Khetha ulimi:
I-American yamalahle Ash Association (ACAA) ucwaningo lonyaka ka kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa amalahle impukane umlotha ibika ukuthi phakathi 1966 futhi 2011, phezu 2.3 bhiliyoni amathani esifushane impukane umlotha zavezwa amalahle ngamalahle Umbuso boilers. Kuleli nani, cishe 625 amathani kwesigidi ziye ezizuzisayo lisetshenziswe, ikakhulu for usimende kanye ukukhiqizwa ukhonkolo. Nokho, okusele 1.7+ amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-ngokuyinhloko ezitholakala landfills noma egcwele impoundments ponded.
Triboelectrostatic samaminerali ka Landfilled futhi Ponded Fly Ash
Ngu Lewis Baker,Abhishek Gupta, uStefanu Gasiorowski, noFrank Hrach
I-American yamalahle Ash Association (ACAA) ucwaningo lonyaka ka kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa amalahle impukane umlotha ibika ukuthi phakathi 1966 futhi 2011, phezu 2.3 bhiliyoni amathani esifushane impukane umlotha zavezwa amalahle ngamalahle Umbuso boilers.1 Kuleli nani, cishe 625 amathani kwesigidi ziye ezizuzisayo lisetshenziswe, ikakhulu for usimende kanye ukukhiqizwa ukhonkolo. Nokho, okusele 1.7+ amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-ngokuyinhloko ezitholakala landfills noma egcwele impoundments ponded. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa izilinganiso asanda elakhiwe impukane umlotha baye lenyuka kakhulu kuleminyaka edlulile, nge amanani zamanje eduze 45%, cishe 40 amathani ayizigidi ezingu-fly umlotha siqhubeke indle ngonyaka. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa amazinga e-Europe bebelokhu ephakeme kakhulu kunalokho e-United States, amavolumu enkulu impukane umlotha tiphindze elondolozwe ku landfills kanye impoundments kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu
Okusanda, nentshisekelo leli impahla ngokufanele ikhuphukile, ngokwengxenye kubangelwa isidingo eliphezulu impukane umlotha ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo kanye usimende phakathi nenkathi zokukhiqiza encishisiwe namalahle ngamalahle amandla isizukulwane sehlile aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukukhathazeka okukhona mayelana namandla eside umthelela kwezemvelo landfills ezifana nazo esibatshela Izinsiza ukuthola ukusetshenziswa izicelo inenzuzo le umlotha egcinwe.
Phezu kokuba okunye kwalo agcinwe impukane umlotha angase afanelekele ukusetshenziswa nenzuzo njengoba ekuqaleni igodi, iningi kuzodinga ukucubungula ezinye ukuhlangabezana namazinga izinga for usimende noma ukukhiqizwa ukhonkolo. Ngoba ukwaziswa iye ngokuvamile wetted ukunika amandla ukuphatha compaction ngenkathi kugwenywa sisemoyeni uthuli isizukulwane, omiswe bese deagglomeration kuyimfuneko ezidingekayo ukuze isetshenziswe sikakhonkolo ngoba abakhiqizi ukhonkolo basazoqhubeka umkhuba wokusebenzisa batching impukane umlotha njengoba eyomile, okucolekile. Nokho, baqinisekisa ukwakheka amakhemikhali umlotha ihlangabezana Ukucaciswa-ephawuleka kunazo zonke okuqukethwe carbon, kulinganiswa njengoba ukulahlekelwa ku ukuthungela (UMTHETHO)iyisiqhingi kube inselele enkulu. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa impukane umlotha liye lenyuka zinyanga 20+ iminyaka, kakhulu "in-Spec" umlotha iye ezizuzisayo lisetshenziswe, kanye umlotha off-izinga ngokufanele. Ngakho, Loi ukunciphisa kuyoba ngempela imfuneko ukuze umuntu usebenzisa iningi impukane umlotha ukuyithola kusukela Umbuso impoundments.
