Tīpakohia Reo:
Te American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) rangahau ā-tau o te hanga me te whakamahi o te waro pungarehu rere pūrongo e waenganui i 1966 a 2011, ki runga 2.3 i whakaputaina piriona taranata poto o te rere pungarehu i nga kohua i whaipainga waro-pupuhi. O tenei nui, āhua 625 Kua whakamahia maitai miriona toni, te nuinga hoki sima me te hanga raima. Heoi, te toe 1.7+ E matua kitea piriona toni i roto i landfills ki tonu impoundments ponded ranei.
Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation o Landfilled me Ponded Fly Ash
E Lewis Baker,Abhishek Gupta, Stephen Gasiorowski, ko Frank Hrach
Te American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) rangahau ā-tau o te hanga me te whakamahi o te waro pungarehu rere pūrongo e waenganui i 1966 a 2011, ki runga 2.3 i whakaputaina piriona taranata poto o te rere pungarehu i te whaipainga boilers.1 waro-pupuhi o tenei nui, āhua 625 Kua whakamahia maitai miriona toni, te nuinga hoki sima me te hanga raima. Heoi, te toe 1.7+ E matua kitea piriona toni i roto i landfills ki tonu impoundments ponded ranei. Ahakoa kua nui haere te whakamahi reiti mō te pungarehu rere korari hanga tino i runga i tau tata nei, ki reiti nāianei tata 45%, āhua 40 tonu miriona toni o rere pungarehu ki kia tikanga o tau. Ahakoa te whakamahi reiti i roto i Europe kua nui ki runga ake i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite, nui pukapuka o rere pungarehu kua hoki kua rongoa i roto i landfills me impoundments i roto i te tahi mau whenua Pākehā
Aita i maoro a'e, Kua nui haere te moni i roto i ora i tenei rauemi ineine, wāhanga e tika ana ki te tono mo te-kounga tiketike pungarehu rere hoki raima me te sima production i roto i te wā o te production iti rite te mana whakatupuranga waro-pupuhi, kua heke i roto i Europe a Amerika Te Tai Tokerau. Kei te kipakipa hoki ngā āwangawanga e pā ana ki te wā roa-pānga taiao o taua landfills taputapu ki te kitea tono whakamahi painga mō tenei pungarehu penapena.
Ahakoa kia etahi o tenei pungarehu rere rongoa e tika ana mō te whakamahi painga rite tuatahi kari, ka rapua e te nuinga etahi tukatuka ki te whakatau paerewa kounga mō te sima production raima ranei. Kua No te mea te nuinga kua nana te rauemi ki te taea whāwhā me te raungaitinga ia faka'ehi'ehi mei whakatupuranga puehu mahino, whakamaroke me te deagglomeration ko te whakaritenga e tika ana mō te whakamahi i roto i te raima no te mea ka hiahia hua raima ki tonu i te mahi o te rere batching pungarehu rite te maroke, paura pai. Heoi, te haapapū i te hanganga matū o te pungarehu tutuki ngā-tino arā te ihirangi waro, whanganga rite ngaronga i runga i pātīmata (TURE)-ko te wero nui. Ka rite ki kua nui haere te whakamahi rere pungarehu i roto i te whakamutunga 20+ tau, te nuinga "i roto i-spec" Kua whakamahia maitai pungarehu, ka pai te pungarehu atu-te kounga. Ko te kupu, ka waiho loi whakaiti he whakaritenga mō te whakamahi i te nuinga o te rere pungarehu whakahoki i impoundments whaipainga.
Ahakoa kua whakamahia atu kairangahau tikanga ngingiha me ngā tukanga tēnei waka mo loi whakaiti o ora ake landfilled ka ponded rere pungarehu, ST Taputapu & Technologies (STET) Kua kitea e tona ahurei triboelectrostatic belt separation system, roa whakamahia mō te beneficiation o pungarehu rere korari hanga, He whai hua i runga i pungarehu ora ake i muri i whakamaroke tika, me te deagglomeration hoki.
