naanị na onye na mkpokọta mgbake nke 29%.

Ná mgbalị iji beneficiate phosphate Iwu (< 0.1 mm), Bada et al. n'ọrụ a free ọdịda separator na a n'usoro n'usoro odori usoro yiri nnọọ na nke Tao si.[20]. The amalite ihe onwunwe bụ site a flotation uche nwere Iwu na a P2The5 nke 28.5%. A ngwaahịa nke 34.2% P2The5 e natara ma ọzọ na a ala mgbake ọnụego 33.4%.

Nke a "rotary triboelectrostatic free-ọdịda separator" ọzọ etinyere akọrọ beneficiation nke phosphates site Sobhy na Tao. [21] -Arụ ọrụ na a gburu dolomitic phosphate obere okwute si Florida na a sara mbara nke ukwuu urughuru size nso (1.25 mm – <0.010 mm), a phosphate uche na 1.8% MgO na 47% P2The5 mgbake e mepụtara site na ndepụta na-amalite na mkpokọta 23% P2The5 na 2.3% MgO. The kacha pụta na lab-ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwaọrụ na-enweta mgbe udia 9 kg / Ọrụ Nchịkwa na - 3kV etinyere na rotary chaja. The nkewa arụmọrụ kọọrọ nanị site ma ogbenye ntọhapụ nke ihe onwunwe ke nnukwu ahụ na nnyonye anya nke dị iche iche urughuru nha na nkewa ulo.

Mma pụta nọ na-enweta mgbe nhazi a flotation oriri sample na mkpafa urughuru size nkesa 1 ka 0.1 mm. Na mbụ P2The5 ọdịnaya nke dị 10%, ngwaahịa samples e nwetara na mkpokọta 25% P2The5 ọdịnaya, P2The5 mgbake nke 90%, na ojuju nke 85% nke quartz. Nke a gosiri na arụmọrụ e kwuru ihe dị mma karịa na nwetara na a free-ọdịda separator na a ọzọ ot Nchaji usoro dị ka na-eji Stencel [18] egosi uru nke ọhụrụ e mere rotary chaja. Nhazi a flotation uche nwere 31.7% P2The5 rụpụtara a ngwaahịa nke ukwuu karịa 35% P2The5 na a mgbake nke 82%. Nke a upgrading e kwuru mma karịa omume site flotation.

Nke a laabu ọnụ ọgụgụ separator na a nkewa usoro obosara nke 7.5 cm a kọwara dị ka na-enwe a ike nke 25 kg / Ọrụ Nchịkwa, Ẹkot 1/3 tonne / Ọrụ Nchịkwa / mita nke obosara. Otú ọ dị, ndị kọrọ mmetụta nke ndepụta ọnụego na nkewa arụmọrụ gosiri na ezigbo nkewa e nwetara na naanị 9 kg / Ọrụ Nchịkwa ma ọ bụ ubé n'elu otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke elu ọnụ ike nke usoro.

n'ozuzu, gara aga ọrụ na electrostatic upgrading nke phosphate ores e ejedebeghị site ikwu Nchaji nke mgbagwoju gangue na detrimental mmetụta nke urughuru size mmetụta, ọ kachasị, mmetụta nke Iwu. The nnukwu ọtụtụ ọrụ ahụ naanị laabu ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwá na-enweghị nkwado na azụmahịa ọnụ ọgụgụ, nọgidere ejikwara ngwá nwere ike a ga-eji. Ọzọkwa, ala akọ nke dị electrostatic usoro ngwá mere azụmahịa ngwa uneconomical.

2. -Emeli nke ot electrostatic nkewa Filiks

High erughị ala ala electrostatic nkewa usoro dị ka na-eji Groppo [10] na Kouloheris et al. [11] ọtụtụ ndị na-eji na-upgrading a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe mgbe otu akụrụngwa bụ ihe conductive karịa ndị ọzọ. Na ndị a Filiks, ihe ga-kpọtụrụ a ebe drum ma ọ bụ efere a mgbe ihe ahụ na-ezighị-boro ebubo site ihe ionizing corona orùrù. Conductive ihe ga-efunahụ ha ụgwọ ngwa ngwa na-atụba si drum. The na-abụghị- conductive ihe ka na-mmasị drum kemgbe ihe-ndebe ga dissipate ọzọ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na ga-ada ma ọ bụ na-leghaara si drum mgbe nkewa si na-eduzi ihe.