Nakuba abanye abacwaningi baye basebenzisa amasu amandla omlilo futhi flotation nezinqubo Loi nokwehlisa walulama landfilled futhi ponded impukane umlotha, ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) Uye wathola ukuthi esiyingqayizivele yayo triboelectrostatic ibhande ngokwahlukana uhlelo, eside esetshenziselwa kokuzuza asanda elakhiwe impukane umlotha, ubuye ngempumelelo ku umlotha walulama emva omiswe ofanele futhi deagglomeration.
abacwaningi STET baye yahlola triboelectrostatic ngokwahlukana ukuziphatha omisiwe umlotha landfilled kusuka eziningana landfills impukane umlotha emazweni aseMelika naseYurophu. Lokhu umlotha walulama ahlukaniswe umlotha efanayo kakhulu asanda elakhiwe nomunye umehluko isimanga: ukukhokhiswa kuyizinhlayiyana sahoxiswa kusukela ukuthi umlotha fresh, ne-carbon ukushaja negative maqondana mineral.2 Abanye abacwaningi ngokuhlukana electrostatic ezindizayo umlotha carbon babe naye wasibona lesi simo phenomenon.3-5 I polarity of the STET isihlukanisi triboelectrostatic kalula kushintshwe ukuvumela kwenqatshwa carbon omubi icala kusuka omisiwe landfilled impukane imithombo umlotha. Ayikho ukulungiswa ekhethekile umklamo isihlukanisi noma izilawuli ayadingeka ukuze kuhlaliswe imihlola yakhe
Esikhathini isihlukanisi STET carbon (Fig. 1), impahla kufakwa igebe mncane phakathi electrode ezimbili okuhambisana Planar. Izinhlayiya triboelectrically icala by interparticle contact. Ukuhlolwa kwe-carbon kahle icala kanye nokumbiwa omubi icala (umlotha asanda okukhiqizwa engakaze wetted yomiswa) bakhangwa electrode okuphambene. Izinhlayiya ke sikhukhuleke ngumuntu okuqhubekayo ezihambayo ibhande abavezwa oluyi. Ibhande ushukumisela izinhlayiya ezakhelene electrode ngamunye ngase imikhawulo okuphambene isihlukanisi. I ngesivinini ibhande Lisenza throughputs eliphezulu kakhulu kuze kube 36 amathani ngehora kwi isihlukanisi olulodwa. Igebe encane, ephezulu voltage ensimini, esiphikisayo zamanje ukugeleza, eyingqabavu kuyizinhlayiyana-kuyizinhlayiyana ukuyaluza, futhi isenzo esizihlanzayo we ibhande phezu electrode izici abagxeka isihlukanisi STET. Ngokulawula inqubo nemingcele ahlukahlukene, ezifana speed ibhande, feed iphuzu, kanye feed izinga, inqubo STET ukhiqiza ongaphakeme Loi impukane umlotha at okuqukethwe carbon esingaphansi 1.5 ukuze 4.5% kulokho okuphakelayo impukane umlotha ezisukela ku-Loi 4% ukuze phezu 25%.
Umklamo isihlukanisi lilula futhi icwecwe. Umshini yakhelwe ukucubungula 40 amathani ngehora cishe 30 ft (9 m) eside, 5 ft (1.5 m) ububanzi, futhi 9 ft (2.75 m) ubude. I ibhande ezinamasondo eziphathelene izingxenye ezinyakazayo kuphela. I electrode kukhona umile futhi yakhiwa i material onensika ngokufanele. Ibhande eyenziwe ngepulasitiki nonconductive. I isihlukanisi sika amandla ukusetshenziswa imayelana 1 -Hora kilowatt sethani licubunguliwe iningi amandla sokudliwa izinjini ezimbili ukushayela ibhande ngayinye.
Inqubo esomile ngokuphelele, aludingi izinto ezengeziwe ngaphandle impukane umlotha, futhi ukhiqiza akukho amanzi angcolile noma umoya kwekhabhoni. Izinto walulama aqukethe impukane umlotha kwehliswa carbon okuqukethwe emazingeni ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengendlela admixture pozzolanic ukhonkolo, kanye ingxenyenamba ephezulu carbon ewusizo njengoba uphethiloli. Ukusebenzisa kokubili ukusakaza umkhiqizo ihlinzeka 100% isixazululo ukundiza izinkinga umlotha.