Kua whakamatauria kairangahau STET te whanonga wehenga triboelectrostatic o maroke pungarehu landfilled i te maha landfills rere pungarehu i roto i te fenua Amerika me Europe. wehea tenei pungarehu rio mai pungarehu rawa rite ki te puku o hanga ki tetahi rerekētanga maere: i taui te utu matūriki i taua o te pungarehu hou, ki te waro tohutohutia kino i roto i te pā ana ki te mineral.2 taea ngāwari te whakaritea ētahi atu kairangahau o te wehenga hiko o te waro pungarehu rere i kitea ano hoki tenei phenomenon.3-5 te wehenga tawhiti o te kaiwehe triboelectrostatic STET ki tukua makanga o te waro tōraro whakatupato i maroke puna pungarehu rere landfilled. Ko No whakarerekētanga motuhake ki te hoahoa whakawehe ngā mana ranei e tika ana ki te hāngai ana ari
I roto i te whakawehe STET waro (Fig. 1), Kei te whangai rauemi ki te āputa angiangi i waenganui i rua electrodes planar whakarara. Kei te triboelectrically whakatupato nga matūriki i te interparticle whakapā. Ko te waro pai whakatupato me te kohuke tōraro whakatupato (i roto i te pungarehu korari hanga kore i i i nana, ka maroke) E ngā ki electrodes ritenga. Kei te ka kahakina te matūriki ake e te whitiki pokarekarenga tonu a tuku i roto i ngā tohutohu ritenga. Ko te whitiki neke te matūriki pātata ki ia kawehiko ki pito ritenga o te whakawehe. Te tere whitiki tiketike āhei hoki throughputs tiketike rawa ki runga ki 36 taranata ia haora i runga i te whakawehe kotahi. Ko te āputa iti, mara nui-ngaohiko, counter-nāianei rere, maia rōpū matūriki-matūriki, me whaiaro-horoi mahi o te whitiki i runga i te electrodes ko nga āhuatanga tino o te whakawehe STET. Na roto i te whakahaere ngā tawhā tukanga, pērā i te tere whitiki, wāhi kai, me te auau kai, te tukanga STET hua iti pungarehu rere loi i tirotiro waro o iti iho i te 1.5 ki 4.5% i kai pungarehu rere kopikopiko i roto i te loi i 4% ki runga i 25%.
Ko ngā ohie, me te kiato te hoahoa whakawehe. He mīhini hangaia ki te tukatuka 40 taranata ia haora, ko te āhua 30 ft (9 m) roa, 5 ft (1.5 m) whānui, a 9 ft (2.75 m) roroa. Ko te whitiki, me te awa e hāngai ana ko nga wahi anake neke. He pahoho me tito o te rauemi tika roa nga electrodes. hanga te whitiki e o kirihou nonconductive. kohi mana o te whakawehe ko e pā ana ki 1 kirowati-haora ia ton o rauemi tukatuka ki te nuinga o te kaha pau e rua motors peia te whitiki.
Ko te katoa maroke te tukanga, titau kahore rauemi atu atu atu i te pungarehu rere, a hua kore wai ururua tukunga rangi ranei. Ko te rauemi ora ake ngā o pungarehu rere iti i roto i te te ihirangi waro ki taumata e tika ana mō te whakamahi rite he hawhekaihe pozzolanic i roto i te raima, me te hautanga nui-waro whai hua rite wahie. Whakamahi o awa hua e rua whakarato te 100% otinga ki te rere raruraru te hoko pungarehu.
i whiwhi wha puna o pungarehu i landfills: Tauira A i te tipu te mana kei roto i te United Basileia me tauira B, C, ko D i te United States. ngā enei tauira katoa o pungarehu i te ngingiha o te waro korotā i nga kohua i whaipainga nui. Nā ki te hononga o te rauemi i roto i te landfills, he wātea kahore atu kōrero mo pūtake waro ngingiha ranei tikanga motuhake.
Ko te tauira rite riro e STET roto i waenganui i 15 a 27% wai, he angamaheni hoki rauemi landfilled rite. roto hoki i te tauira rerekē moni o nui >1/8 i roto i. (3 mm) rauemi. No te faaineine i te tauira mō te wehenga waro, i nekehia atu te otaota nui mā te tātari me te tauira ka maroke, ka deagglomerated mua ki te waro beneficiation. He maha ngā tikanga mō te whakamaroke / deagglomeration kua arotakea i te tauine pairati ki te arotau i te tukanga whānui. Kua tīpakohia STET he pūnaha tukatuka kai industrially kï e tuku whakamaroke tukutahi, me te deagglomeration tika mō te whai hua wehenga hiko. aroaro te tūtohiripo tukanga whānui i roto i Fig. 2.
