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cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC (STET) tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso limalola phindu la mchere wabwino ufa ndi ukadaulo wouma kwathunthu pamtundu wapamwamba. The olekanitsa STET bwino yosayenera kulekana kwa chabwino kwambiri (<1μm) kuti amtengo coarse (500μm) particles, mosiyana ndi ena njira electrostatic kulekana amene amagwiritsidwa okha particles >75μm kukula. STET ali bwinobwino beneficiated chitsulo zitsanzo miyala kuphatikizapo athamangadi-wa-wanga ores, tailings ndi itabirite nkhani chitsulo chakudya kuyambira 30-55%. anapezazo Experimental akusonyeza kuti otsika kalasi chitsulo ores akhoza akweza kuti sukulu malonda (58-65% Fe) pamene imodzi kukana silika ndi ntchito STET lamba olekanitsa. Pano, n'losavuta zotsatira experimental ndi kuphunzira kuyambirira ntchito kuthekera kwa sayansi STET kwa makampani chitsulo ndi kuperekedwa. The maphunziro kuyambirira monga waudindo flowsheets ndi zoganiza zachuma ntchito anasankha. Mavuto kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa sayansi ndi umisiri poyerekezera alipo panopa kwa processing wa ndalama zachitsulo miyala ndi ikufotokozedwanso.
1.0 Chiyambi
Iron miyalayo ndi wachinayi kwambiri mchitidwe wamba mu matanthwe a pansi padziko ndipo n'kofunika kuti chitukuko lonse zachuma ndi zitsulo opanga [1-2]. Iron ores ndi osiyanasiyana mankhwala zikuchokera makamaka Fe okhutira ndi okhudzidwa gangue mchere [1]. Major chitsulo mwankhanza mchere hematite, goethite, limonite ndi magnetite [1,3] ndi Mankhwala oipitsa waukulu mu chitsulo ores ndi 2 ndipo Al2O3. Aliyense gawo mchere ali tingachidziwe osiyana ndi ulemu kwa chitsulo ndi gangue kubala mchere, choncho amafuna osiyana ndende njira [4].
Modern processing madera a chitsulo zimakhudza mchere zingaphatikizepo gravimetric ndende, ndende maginito, ndipo masitepe flotation [1,3]. Komabe, madera ano zimayesa mawu a processing wa chitsulo ndalama miyala ndi slimes [4-6]. njira Gravimetric ngati mizere yozungulira okha ndi tinthu kukula ndi pokhapokha anaona kuti njira yabwino moonetsetsa hematite ndipo magnetite kwa kukula kachigawo pamwamba 75μm [5]. Yonyowa ndi youma otsika Mwamphamvu maginito kulekana (LIMS) njira ntchito pokonza mkulu amasankha chitsulo ores ndi katundu amphamvu maginito monga magnetite pamene yonyowa mkulu-mwamphamvu maginito kulekana ntchito nadzawasankhula chitsulo zimakhudza mchere ndi katundu ofooka maginito monga hematite kwa mchere gangue. njira maginito zimayesa chifukwa chofunikira awo kuti zitsulo kuti atengeke mphamvu ya maginito [3]. Asamire ntchito kuchepetsa zili zosafunika mu otsika kalasi chitsulo ores, koma okha ndi mtengo wa reagents, ndi kukhalapo kwa silika, aluminiyamu wolemera slimes ndi mchere carbonate [4,6]. Popeza processing zina pambuyo pake kuti kukana mitsinje ya akana chabwino chitsulo kudzathera wabwino mu tailings damu [2].
Tailings nazo ndi processing wa ndalama zachitsulo akhala kwambiri atetezedwe zachilengedwe ndi kusintha zinthu zamtengo chitsulo, motero, choncho processing wa chitsulo tailings miyala ndi ndalama makampani migodi wakula mu kufunika[7].
Komabe, processing tailings chitsulo ndi ndalama amakhalabe otsutsana kudzera flowcharts miyambo ndi umisiri Choncho njira beneficiation monga tribo-electrostatic olekanitsa omwe si opanikiza mawu a miyala mineralogy ndi tinthu kukula akhoza kukhala chidwi. Yanikani electrostatic processing wa chitsulo mphatso miyala mwayi kuchepetsa ndi yonyowa tailings m'badwo kugwirizana ndi gravimetric miyambo, flotation ndi yonyowa madera maginito kulekana.