Ndị na-esonụ esereese (Ọgụgụ 2) na-egosi na isi atụmatụ nke ụdị separator. Ndị a Filiks bụ

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ejedebeghị na ikike n'ihi na achọrọ kọntaktị nke ọ bụla urughuru na drum ma ọ bụ efere. Irè nke ndị a drum mpịakọta separators na-ejedebeghị na ahụ nke banyere 0.1mm ma ọ bụ ukwuu na size ruru ma mkpa kpọtụrụ ebe efere na achọrọ urughuru eruba Ọnọdụ. Ahụ nke dị iche iche nha ga-enwe dị iche iche eruba Ọnọdụ ruru inertial mmetụta na ga-eme rụrụ arụ nkewa.

Ọgụgụ 2: Drum electrostatic separator (Elder na Yan, 2003 [22]

The oke nwara ngwa phosphate beneficiation bụ n'ihi na ndị na-abụghị conductive ọdịdị nke ma phosphates na-ahụkarị gangue ihe. Kouloheris hụrụ isi ụfọdụ mwepụ nke ígwè na aluminum nwere ahụ na, ruru ha conductive agwa, na-"ẹsịn" si ala. Presence nke a ụdị ihe na phosphate ores bụghị nkịtị. Groppo kwuru na nanị ihe onwunwe nke "pinned" na ala dị ka a "na-abụghị ndị na-eduzi ya" bu Iwu, na-egosi a nkewa site urughuru size kama ihe mejupụtara. [9] Na o kwere omume obere wezụga, phosphate ores adịghị amenable ka beneficiation site elu erughị ala ala separators.

Drum ala separators nakwa na e tinye n'ọrụ na configurations na-adabere triboelectric Nchaji nke ahụ kama Nchaji rata site ionization rata site a elu-erughị ala ubi. Otu ma ọ bụ karịa electrodes positioned n'elu drum, dị ka "static" electrode gosiri Ọgụgụ 2, na-tinye n'ọrụ "inwego" ahụ nke na-abụghị ụgwọ site drum n'elu. Ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro e ji mee ihe site Abouzeid, et al. [16] onye hụrụ na nkewa arụmọrụ e gbanwere dabere na polarity na n'ọrụ a voltaji nke static electrodes. The Johnson Usoro [1] ji okwu ọzọ na mgbanwe nke a drum ala separator. Otú ọ dị, ole na ike na arụmọrụ nke a otu ala usoro na-eduga ná nnọọ mgbagwoju usoro dị ka e gosiri na ọgụgụ 1. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ọ na-egosi na a mgbagwoju na n'ozuzu inefficiency nke usoro kpaara ya ngwa.

Triboelectrostatic nkewa na-ejedebeghị na nkewa nke conductive / ndị na-abụghị conductive ihe ma na-adabere na onu ego nyefe site frictional kọntaktị nke ihe na dissimilar n'elu onwu. Nke a na onu e ji mee na "free ọdịda" nkewa Filiks ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro a na-e gosiri na ọgụgụ 3. Components nke a ngwakọta nke ahụ mbụ ịzụlite dị iche iche ebubo site na kọntaktị ma na a metal n'elu, dị ka a tribo-chaja, ma ọ bụ site na urughuru na urughuru kọntaktị, dị ka a fluidized bed nri ngwaọrụ. Dị ka ahụ na-ada site na

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electric ubi na electrode mpaghara, onye ọ bụla urughuru si trajectory na-mehieworonụ n'ebe electrode nke abụghị ụgwọ. Mgbe a na-anya, collection bins na-arụrụ ọrụ na-ekewa ndị iyi. Ahụkarị nrụnye chọrọ otutu separator nkebi na egweri nke a middling nta. Ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ iji otu ebe iyi nke gas aka erute nke ahụ site na electrode mpaghara.