The properties of the prepared samples were well within the range of rere pungarehu obtained directly from normal utility boilers. Kua whakarāpopotohia nga āhuatanga tino hāngai ana hoki e rua nga whāngai whakawehe me hua i roto i Ripanga 2, me ki hua rio mai.
tamataraa waro whakaiti te whakamahi i te STET whakawehe whitiki triboelectric hua i roto i te whakaora rawa pai o ngā hua iti-loi i puna rere pungarehu katoa wha tanú. Ko te whakamuri ka tohutohutia o te waro rite kōrero i mua kihai i māia te wehenga i roto i tetahi ara he mea whakarite ki tukatuka pungarehu hou.
Ko te āhuatanga o te pungarehu ngaro iti-loi ora ake te whakamahi i te tukanga STET mo e rua pungarehu korari kohia i te kōhua, me te pungarehu ora ake i te tanú whakaräpopototia te i roto i te Ripanga 1. whakaatu nga hua e te kounga hua mo ProAsh® whakaputaina i rauemi landfilled he ōrite ki te hua whakaputaina i puna pungarehu rere hou.
whakaritea nga āhuatanga o te ProAsh hangaia i te rauemi tanú faaho'i i ki taua o ProAsh whakaputaina i pungarehu rere hou hangaia e nga kohua i whaipainga i te wāhi kotahi. tutuki ana te pungarehu faaho'i tukatuka nga ngā katoa o ASTM C618 me AASHTO M 250 paerewa. ripanga 2 whakarāpopoto i te matū mō tauira i rua o nga puna e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga iti i waenganui i te rauemi hou, me te faaho'i.
whanaketanga kaha o te 20% whakauru o te pungarehu ngaro iti-loi i roto i te kumete kei roto 600 LB / yd3 rauemi cementitious (kite Ripanga 3) faaite te hua ProAsh ahu i pungarehu landfilled tuku mōtā ki te kaha i rite nei ki mota hangaia te whakamahi i ProAsh i pungarehu rere hou whakaputaina i te wāhi kotahi. Ko te hua mutunga o te pungarehu faaho'i beneficiated e tautoko nui-mutunga whakamahi i roto i te ahumahi raima ōrite ki te tūranga tino faufaa pai ProAsh i te hokohoko reira i tēnei wā te kaimahi.
Ko te wātea o te iti-utu hau māori i roto i te United States nui whakarei ake te economics o tukanga whakamaroke, tae atu i te whakamaroke o te pungarehu rere nana i landfills. ripanga 4 whakarāpopoto nga utu wahie mo ngā mahi i roto i te Hononga o Amerika hoki 15% a 20% tirotiro makuku. E ngā inefficiencies Angamaheni o whakamaroke i roto i nga uara tātai. hāngai Utu e runga i te papatipu o te rauemi i muri i te whakamaroke. He āhua iti nga utu āpitihanga mō te rere whakamaroke pungarehu mō STET tukatuka wehenga triboelectrostatic.
Ahakoa ki te tua o utu whakamaroke kai, tuku te tukanga STET wehenga te iti-utu, tukanga industrially tamatahia mō loi whakaiti o te pungarehu rere landfilled. Ko te tukanga STET mō pungarehu rere faaho'i he kotahi-toru ki te kotahi-hawhe o te utu whakapaipai whakaritea ki ngā pūnaha e hāngai ana ngingiha-. Ko te tukanga STET mō pungarehu rere faaho'i hoki he tukunga tino raro ki te taiao whakaritea ki parariraa pūnaha e hāngai ana tēnei waka-ranei. No te mea anake te puna atu rangi paheke ki te tāutanga tukanga STET paerewa ko te dryer hau-pupuhi tūturu, tukua reira e kia āhua ohie.