STET kuyamba ndondomeko kulekana limene limathandiza kulekana nchito ya ntchentche phulusa ndi mchere malinga ndi kubvomereza kwawo atadziŵa munda yeniyeni magetsi. luso wakhala ntchito bwinobwino kuti makampani ntchentche phulusa ndi mafakitale mchere makampani; ndipo STET panopa akuyendayenda ena mipata msika kumene separators ankapereka mwayi mpikisano. Mmodzi wa m'misika akulimbana ndi kukulitsa miyala yabwino chitsulo.
STET wachita maphunziro exploratory ndi ores angapo chitsulo ndi zotsatira experimental kuti tsiku zasonyeza kuti ndalama otsika kalasi chitsulo miyala akhoza akweza mwa STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa. The STET youma electrostatic kupatukana ndondomeko umafuna zambiri ubwino pa njira chonyowa chikhalidwe processing, kuphatikizapo luso la achire chabwino ndi kopitilira muyeso-chabwino chitsulo sakanavomereza kutaika kwa tailings ngati processing ndi luso alipo. Kuphatikiza apo, luso amafuna palibe kumwa madzi, zomwe zotsatira kuwonongedwa kwa ikukoka, thickening ndi kuyanika, komanso ndalama iliyonse ndi mavuto kugwirizana ndi madzi mankhwala n'kutaya; palibe chonyowa tailings nazo - posachedwapa zolephera ncthito ya tailings madamu zikusonyeza yaitali chiopsezo kasungidwe tailings yonyowa; ndi, palibe mankhwala owonjezera chofunika, zomwe Choncho negates ndalama kopitirira reagents ndi zimatithandiza zololera.
Iron miyalayo ndi makampani ndi zazikulu ndi chosiyana ndi zitsulo zina m'munsi. Ichi ndi chifukwa msika kusinthasintha, yaikulu Mavoliyumu kupanga nawo ndi lolingana ndalama onse pa likulu ndi mbali zikugwira ntchito [8] komanso pakalibe kuwombola chapakati Aang'onoang'ono monga London Miyala Kusinthanitsa. Izi anamasuliridwa mu akadzabweranso yaikulu kuti nzotheka pamene maroketi mtengo m'mwamba ndi lumo woonda masamba pamene zinthu direr. Chimenechi ndi chifukwa chimodzi kuseri kwa mabuku yaikulu yopanga ndi kuika ndalama kupanga otsika wagawo.
Pano, Zotsatira za kafukufuku kuphimba wa makampani chitsulo miyala mwakuchita STET ndi Soutex kwake ndi cholinga chofuna kudziwa niches imene luso STET ankayenera kupereka mwayi chuma poyerekezera umisiri zambiri ochiritsira. Soutex ndi mchere processing ndi zitsulo kuthandizira panzeru ndi wodziŵa mapulani, optimizing ndi zikugwira ntchito chitsulo miyala njira zosiyanasiyana ndende, ndi kumvetsa CAPEX, OPEX komanso zinthu malonda a chitsulo makampani miyalayo. Ino, Soutex anapereka ukatswiri wake mu mumayesto ntchito kuthekera kupatukana triboelectrostatic mu zitsulo. kuchuluka Soutex 'm'gulu chitukuko flowsheet ndi dongosolo la likulu ukulu phunziro lomwe ndi zikugwira ntchito Ziyerekezo. Ikufotokoza pepala atatu a ntchito ambiri kulonjezedwa anapeza, pa mlingo luso ndi ndalama. ofunsira awa atatu anali kudziŵika monga: Kutukula ndalama zachitsulo miyala mu migodi Australia DSO; scavenging a maganizo abwino chitsulo hematite / concentrators magnetite; ndi, reprocessing olemera-Fe tailings ku Brazil ntchito.
2.0 STET Triboelectrostatic m'Galimoto olekanitsa
Zatsopano inkachitikira ntchito benchi-ang'ono tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa. Benchi-ang'ono kuyezetsa ndi gawo loyamba la atatu gawo luso ndondomeko kukhazikitsa kuphatikizapo kuwunika benchi-ang'ono, woyendetsa-ang'ono kuyezetsa komanso kukhazikitsa malonda-ang'ono. The olekanitsa benchtop ntchito kuphimba umboni wa tribo-electrostatic adzapereke ndi kudziwa ngati chuma ndi wophunzira wabwino beneficiation electrostatic. Kusiyana waukulu pakati pa chidutswa chilichonse cha zida ndi kuperekedwa mu Table 1. Ngakhale zida ntchito mkati gawo lirilonse losiyana kukula, ntchito mfundo limeneli linachokera yemweyo.