Ọgụgụ 5: "Free ọdịda" triboelectrostatic separator

Kama dabere nanị na urughuru na urughuru kọntaktị ka eji ụgwọ nyefe, ọtụtụ usoro nke ụdị iji a "chaja" ngalaba esịnede a họrọ ihe onwunwe na ọ bụ enweghị etinyere voltaji aka urughuru Nchaji. Na 1950, Lawver nyochaworo eji dị iche iche ngwaọrụ tinyere a hama na nkume igwe nri na mkpanaka na nkume igwe nri fanye ihe onwunwe n'etiti nkewa nkebi [4] nakwa dị ka mfe efere chaja nke dị iche iche ihe. [5] [6] Otú ọ dị, Lawver kwubiri na ihe onwunwe okpomọkụ bụ nke overriding mkpa na urughuru-urughuru ụgwọ nyefe n'elu ihere okpomọkụ nyere mma na ya pụta karịa ojiji nke a chaja. Ezumike et al. [12] nyochaworo ikwu ogo ụgwọ nyefe na kwubiri na obere gangue ihe enwetara ụgwọ isi site urughuru-urughuru kọntaktị n'ihi na ala puru nke mmetụta ugboro ole a chaja efere. Nke a na-egosi a mmachi na ojiji nke chaja usoro: niile ahụ ga-kpọtụrụ chaja elu otú ahụ ka ndepụta ọnụego ga-dịtụ ala. Kpọtụrụ nwere ike mma site n'iji jupụtara n'ọgba aghara ọnọdụ erute ihe ma ọ bụ site na iji a nnukwu n'elu ebe-akpụ akpụ chaja. The na-adịbeghị anya na-arụ ọrụ nke Tao [19] na Bada [20] na Sobhy [21] iji a pụrụ iche n'usoro chaja na etinyere voltaji ma naanị na a nnọọ obere ọnụ ọgụgụ laabu separator. Ezie na nke a mma chaja imewe e gosiri kasị ka okenye usoro, gosiri nhazi akọ ndị a na usoro ka ezi ala. [21]

Nke a na ụdị free ọdịda separator nwekwara-agaghị emeli na urughuru size nke ihe nwere ike esichara. Eruba n'ime electrode mpaghara ga-achịkwa iwelata ịgbā iji zere "smearing" nke nkewa. The trajectory nke ezi ahụ na-ọzọ ọma site ịgbā kemgbe aerodynamic ikpuru agha na iwu ahụ bụ ọtụtụ ibu karịa ndị ndọda na electrostatic agha. Nsogbu a pụrụ imeri ka a ogo ma ọ bụrụ na ihe onwunwe na dịtụ warara urughuru size nso esichara. Ọtụtụ nke nnyocha tụlere n'elu gụnyere tupu echetakwa ihe onwunwe n'ime dị iche iche size àmà iji ebuli nkewa. [5] [6] [7] [9] [12] [14] [16] [19] [20] [21] The

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dị iche nke 8 ka 20 kV. The belt, nke ka nke a na-abụghị ndị na-eduzi plastic, bụ a nnukwu ntupu na banyere 60% emeghe ebe. The ahụ nwere ike mfe gabiga n'oghere belt. N'elu ntinye n'ime ọdịiche n'etiti electrodes na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ahụ na-dọọrọ mmasị electric ubi agha na ala nke oma electrodes. The ghaghị ebubo ahụ na-dọtara na-ezighị ezi na ebubo n'elu electrode. The ọsọ nke na-aga n'ihu loop belt bụ agbanwe site 4 na 20m / s. The jiometrị nke cross-direction strands-eje ozi iji ekpochapụ ahụ kwụsịrị electrodes akpali ha kwupụta kwesịrị ekwesị na njedebe nke separator na azụ n'ime elu shiee mpaghara n'etiti oppositely na-akpụ akpụ na ngalaba nke belt. N'ihi na urughuru nọmba njupụta dị elu n'ime ọdịiche n'etiti electrodes (dị ka otu- atọ olu na-ji site ahụ) na na eruba na-ike mkpatụ, e nwere ọtụtụ collisions n'etiti ahụ na ezigbo Nchaji etịbe nọgidere ofụri nkewa mpaghara. The counter-ugbu a eruba rata site oppositely akpụ akpụ belt ngalaba na nọgide re-odori na re-nkewa na-emepụta a counter ugbu multistage nkewa n'ime otu ngwa. Nke a na-aga n'ihu Nchaji na recharging nke ahụ n'ime separator eliminates ọ bụla chọrọ "chaja" usoro tupu ewebata ihe na separator, si otú ahụ wepụ a nsogbu siri ike na ike nke ndị ọzọ electrostatic separators. Mmepụta nke a separator bụ Mmiri iyi abụọ, a uche na a fọduru, enweghị a middlings stream. The arụmọrụ nke a separator e gosiri na-Ẹkot dị atọ nkebi nke free-ọdịda nkewa na middlings egweri.