| Whangaia tauira ki te Kaiwhakawehe | TURE, % | ProAsh TURE, % | ProAsh tuhono, % +325 mata |
tukua papatipu ProAsh, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A hou | 10.2 | 3.6 | 23 | 84 |
| Landfilled A | 11.1 | 3.6 | 20 | 80 |
| Fresh B | 5.3 | 2.0 | 13 | 86 |
| Landfilled B | 7.1 | 2.0 | 15 | 65 |
| Fresh C | 4.7 | 2.6 | 16 | 82 |
| Landfilled C | 5.7 | 2.5 | 23 | 72 |
| Landfilled D | 10.8 | 3.0 | 25 | 80 |
| pūtake Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | cao | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresh B | 51.60 | 24.70 | 9.9 | 2.22 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Landfilled B | 50.40 | 25.00 | 9.3 | 3.04 | 0.85 | 2.41 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
| Fresh C | 47.7 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
| Landfilled C | 48.5 | 26.5 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 0.86 | 2.39 | 1.18 | 0.02 |
| 7-ra te kaha shock, % o te mana pungarehu hou | 28-ra te kaha shock, % o te mana pungarehu hou | |
|---|---|---|
| Fresh B | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled B | 107 | 113 |
| Fresh C | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled C | 97 | 99 |
| ihirangi makuku, % | Heat whakaritenga KWhr / T pūtake mākū | Drying utu / T pūtake maroke (utu hau māori $ 3,45 / mmBtu) |
| 15 | 165 | $ 2.28 |
| 20 | 217 | $ 3.19 |
I tua atu ki te hua iti-waro mo te whakamahi i roto i concrete- ProAsh-te tukanga STET wehenga waitohu-ingoa hoki ora te kore hemo waro unburned i te puka o te pungarehu ngaro waro-taonga, branded EcoTherm™. EcoTherm He uara wahie nui, me te ngāwari e taea te hoki mai ki te whakato mana hiko mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha STET EcoTherm Hoki ki te whakaiti i te whakamahi waro i te tipu. A, no te tahu EcoTherm te i roto i te kōhua whaipainga, Kei te tahuri te pūngao i parariraa ki tiketike-pēhanga / tiketike-pāmahana mamaoa me ka ki te hiko i te tōtika taua rite waro, te nuinga 35%. Ko te faafariuraa o te pūngao ngāwhā ora ake ki te hiko i roto i te pūnaha STET EcoTherm Hoki he rua ki te toru nga wa ki runga ake i taua o te hangarau whakataetae te wahi ora ake te pūngao kei te rite te wera iti-kōeke i roto i te puka o te wai wera, Kei te huri nei ki te pūnaha wai kai kōhua. Kei te whakamahia hoki EcoTherm rite te puna o te alumina i roto i tahunga sima, displacing te bauxite atu te utu, e te nuinga o te wā kawea tawhiti roa. Mā te te nui-waro EcoTherm pungarehu rānei i te tipu te mana ranei hei kaha te oumu sima te whakaora pūngao i te waro tukua, whakaiti i te hiahia ki te oku, ka kawe wahie atu ki te whakaurunga.
a STET Talen Energy Brandon takutai, SMEPA R.D. apopo, NBP Belledune, RWEnpower Didcot, EDF Energy Te Hau-ā-uru Burton, RWEnpower Aberthaw, a rere te Korea South-Te Tai Rāwhiti Power otaota pungarehu ngā katoa pūnaha EcoTherm Hoki.
Kua tukanga wehenga o STET kua whakamahia arumoni mai 1995 hoki beneficiation rere pungarehu, me kua hanga ki runga 20 rere miriona toni o-te kounga tiketike pungarehu mō te hanga raima. Kei te hua tēnei wā te mana ProAsh iti-loi ki hangarau o STET i 12 teihana mana puta noa i te United States, Canada, te Basileia United, Poland, me te Republic o Korea. Kua ProAshfly pungarehu kua whakaaetia mō te whakamahi i neke atu i te 20 mana ara kāwanatanga, me te maha atu pokapū whakatakotoranga. Kua hoki ProAsh kua tohu i raro i te Canadian Standards Association ko EN 450:2005 paerewa kounga i roto i Europe. whakaurunga tukatuka pungarehu whakamahi hangarau STET e whakarārangitia i roto i te Ripanga 5.
I muri i scalping o rauemi nui e tika ana, whakamaroke, me te deagglomeration, rere pungarehu ora ake i te whaipainga tipu landfills taea te heke i roto i te te ihirangi waro te whakamahi i te STET commercialized triboelectric whitiki whakawehe. Ko te kounga o te hua pungarehu rere, ProAsh, te whakamahi i te pūnaha STET runga rauemi tanú faaho'i, He ōrite ki ProAsh whakaputaina i hou pungarehu rere kai. Ko te tino pai-hāngai, me te kï i roto i te hanga raima te hua ProAsh. Ka whakarato i te ora me te beneficiation o pungarehu landfilled te supply tonu o-te kounga tiketike pungarehu mō ngä raima i roto i te noa'tu o te hanga iti o "hou" pungarehu rite taputapu waro-pupuhi whakaiti whakatupuranga. I tua atu, tipu te mana e hiahia ki te tango pungarehu i landfills ki te whakatau te huri ture taiao e taea ki te whakamahi i te tukanga ki te whakaputa ke i te taunahatanga hua ururua ki te rauemi raw tino mō kaihanga raima. Ko te tukanga wehenga STET ki taputapu kai preprocessing mō te whakamaroke, me te deagglomerating pungarehu rere landfilled ko te kōwhiringa ātaahua mō te beneficiation pungarehu ki utu tino raro me tukunga raro whakaritea ki ētahi atu ngingiha- me ngā pūnaha e hāngai ana tēnei waka-. ❖
1. American Coal Ash Coal Te tahu Products me Whakamahi Tatauranga, http://www.acaausa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports.