STET wakhala ayesedwa zitsanzo zingapo chitsulo miyala pa benchi lonse ndi gulu lapadera la chitsulo ndi kukana silicates yakula (Onani Table 2). zinthu Experimental anasankhidwa kuti yachitsulo kuchira vs. chitsulo kuwonjezeka pamapindikira akhoza kukopedwa ndipo kenako ntchito ngati athandizira kwa chitsanzo zikugwira ntchito zachuma
Table 2. Zotsatira benchi-ang'ono pa ores osiyana chitsulo
| Exp | chakudya Fe wt.% | mankhwala Fe wt.% | Absolute Fe Increase % | Fe Kusangalala % | SiO2 Rejection % | D10 (μm) | D50 (μm) | D90 (μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 39.2 | 50.6 | 11.4 | 91.5 | 63.9 | 5 | 23 | 59 |
| 2 | 39.4 | 60.5 | 21.1 | 50.8 | 96.0 | 5 | 23 | 59 |
| 3 | 30.1 | 48.0 | 17.9 | 70.6 | 84.6 | 1 | 18 | 114 |
| 4 | 29.9 | 54.2 | 24.3 | 56.4 | 93.7 | 1 | 18 | 114 |
| 5 | 47.0 | 50.2 | 3.2 | 96.6 | 35.3 | 17 | 62 | 165 |
| 6 | 21.9 | 48.9 | 27.0 | 41.2 | 96.6 | 17 | 62 | 165 |
| 7 | 47.6 | 60.4 | 12.8 | 85.1 | 96.9 | 17 | 62 | 165 |
| 8 | 35.1 | 44.9 | 9.8 | 89.0 | 54.2 | 3 | 61 | 165 |
| 9 | 19.7 | 37.4 | 17.7 | 76.0 | 56.8 | 5 | 103 | 275 |
| 10 | 54.5 | 62.5 | 8.0 | 86.3 | 77.7 | 5 | 77 | 772 |
| 11 | 54.6 | 66.5 | 11.9 | 82.8 | 95.6 | 8 | 45 | 179 |
(Onani Gawo 3.0, chithunzi 4). Zina zotsatira experimental Mukuwona zotsatira kulekana pa zitsanzo zitsulo ntchito STET luso ndi kuperekedwa mu buku wapitawu STET pa chitsulo processing miyalayo [9].
Table 1. Zitatu gawo ndondomeko kukhazikitsa ntchito STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso.
| Gawo | Used For: | Electrode Length | Mtundu wa Njira |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1- Bench Scale Evaluation | Qualitative Evaluation | 250cm | Gulu |
| 2- Pilot Scale Tikuyesa | Quantitative evaluation | 610cm | Gulu |
| 3- malonda Scale | malonda Production | 610cm | Zopitilira |
Monga mmene taonera mu Table 1, kusiyana waukulu pakati pa olekanitsa benchtop ndi woyendetsa-ang'ono ndi separators malonda-ang'ono ndi kutalika kwa olekanitsa benchtop pafupifupi 0.4 nthawi kutalika mayunitsi woyendetsa-ang'ono ndi malonda-ang'ono. Monga dzuwa olekanitsa ndi ntchito ya kutalika elekitirodi, benchi-ang'ono kuyezetsa sangathe ntchito m'malo kuyezetsa woyendetsa-ang'ono. Pilot-ang'ono kuyezetsa m'pofunika kudziwa mmene olekanitsa kuti ndondomeko STET akhoza kukwaniritsa pa sikelo malonda, ndi kudziwa ngati STET ndondomeko akhoza kukumana mipherezero mankhwala pansi mitengo kupatsidwa chakudya. Chifukwa kusiyana yogwira kutalika kulekana ndi benchi lonse kuti woyendetsa lonse, Zotsatira amangoona bwino pa sikelo woyendetsa.