Ịnweta A End

Ọgụgụ 7: Fundamentals nke STET echebe separator

The ukwuu oru oma nkewa nke ahụ erughị 0.5 mm na-eme ka a ezigbo ma pụtara nhọrọ maka nkewa nke Iwu (ájá) si a potash akọrọ egweri ọrụ. The STET separator ike hazie a dịgasị iche iche nke urughuru nha rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na-enweghị mkpa maka nhazi ọkwa n'ime warara size àmà. N'ihi na nke ike agitation, elu shiee ọnụego n'etiti akpụ akpụ eriri, na ikike aka mma ahụ (<0.001 mm) na ST separator nwere ike ịdị irè kewara phosphate ore slimes ebe ọzọ electrostatic separators dara.

3.1 Capital na Operating Akwụ ụgwọ

A comparative eri ọmụmụ nyere site STET na ekenịmde Soutex Inc. [25] Soutex bụ a Quebec Canada dabeere engineering ụlọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ahụmahụ ma na udu mmiri flotation na electrostatic nkewa usoro nwale na imewe. The ọmụmụ tụnyere isi obodo na-arụ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ nke triboelectrostatic belt nkewa usoro ot froth flotation maka beneficiation nke a ala-ọkwa barite ore. The na-arụ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ na-eme atụmatụ na-agụnye ọrụ oru, mmezi, ike (eletriki na mmanụ ụgbọala), na consumables (e.g, chemical reagent-akwụ ụgwọ maka flotation). The input-akwụ ụgwọ ndị ahụ dabeere na na-ahụkarị ụkpụrụ maka a hypothetical osisi dị nso Battle Mountain, Nevada USA. Mkpokọta na-eri nke nke onye karịrị afọ iri a gbakọtara si isi obodo na-arụ ọrụ na-eri site na anya isi ihe

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8% ego ọnụego. The results nke na-eri ha tụnyere ndị dị ugbu a dị ka ikwu percentages Isiokwu 3. Isiokwu 3. Cost Comparison maka Barite nhazi

Mkpokọta zuo eri nke isi obodo ngwá maka triboelectrostatic belt nkewa usoro bụ ubé erughị maka flotation. Otú ọ dị mgbe ngụkọta ego mmefu na gbakọọ na-agụnye ngwá echichi, piping na ọkụ na-akwụ ụgwọ, na usoro ụlọ akwụ ụgwọ, ihe dị iche bụ nnukwu. Ngụkọta ego-eri n'ihi na triboelectrostatic belt nkewa usoro bụ 63.2% nke na-eri nke flotation usoro. The budata ala na-eri maka akọrọ usoro ihe ndị na-mfe eruba mpempe akwụkwọ. The na-arụ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka triboelectrostatic belt nkewa usoro bụ 75.5% nke flotation usoro ruru ka tumadi ala ọrụ mkpara chọrọ na ala oriri ike.

Mkpokọta na-eri nke nwe nke triboelectrostatic belt nkewa usoro bụ budata obere karịa flotation. The ọmụmụ na-ede akwụkwọ, Soutex Inc., kwubiri na triboelectrostatic belt nkewa usoro awade doro anya uru na CAPEX, OPEX, na arụmọrụ mfe.