Imithombo emine umlotha eyatholakala kusukela landfills: Sample A ngesitshalo amandla elise-United Kingdom futhi Amasampula B, C, futhi D wase-United States. Zonke masampuli lalinabashumayeli umlotha kusukela amandla omlilo of amalahle bituminous ngu Umbuso boilers ezinkulu. Ngenxa intermingling ka nezinto landfills, kungekho ukwaziswa okwengeziwe iyatholakala ngokuphathelene umthombo amalahle omlilo nemibandela ethile.
Amasampula njengoba etholwe STET oluqukethwe phakathi 15 futhi 27% amanzi, njengoba ejwayelekile izinto landfilled. Amasampula zaziqukethe amanani ehlukene enkulu >1/8 e. (3 mm) impahla. Ukulungisa amasampula for carbon ngokuhlukana, lowo doti ezinkulu isuswe ngu ukuhlolwa kanye amasampula ke omisiwe futhi deagglomerated ngaphambi carbon lokuhlomulisa. izindlela eziningana ukuze omiswe / deagglomeration ziye esikalini ngesikhathi esikalini umshayeli ukuba nokwandisa inqubo jikelele. STET ukhethe i ngokuphakeme ezimbonini efakazelwe okuphakelayo ukuhlelwa uhlelo enikeza omiswe kanyekanye futhi deagglomeration ezidingekile ngempumelelo ngokwahlukana electrostatic. A jikelele inqubo ukusebenza ngempambano uvezwa Fig. 2.
Izakhiwo zamasampula alungisiwe zazingaphakathi kobubanzi be fly umlotha etholwe ngokuqondile kuma-boilers ajwayelekile. I izakhiwo oluhlobene kakhulu kokubili izifunzo isihlukanisi nemikhiqizo ifinyeziwe Ithebula 2, kanye umkhiqizo walulama.
Carbon ukunciphisa nokulingwa usebenzisa STET triboelectric ibhande isihlukanisi kuholele yokutakula ezinhle kakhulu imikhiqizo ephansi Loi kuzo zonke ezine landfill impukane umlotha imithombo. Okuphambene ukushaja we-carbon njengombana kuhlathululwe ebezingakuthinti zilulaza ngokwahlukana nganoma iyiphi indlela njengoba kuqhathaniswa ekucubunguleni umlotha fresh.
Izakhiwo ongaphakeme-Loi impukane umlotha walulama usebenzisa inqubo STET kokubili umlotha asanda kuqoqwa kubhayela futhi umlotha wasimama landfill ifingqwe Ithebula 1. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ikhwalithi umkhiqizo ProAsh® ikhiqizwa impahla landfilled okulingana nomkhiqizo ikhiqizwa impukane fresh umlotha imithombo.
Izakhiwo ProAsh ekhiqizwa kusukela wabophula landfill ezingokwenyama zazihlale kwafaniswa ProAsh ikhiqizwa fresh impukane umlotha eyenziwe boilers Umbuso kusuka kuleyo ndawo. I kusetshenzwe umlotha wabophula ihlangabezana zonke ezibekiweko ASTM C618 kanye AASHTO M 250 amazinga. Ithebula 2 ifingqa chemistry ngoba amasampula avela ezimbili imithombo ekuboniseni umehluko abangelutho phakathi impahla fresh futhi wabophula.
ukuthuthukiswa Amandla we 20% esikhundleni the ephansi Loi impukane umlotha esigqulweni equkethe 600 lb / yd3 impahla cementitious (ukubona Ithebula 3) yabonisa umkhiqizo ProAsh ethathwe umlotha landfilled ayithelanga izigqulo ngamandla ifaniswe izigqulo kusetshenziswa ProAsh kusuka fresh impukane umlotha ekhiqizwa endaweni efanayo. Umkhiqizo ekupheleni beneficiated umlotha wabophula shoka ephezulu isebenzisa embonini ukhonkolo ehambisana nesikhundla oluyigugu kakhulu ProAsh uyawuthanda ezimakethe ukhonza.