2.1 opaleshoni Mfundo
Mu tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa (Onani chithunzi 1 ndi Chithunzi 2), zakuthupi zimalowa kusiyana woonda 0.9 - 1.5 masentimita awiri maelekitirodi kufanana planar.
particles ndi triboelectrically mlandu ndi interparticle kukhudzana. Mwachitsanzo, zinachitikira ndi chitsanzo chitsulo chikukhudza makamaka hematite ndi khwatsi particles mchere, ndi zabwino adawalamulira (hematite) ndi zoipa
adawalamulira (khwatsi) amakopeka maelekitirodi popenyana. particles kenako yosesa ndi yothandizira kusuntha lamba lotseguka-mauna ndi zoperekedwa mbali zosiyana. Lamba amasuntha particles pafupi wina ndi elekitirodi kwa malekezero wosiyana olekanitsa ndi. Kauntala panopa otaya wa particles kulekanitsa ndi zonse triboelectric adzapereke ndi mwansanga tinthu-tinthu amapereka kulekana Mipikisano gawo ndi zotsatira mu chiyero kwambiri ndi kuchira mu gulu limodzi-chiphaso. Lamba limalola processing pa chabwino ndi kopitilira muyeso-chabwino particles kuphatikizapo particles ang'onoang'ono kuposa 20μm, powapatsa njira mosalekeza kuyeretsa padziko maelekitirodi ndi kuchotsa zabwino particles, amene sakanavomereza kutsatira padziko maelekitirodi ndi. Mkulu lamba liwiro imathandizanso throughputs mpaka 40 tonnes paola pa olekanitsa limodzi ndi mosalekeza Ndikuuzani nkhani kuchokera olekanitsa ndi. Ndi kulamulira magawo osiyanasiyana ndondomeko, chipangizo limalola kukhathamiritsa wa kalasi mchere ndi kuchira.
Kamangidwe olekanitsa ndi osavuta. Lamba ndi odzigudubuza okhudzidwa ndi mbali chabe kusuntha. maelekitirodi ndi n'kupuma ndi lopangidwa ndi zinthu kwambiri cholimba. Lamba ndi gawo consumable chimene chimafuna infrequent koma nthawi m'malo, ndondomeko okhoza kutha ndi woyendetsa limodzi yekha 45 mphindi. The olekanitsa elekitirodi kutalika pafupifupi 6 meters (20 ft.) ndipo m'lifupi 1.25 meters (4 ft.) chifukwa chachikulu mayunitsi malonda (Onani chithunzi 3). The mowa mphamvu ndi zosakwana 2 kWh pa tonne zakuthupi kukonzedwa ndi ambiri a mphamvu yochuluka Motors awiri galimoto lamba.
ndondomeko ndi youma kwathunthu, amafuna palibe zipangizo zina ndipo pomaliza palibe madzi zinyalala kapena mpweya mpweya. Kupatukana mchere ndi olekanitsa amapereka luso kuchepetsa ntchito madzi, kuwonjezera malo moyo ndi / kapena achire ndi reprocess tailings.
The compactness a dongosolo limalola kusinthasintha ziwembu unsembe. The tribo-electrostatic lamba kulekana luso ndi wangwiro ndi m'mafakitale kutsimikiziridwa ndipo woyamba ntchito m'mafakitale kwa processing wa malasha kuyaka ntchentche phulusa mu 1995. umisiri ndi mogwira kulekanitsa particles mpweya ku kuyaka chosakwanira wa malasha, kuchokera kunyezimira particles aluminosilicate mchere mu ntchentche phulusa. luso lathandiza kwambiri kuwapangitsa akonzanso ya mchere wolemera ntchentche phulusa mmalo simenti kupanga konkire.
Popeza 1995, pa 20 tonnes miliyoni mankhwala ntchentche phulusa akhala kukonzedwa ndi STET separators anaika mu USA. Mbiri mafakitale ntchentche phulusa STET kulekana ndi kutchulidwa Table 3.
Mu mchere processing, ndi triboelectric lamba olekanitsa luso lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatukana osiyanasiyana zipangizo kuphatikizapo calcite / khwatsi, talc / magnesite, ndipo barite / khwatsi.