4. nchịkọta

Mgbe beneficiation nke phosphate ores site akọrọ electrostatic Filiks e nwara site iche iche na-eme nnyocha ebe ọ bụ na 1940 e nwere kemgbe ukwuu ojiji nke ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na a azụmahịa ọnụ ọgụgụ. The mmachi ọma kemgbe ruru ka a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe e weere na ndị separator systems aghụghọ na mgbagwoju anya nke ores.

ndepụta nkwadebe (okpomọkụ, size nhazi ọkwa, oyi mmadụ) nwere a isi mmetụta na arụmọrụ nke nkewa na usoro. Ohere maka inwekwu ọrụ na mpaghara ebe a, akpan akpan ndị ngagharị chemical oyi mmadụ aka na esi Nchaji nke ahụ aka ukwuu arụmọrụ ke ụdi nkewa. The ojiji nke ndị dị otú ahụ ụgwọ-modifying elekọta mmadụ nwere ike ịkpata Filiks na ike ọma beneficiate ores na mgbagwoju gangue ihe, gụnyere ma silicates na carbonates.

Mgbe na-aga n'ihu n'ihu nụchaa ndị a ụzọ, isi-agaghị emeli na ot electrostatic usoro na-agụnye ikike, ndị dị mkpa maka multiple nkebi ezu upgrading nke ore, na arụmọrụ nsogbu mere site Iwu. Ka viable azụmahịa-ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwa nke gosiri laabu usoro, ịrịba ndozi ga-mere ka obi sie pụrụ ịdabere na, aga n'ihu ime enweghị Ihere arụmọrụ.

The STET triboelectric separator enye ịnweta nhazi ụlọ ọrụ a iji beneficiate ezi ihe na ihe kpamkpam akọrọ technology. The environmentally friendly usoro nwere ike iwepu mmiri nhazi na chọrọ ihicha nke ikpeazụ ihe. The STET usoro na-arụ ọrụ na elu ikike - ruo 40 ise kwa hour site a kọmpat igwe. The STET separator ike hazie a dịgasị iche iche nke urughuru nha rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na-enweghị mkpa maka nhazi ọkwa n'ime warara size àmà. N'ihi na nke ike agitation, elu shiee ọnụego n'etiti akpụ akpụ eriri, na ikike aka mma ahụ (<0.001 mm) na STET separator nwere ike ịdị irè kewara slimes si phosphate ores ebe ọzọ electrostatic separators dara. Oriri ike bụ ala, dị 1-2 kWh / ise nke ihe onwunwe esichara. Ebe ọ bụ na naanị nwere emission nke usoro bụ ájá, ikwe bụ a dịtụ mfe.

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[5]J.E. Lawver, Beneficiation of Non-dara minerals. US patent 2,754,965 July 1956

[6]J.E. Lawver, Beneficiation nke phosphate Ores US patent 3,225,923 Dec 1965

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# 80-22-P, 1980

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(Western desert)". International Ịnweta nhazi Conference.

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[20]S. The. Ọ bụrụ na, I.M. agụ nkwọ, R.M.S. agụ nkwọ, C.P, Bergmann, Feasibility ọmụmụ na triboelectrostatic ịta nke <105μm phosphate ore. The Journal nke Southern African Institute of Mining na Metallurgy, Ka 2012, 112, 341-345.

[21]A. Sobhy, D. onye, Innovative RTS technology akọrọ beneficiation nke phosphate, SYMPHOS 2013 - 2nd International mkparita na Innovation na Technology maka phosphate Industry. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 83 eyi 111-121, 2014.

[22]J. Elder, E. Yan, 2003. "EForce.- Kacha ọhụrụ ọgbọ nke electrostatic separator maka minerals ájá ụlọ ọrụ. "Arọ mineral Conference, Johannesburg, South African Institute of Mining na Metallurgy.

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[24]J.D. Bittner, F.J. Hrach, S.A. Gasiorowski, L.A. Canellopoulus, H. Guicherd, Triboelectric belt separator maka beneficiation nke ezi minerals, SYMPHOS 2013 - 2nd International mkparita na Innovation na Technology maka phosphate Industry. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 83 eyi 122-129, 2014.

[25]J.D. Bittner, IC. Flynn, F.J. Hrach, Ịmụba ngwa ke akọrọ triboelectric nkewa nke minerals, Ikpe nke XXVII International Ịnweta nhazi Congress - IMPC 2014, Santiago, Chile, Oct 20 - 24, 2014.