2. ST Pūrongo ā-, Aug. 1995.
3. i roto i, T. X.; Schaefer, J. L.; Ban, H.; Neathery, J. K.; ko Stencel, J. M., "Maroke Beneficiation Processing o Te tahu Fly Ash,"Nga mahi o te Conference DOE i runga i Unburned waro i runga i Taputapu Fly Ash, Pittsburgh, PA, kia 19-20, 1998.
4. Baltrus, J. P.; Diehl, J. R.; Soong, Y.; me Sands, W., "Wehewehenga Triboelectrostatic o Fly Ash me Akona Tuhinga,"Fuel, V. 81, 2002, pp. 757-762.
5. Cangialosi, F.; Notarnicola, M.; Liberti, L.; ko Stencel, J., "Ko e Fatongia o huarere, i runga i Fly Ash Akona Distribution i roto i Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation,"Journal o Materials Hazardous, V. 164, 2009, pp. 683-688.
Lewis Baker Ko te Kaiwhakahaere Pākehā Tautoko Hangarau mo ST Taputapu & hangarau (STET) e hāngai ana i roto i te Basileia United
Abhishek Gupta Ko te Engineer Tukanga e hāngai ana i te tipu STET pairati me te wāhi taiwhanga i roto i Needham, MA.
Stephen Gasiorowski Ko te Senior Research Scientist mō ST Taputapu & hangarau (STET) e hāngai ana i roto i te New Hampshire.
Frank Hrach Ko Vice Peresideni o Tukanga Engineering hāngai i te tipu STET pairati me te wāhi taiwhanga i roto i Needham, MA.
| teihana Taputapu me te mana | wāhi | Tīmata o ngā mahi arumoni | taipitopito wāhi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy-Roxboro Station | Te Tai Tokerau Carolina | Hepetema. 1997 | 2 whakawehe |
| Talen Energy-Brandon takutai Station | Maryland | Apr. 1999 | 2 whakawehe 35,000 ton rokiroki Hoki dome Ecotherm 2008 |
| Shchotash (Lafarge / Scottish Power Tahi Venture)-Longannet Station | Scotland, UK | Oct. 2002 | 1 whakawehe |
| Jacksonville Electric Authority- St. Awa Power Park o Hoani, FL | Florida | kia 2003 | 2 whakawehe Coal nunumi / petcoke tango Haukini |
| South Mississippi Electric Power Mana R.D. apopo Station | Mississippi | Jan. 2005 | 1 Whakawehe Ecotherm hoki |
| New Brunswick Power Company Belledune Teihana | Brunswick New, Canada | Apr. 2005 | 1 whakawehe Coal / petcoke nunumi Ecotherm hoki |
| RWE npower Didcot Station | Ingarangi, Ko te | Aug. 2005 | 1 Whakawehe Ecotherm hoki |
| Talen Energy Brunner Station Island | Pennsylvania | Hakihea. 2006 | 2 whakawehe 40,000 dome ton rokiroki |
| Tampa Electric Co. Big Bend Station | Florida | Apr. 2008 | 3 whakawehe, haere rua 25,000 ton rokiroki tango dome Haukini |
| O npower Aberthaw Station (Lafarge sima UK) | Wales, UK | Hepetema. 2008 | 1 whakawehe Haukini hoki tango Ecotherm |
| EDF Energy Te Hau-ā-uru Burton Station (Lafarge sima UK, Cemex) | Ingarangi, UK | Oct. 2008 | 1 Whakawehe Ecotherm hoki |
| ZGP (Lafarge sima Poland / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | MK. 2010 | 1 motuhake |
| Korea South-Te Tai Rāwhiti Power Yeongheung Units 5&6 | South Korea | Hepetema. 2014 | 1 Whakawehe Ecotherm hoki |
| PGNiG-Siekierki Termika | Poland | Hōtaka 2016 | 1 Whakawehe Ecotherm hoki |
| Hei Kia Fanongonongo | Poland | Hōtaka 2016 | 1 Whakawehe Ecotherm hoki |