Table 3. Industrial ntchito tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa kwa ntchentche phulusa
| Kagwiritsidwe / opangira magetsi | Location | Chiyambi cha malonda ntchito | malo tsatanetsatane |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy - Roxboro Station | North Carolina USA | 1997 | 2 Separators |
| zinenero Energy- Brandon Shores | Maryland USA | 1999 | 2 Separators |
| Scottish Mphamvu- Longannet Station | Scotland UK | 2002 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Jacksonville Zamagetsi-St. Johns River Power Park | Florida USA | 2003 | 2 Separators |
| South Mississippi Electric Power -R.D. Morrow | Mississippi USA | 2005 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Latsopano Brunswick Mphamvu Belledune | Latsopano Brunswick Canada | 2005 | 1 olekanitsa |
| OF npower-Didcot Station | England UK | 2005 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Talen Energy-Brunner Island Station | Pennsylvania USA | 2006 | 2 Separators |
| Tampa Zamagetsi-Big Bend Station | Florida USA | 2008 | 3 Separators |
| OF npower Aberthaw-Station | Wales UK | 2008 | 1 olekanitsa |
| EDF Energy-West Burton Station | England UK | 2008 | 1 olekanitsa |
| ZGP (Lafarge Cement / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | 2010 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Korea Southeast Mphamvu- Yeongheung | Korea South | 2014 | 1 olekanitsa |
| PGNiG Termika-Sierkirki | Poland | 2018 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Taiheiyo Cement Company-Chichibu | Japan | 2018 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Armstrong Fly Ash- Eagle Cement | Philippines | 2019 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Korea Southeast Mphamvu- Samcheonpo | Korea South | 2019 | 1 olekanitsa |
3.0 Methodology
atatu (3) Nthawi akhala zocitikazo kuwunika zina ndi kukonzedwa mwa dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa phunziro lomwe chuma ndi chiopsezo / mwayi review. kuunikaku zachokera phindu kuthekera ndi woyendetsa kuti asazindikire ndi pophatikiza zipangizo zamakono STET kulowa flowsheet mbewu awo.
Magwiridwe a olekanitsa STET Akuti malinga ndi benchi mayesero lonse anachita (Onani Table 2). Deta anasonkhana pamodzi ores zosiyanasiyana chitsulo analola calibration wa chitsanzo kuchira umene ntchito kulosera ayambe kwa atatu (3) zakafufuku. chithunzi 4 chikusonyeza zotsatira za chitsanzo mawu a zisudzo ndi ndalama. Ayambe chitsulo anasonyeza mwachindunji mipiringidzo, against the iron beneficiation in %Fe. Mu benchi lonse kuyezetsa, ndi chiphaso umodzi kupyolera STET anali kuyesedwa komanso ziwiri chikudutsa flowsheet. Ziwiri chikudutsa flowsheets idzagwiritsa scavenging wa michira rougher, Choncho kuwonjezera kuchira zayamba. Komabe, zophatikizidwamo makina STET zina ndi ndalama Choncho apamwamba. Zolakwa mipiringidzo pa CAPEX mipiringidzo amasonyeza CAPEX mtengo kusintha malingana ndi kukula ntchito. The unitary CAPEX kanjedza ndichepe ndi kukula ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuti miyalayo lililonse anayesedwa ndi ziwiri chikudutsa flowsheet, ponso 15% mu sitandade chitsulo (i.e. kuchokera 50% Fe kuti 65% Fe) kuti kulosera yachitsulo ayambe 90%. M'munsi chitsulo recoveries mwaufulu ntchito zotsatira zakafufuku n'cholinga imfa zobwera kuchira pamene kubala apamwamba kalasi chitsulo miyala limafotokoza.
Phunziro lililonse nkhani, flowsheet ndi tikuipeza pa dongosolo la mlingo ukulu ndi okhawo zipangizo waukulu kukuonetsedwa kuti azithandiza kuwunika ndalama. Pakuti aliyense flowsheet, zachuma ndi akuti pansi magulu otsatirawa: Capital ndalama (CAPEX); zikugwira ntchito ndalama (OPEX); ndi, Revenue. Pa nthawi imeneyi kuphimba, mlingo molondola aliyense m'gulu ndi pa "lamulo la ukulu" (± 50%).
Main zida CAPEX Akuti ntchito zinasokoneza makompyuta mkati (Zoperekedwa ndi Soutex) ndi zolemba zida pamene kupezeka. Zinthu ndiye anali ofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa mtengo wa ndalama komanso mosapita tikupanga. STET yeniyeni CAPEX mfundo mulinso zida zasekondale ndi amazilamulira, tisachite factorization kuchepetsa unsembe ndi kumanga kwa chidutswa cha zida. The kuyesa OPEX wapangidwa ndi kukonza, anthu oti, mphamvu ndi ndalama consumable. Zinthu luso operekedwa ndi ndondomeko flowsheet kuthandiza mtengo kuwunika onse mawu a CAPEX ndi OPEX, ndi mtengo zinthu zokhudzana ndi unsembe ndi ntchito STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa anali okwana ntchito STET Nawonso achichepere ntchito atamaliza chitsulo miyala benchi lonse ntchito mayeso.