Ukutholakala kwetindlu letibita kancane igesi yemvelo e-United States kuyandisa kakhulu sezomnotho omiswe izinqubo, kuhlanganise omiswe wetted fly ash kusukela landfills. Ithebula 4 esifingqa kaphethiloli imisebenzi e-United States ukuze 15% futhi 20% okuqukethwe umswakama. ukungasebenzi ejwayelekile omiswe afakiwe amagugu ibalwa. Izindleko zisekelwe nenqwaba impahla emva omiswe. Izindleko ekhuphukayo for omiswe impukane umlotha ngoba STET triboelectrostatic ngokwahlukana ukucutshungulwa okulula ongaphakeme.
Ngisho ne ukwengeza okuphakelayo omiswe izindleko, inqubo STET ngokwahlukana inikeza zamanani aphansi, inqubo ngokuphakeme ezimbonini efakazelwe Loi nokwehlisa landfilled impukane umlotha. Inqubo STET ngoba wabophula impukane umlotha kuyinto eyodwa ukuze isigamu izindleko dolobha kuqhathaniswa izinhlelo omlilo ezisekelwe. Inqubo STET ngoba wabophula impukane umlotha Ubuye kwekhabhoni aphansi ukuze imvelo kuqhathaniswa omlilo noma izinhlelo flotation ezisekelwe. Ngenxa yokuthi kuphela ezengeziwe emoyeni ekushayweni umthombo endinganisweni inqubo STET ukufakwa dryer igesi yemvelo ngamalahle, evumela kuyoba elula.
| Okuphakelayo isampula Isihlukanisi | UMTHETHO, % | ProAsh UMTHETHO, % | ProAsh fineness, % +325 Mesh |
ProAsh isivuno mass, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fresh A | 10.2 | 3.6 | 23 | 84 |
| Landfilled A | 11.1 | 3.6 | 20 | 80 |
| fresh B | 5.3 | 2.0 | 13 | 86 |
| Landfilled B | 7.1 | 2.0 | 15 | 65 |
| fresh C | 4.7 | 2.6 | 16 | 82 |
| Landfilled C | 5.7 | 2.5 | 23 | 72 |
| Landfilled D | 10.8 | 3.0 | 25 | 80 |
| umthombo Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | Cao | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fresh B | 51.60 | 24.70 | 9.9 | 2.22 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Landfilled B | 50.40 | 25.00 | 9.3 | 3.04 | 0.85 | 2.41 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
| fresh C | 47.7 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
| Landfilled C | 48.5 | 26.5 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 0.86 | 2.39 | 1.18 | 0.02 |
| 7-usuku amandla compressive, % fresh umlotha ukulawula | 28-usuku amandla compressive, % fresh umlotha ukulawula | |
|---|---|---|
| fresh B | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled B | 107 | 113 |
| fresh C | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled C | 97 | 99 |
| lomswakama, % | Ukushisa mfuneko KWhr / T isisekelo ezimanzi | Omiswe izindleko / T isisekelo ezomile (igesi yemvelo zibiza u- $ 3,45 / mmBtu) |
| 15 | 165 | $ 2.28 |
| 20 | 217 | $ 3.19 |
Ngaphezu umkhiqizo ephansi carbon ukuze isetshenziswe sha okuthiwa concrete- ProAsh-inqubo STET ngokwahlukana futhi uyalulama ngenye okulahlwayo carbon unburned efomini carbon-ocebile impukane umlotha, branded EcoTherm™. EcoTherm onezici eziphawulekayo fuel value futhi kalula phinda kagesi amandla plant usebenzisa uhlelo STET EcoTherm Buyisela ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa amalahle simila. Lapho EcoTherm uyaphakama e kubhayela Umbuso, amandla omlilo is kuguquka ephezulu ingcindezi / ephezulu lokushisa umusi bese ugesi ngesikhathi kahle efanayo amalahle, ngokuvamile 35%. Ukuguquka energy ezishisayo livuke ugesi ohlelweni STET EcoTherm Buyisela kuyinto kabili kuya kulokutsatfu kunakunoma ubuchwepheshe yokuncintisana lapho amandla ayabuya njengoba ongaphakeme-ebangeni ukushisa ngesimo amanzi ashisayo, okuyinto yaze yafika kubhayela uhlelo amanzi okuphakelayo. EcoTherm liyasetshenziswa njengendlela umthombo alumina e usimende bokushisa, displacing le bauxite ezibizayo, okuyinto ngokuvamile zithutha amabanga amade. Ukusebenzisa ephezulu carbon EcoTherm umlotha kungaba isitshalo amandla noma kuhhonela usimende maximizes yokutakula amandla amalahle zilethwe, ngokunciphisa isidingo kwesami futhi athutha uwoyela owengeziwe ezakhiweni.