manambalawo ntchito mu mtengo zotsatirazi zoganiza zichokera kwa Chithunzi 4. Mwachitsanzo, kuti miyalayo lililonse anayesedwa ndi ziwiri kudali ndende ndi makulidwe a 15% mu sitandade chitsulo (i.e. kuchokera 50% Fe kuti 65% Fe) ingathe mozungulira 135 000$ pa tani / h mu CAPEX ndi 2 $ / T mu OPEX (matani maganizo chitsulo). Izi anafuna monga kuphunzira kuphimba, anaganiza kukhala ndiwofatsa pa mitengo mankhwala ndi kuchita kusanthula tilinazo Versus kalasi chomaliza mtengo mankhwala. Monga wa November 2019, 62% Seaborne ntchito chitsulo miyala mozungulira 80USD / T, ndi osakhalitsa kwambiri.
Umafunika pa chitsulo miyala wagawo maganizo ndi loopsali kwambiri ndi kumatengera zifukwa zambiri monga Mankhwala oipitsa ndi zosowa kuchokera yeniyeni kasitomala. Kusiyana mtengo pakati 65% chitsulo ndi 62% chitsulo zikusintha mu nthawi. mu 2016, kusiyana kwake kunali kochepa (kuzungulira 1 $/t/%Fe) koma 2017-2018, umafunika anakwera pafupi 10 $/t/%Fe. Pa nthawi ya kulemba izi, ndi panopa kuzungulira 3 $/t/%Fe [10]. Table 4 mapulogalamu anasankha i kapangidwe ntchito kwa chiwerengero kugulitsidwa.
Table 4. Mfundo kwa mawunikidwe Economic.
Nthawi payback Akuti kwa chaka choyamba cha ulimi. Pakuti aliyense ntchito, zina ziwiri (2) zaka ayenera kuganiziridwa kuti pomanga. Mfundo otaya ndalama (ndalama ndi ndalama) ndi Kuchotsera kuyambira chiyambi cha pomanga.
4.0 Beneficiation ndondomeko mu ntchito DSO youma
kutumiza Direct miyalayo (DSO) ntchito kutulutsa buku lalikulu la zitsulo mu dziko, kwenikweni kudyetsa msika Chinese ndipo ambiri a buku amachokera Australia Western (wa) ndi Brazil. mu 2017, voliyumu ya zitsulo opangidwa ku Wa kuposa 800 matani mamiliyoni ndi buku Brazil anali padziko 350 matani mamiliyoni [11]. Njira beneficiation ndi lophweka, wopangidwa makamaka a onongani, kuchapa ndi mtundu [12].
Beneficiation wa ndalama kopitilira muyeso kupanga ndi 65% Fe maganizo ndi mwayi chifukwa msika DSO. Mabukhu ingatithandize kuzindikira ubwino STET zatsopano ntchito DSO ndi malonda kuchokera pakati pa kubala alipo otsika kalasi chitsulo kopitilira muyeso-ndalama ndi njira ina yopangira mankhwala ndi anawonjezera phindu pambuyo STET beneficiation. The flowsheet akufuna (chithunzi 5) asamalira ndi zopeka DSO ntchito mu Wa kuti kodi panopa katundu mwa zopangidwa kopitilira muyeso-ndalama pa 58% Fe. Njira kuganizira ndi kopitilira muyeso-ndalama kuti kuwonjezera phindu chomaliza mankhwala. Table 5 mphatso zina akugwirizana ndi kapangidwe ndi mkulu mlingo misa bwino ntchito mu chiwerengero cha ndalama. The orebody mawu a kalasi ndi mphamvu sikukutanthauza ndi ntchito alipo koma ambiri DSO ntchito mawu a kukula ndi kupanga.
Table 5. Kopitilira muyeso-chabwino DSO Beneficiation Bzalani Design muyezo ndipo Misa Kusamala.
chithunzi 5. Flowsheets Poyerekeza mu DSO malonda wolemera
Table 6 mphatso mkulu mlingo CAPEX, OPEX ndi pafupifupi revenues. The CAPEX Chiyerekezo zikuphatikizapo Kuwonjezera latsopano odzipereka dongosolo katundu kunja (loadout silo ndi galimoto Mumakonda), komanso dongosolo STET. Kuti asa- kubwerera kwa flowsheet akufuna, ndi kusanthula zachuma wapangidwa padziko ntchito-kuchokera pakati pa beneficiation mlandu ndi kugulitsa mankhwala otsika kalasi. Pankhani beneficiation, voliyumu yafupika koma umafunika pa mayunitsi chitsulo kumawonjezera mtengo malonda kwambiri. Mu OPEX ndi, chiwerengero ndi amaperekedwa kwa kumtunda processing miyalayo (migodi, onongani, mtundu akagwira).
Ngakhale kuchepetsa voliyumu kwambiri, kubwerera chidwi anapatsidwa umafunika pa mkulu kalasi chitsulo miyala maganizo. Adzabwerenso mawerengedwe amadalira kwambiri umafunika izi, chimene chakhala kukula zaka zingapo zapitazi chifukwa mavuto a zachilengedwe. Monga momwe pamwamba (Table 6), chikoka chuma choterocho ntchito amadalira kwambiri pa mtengo kusiyana 58% chitsulo ndi 65% chitsulo. Mu kuunikaku izi panopa, mtengo uwu umafunika anali 30.5 $/T, kumene kumasonyeza pafupifupi panopa msika zinthu. Komabe, ichi umafunika mtengo wakhala mbiri ranged ku 15 - 50 $/T.
5.0 Scavenging Njira mu Timizereto ndi
kupatukana Bzalani
Iron concentrators mu North America dera ntchito yokoka ndende imene ili njira imayenera moonetsetsa hematite ndi magnetite, makamaka kwa kukula kachigawo pamwamba 75μm [5,13]. Hematite / zomera magnetite m'dera lino amangoona ntchito mizere yozungulira ngati ndondomeko kulekana pulayimale ndi zimasimbanso Low mwamphamvu Maginito Kupatukana masitepe (LIMS). A nkhani wamba kudutsa zomera hematite / magnetite ndi ayambe chitsulo wosalala tailings chitsulo ndalama zambiri kufika milingo monga mkulu monga 20%. Vuto lalikulu ndi wachibale hematite chabwino, monga chabwino chitsulo sangathe kubwezeretsedwanso ndi mizere yozungulira ndipo Anachita LIMS ntchito kuti achire chabwino magnetite. Motsutsana, ndi STET olekanitsa kwambiri zothandiza pa kulekanitsa particles chabwino, kuphatikizapo particles pansipa microns 20μm kumene LIMS ndi mizere yozungulira sakhala ogwira. Choncho, Kusefukila kuchokera hydrosizer zotsukira (angaletsedwe Mlendo) kudyetsa mkangaziwisi mizere yozungulira ndi saizi yabwino luso STET. The flowsheet akufuna kwake Chithunzi 6.
Mu kasinthidwe izi, wofiira mukapeza mzere likusonyeza zida zatsopano mkati chomera alipo. Mu flowsheet akufuna, mmalo moti recirculated, ndi angaletsedwe Mlendo zikusefukira kuti kukonzedwa ndi mizere yozungulira scavenging ikugwira ntchito pa zinthu zosiyana koposa ndi mizere yozungulira rougher. A maganizo abwino chitsulo akanatha kusindikiza ndi zouma. The maganizo zouma Kenako kupita ku olekanitsa STET kuti apange maganizo chomaliza cha kalasi Malo oti. Yabwino mankhwala akhoza akugulitsa padera kapena pamodzi ndi otsala kupanga concentrator.
Table 7 mphatso i kapangidwe ndi mkulu mlingo misa bwino ntchito mu chiwerengero cha ndalama.
Table 8 mphatso mkulu mlingo CAPEX, OPEX ndi pafupifupi revenues.
kusanthula Izi zikusonyeza kuti kudza kwa ndikukhazikitsa ndi scavenging dera yokhudza STET luso ndi wokongola ndipo linalamula zina kuganizira.
Ubwino wina wa kuumitsa chabwino chitsulo maganizo pamene kuyerekeza ndi umisiri kupikisana ndi phindu kugwirizana chifukwa cha nkhani yabwino zotsatirazi ndende. chabwino kwambiri yonyowa maganizo ndi mabvuto zokhudza zosefera, akuchitira ndi zoyendera. Yozizira mavuto sitima ndi fluxing mabwato imatembenuza kuyanika a maganizo abwino nthawi zina kuvomerezedwa. STET ophatikizidwa kuyanika N'chifukwa chake kukhala zaphindu.
6.0 Beneficiation la Brazil Tailings
gawo
Beneficiation wa tailings chabwino zikuoneka ngati mtengo-anawonjezera yofunsira mapurosesa kuti valorize luso STET, monga gwero ndi finely kuuluka ndi kupezeka kwa mtengo wotsika. Ngakhale chitsulo miyala tailings madipoziti kubala mpweya wambiri wa chitsulo alipo mu malo ambiri, malo mmene kukumana ndi yosavuta ayenera kukhala mwayi kwa kuwunika zina. Brazil madipoziti munali mkulu sukulu Fe ndi pamalo abwino ili pafupi alipo zomangamanga zoyendera angaimire mpata wabwino kwa mapurosesa kuti tipindule ndi kukhazikitsa STET tribo-electrostatic luso. The flowsheet akufuna (chithunzi 7) amaona ndi zopeka Fe kulemera Brazil tailings ntchito imene STET luso adzakhala okhawo beneficiation ndondomeko.
gawo The imatengedwa kuti opondapo kupereka zambiri pa chakudya pa pacaka mlingo wa 1.5 M tani / chaka. Pakuti chitsanzo ichi, ndi miyala chakudya kale finely kuuluka ndi D50 wa ~ 50μm ndi miyala kuti ayenera kufoshola, natengedwa ndi ndiye zouma pamaso tribo-electrostatic beneficiation. maganizo The Kenako yodzaza sitima / zombo ndi tailings watsopano zakudyazi mu nyumba yatsopanoyi.
Table 9 mphatso i kapangidwe ndi pamwamba pa misa bwino ntchito mu chiwerengero cha ndalama. Table 10 mphatso mkulu mlingo CAPEX, OPEX ndi pafupifupi revenues.
Monga mmene taonera mu Table 10, adzabwerenso ndikukhazikitsa luso STET kwa beneficiation wa tailings Brazil wokongola. Komanso, kuchokera pamaso zachilengedwe ndi flowsheet akufuna kumathandizanso kotero ngati beneficiation wa tailings youma kungachepetse tailings kukula ndi padziko, ndi kuti kuchepetsa mavuto kugwirizana ndi yonyowa tailings nazo.
7.0 Zokambirana ndi Malangizo
The olekanitsa STET wakhala bwinobwino anasonyeza pa benchi lonse kuti osiyana miyala yabwino chitsulo, Choncho kupereka mapurosesa njira ina achire ndalama kuti akanavutika kuti ndondomeko sukulu sellable ndi umisiri alipo.
The flowsheets ayesedwa ndi STET ndi Soutex ndi zitsanzo za processing chitsulo miyala zomwe angapindule youma triboelectrostatic kulekana. The atatu (3) flowsheets olemera anapereka ku phunziro ili si yekha ndi njira zina ena ayenera kuonedwa. Izi kuphunzira kuyambirira limasonyeza kuti njira scavenging yokhudza otsika kuyanika ndalama, DSO ntchito ndi tailings beneficiation ndi mwayi wabwino wa akaikwera.
Ubwino wina mu processing youma ndi pa tailings yosungirako - amene panopa kusungidwa mu tailings yaikulu amatunga – gwaa tailings adzakhala ndi mwayi kuchotsa yofunika chiopsezo zachilengedwe. Recent ndi bwino kulengeza tailings damu zolephera zimasonyeza kuti kasamalidwe tailings.
The zolowetsa phunziro ili ntchito kuwerengera chitsulo miyala kalasi ndi kuchira anali benchi lonse zotsatira kulekana ntchito zitsanzo chitsulo miyala m'madera angapo. Komabe, ndi mineralogy ndi kumasulidwa makhalidwe a lililonse miyala ndi wapadera, Choncho zitsanzo kasitomala chitsulo miyala ayenera kuonanso pa benchi kapena woyendetsa lonse. Mu sitepe yotsatira chitukuko, ndi flowsheets atatu ayesedwa mu pepala ayenera kuphunzira mfundo zinanso zokhudza.
Pomaliza, umisiri ena panopa pansi kuphunzira kwa chitsulo kuchira chabwino monga zokhumba, Jigs ndi Reflux classifiers. Iwo kale kuti ambiri yonyowa njira kupatukana kukhala inefficient kwa particles pansi 45μm choncho luso STET mwina ndi mwayi mu osiyanasiyana zabwino kwambiri, monga STET waona zisudzo zabwino ndi chakudya abwino monga 1μm. A malonda kuchokera ofunda kuphunzira kuyerekezera umisiri atchulidwa STET iyenera kuchitikira, amene anaphatikizapo ziyenera ntchito, mphamvu, mtengo, etc. Mu njira kuti kagawo kakang'ono yabwino STET akhoza anatsindika ndi kuyengedwa.
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