STET sika Talen Energy Brandon Shores, SMEPA R.D. Morrow, NBP Belledune, RWEnpower Didcot, EDF Energy West Burton, RWEnpower Aberthaw, kanye Korea South-East Power fly izitshalo umlotha zonke zihlanganisa EcoTherm Buyisela izinhlelo.
inqubo ngokuhlukana STET liye lasetshenziswa okudayiswayo kusukela 1995 I-fly umlotha lokuhlomulisa futhi luye lwashukumisa phezu 20 amathani ayizigidi ezingu eliphezulu fly umlotha ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. Elawulwa ongaphakeme-Loi ProAsh okwamanje ekhiqizwa nge ubuchwepheshe STET nganoma 12 iziteshi amandla e-United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Poland, futhi Republic of Korea. ProAshfly umlotha sivunyiwe ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo ezingaphezu kuka 20 zikahulumeni onguthelawayeka, kanye eziningi nezinye izinhlaka sebhithi. ProAsh Futhi liye eqinisekisiwe ngaphansi Canadian Amazinga Association futhi EN 450:2005 namazinga izinga eYurophu. Ash ukucutshungulwa izindawo usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe STET ahlelwe kuThebula 5.
Ngemva scalping ezifanele impahla enkulu, omiswe, futhi deagglomeration, fly umlotha wasimama Umbuso isitshalo landfills zingancishiswa carbon okuqukethwe usebenzisa STET inzuzo triboelectric ibhande isihlukanisi. Ikhwalithi fly umlotha umkhiqizo, ProAsh, kokusebenzisa uhlelo STET ku wabophula landfill impahla, okulingana ProAsh ikhiqizwa fresh okuphakelayo impukane umlotha. Umkhiqizo ProAsh uwuthando kahle bufaneleke futhi kungase kutholakale ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. Yokutakula nokuzuza umlotha landfilled ngeke ukulethela usaqhubeka eliphezulu umlotha kubakhiqizi ukhonkolo ngaphakathi spite of ukukhiqizwa ukuncipha "fresh" umlotha njengoba Izinsiza amalahle ngamalahle ukunciphisa isizukulwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo amandla ukuthi udinga ukususa umlotha landfills ukuhlangabezana ezishintshayo iziqondiso kwemvelo uzokwazi ukusebenzisa inqubo kokulungiswa ehluphayo imfucuza umkhiqizo ibe impahla eyigugu zokusetshenziswa for abakhiqizi ukhonkolo. I STET ngokwahlukana inqubo ngamathuluzi okuphakelayo preprocessing for omiswe bese deagglomerating landfilled impukane umlotha okukhethwa kukho ezikhangayo umlotha lokuhlomulisa nge izindleko kakhulu aphansi nentuthu oyikhiphayo ephansi kuqhathaniswa nezinye amandla omlilo- futhi izinhlelo flotation ezisekelwe. ❖
1. American yamalahle Ash yamalahle Combustion Imikhiqizo Sebenzisa Izibalo, http://www.acaausa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports.
2. ST Umbiko Yangaphakathi, Aug. 1995.
3. e, T. X.; Schaefer, J. L.; Ban, H.; Neathery, J. K.; futhi Stencel, J. M., "Dry samaminerali Ukucubungula Combustion Fly Ash,"IziNyathelo Wengqungquthela DoE ku Unburned Carbon ku Umfelandawonye Fly Ash, Pittsburgh, PA, May 19-20, 1998.
4. Baltrus, J. P.; Diehl, J. R.; Soong, Y.; futhi Sands, W., "Ukwahlukana Triboelectrostatic ka Fly Ash futhi Charge kwezinzwa,"Okokhelekayo, V. 81, 2002, kk. 757-762.
5. Cangialosi, F.; Notarnicola, M.; Liberti, L.; futhi Stencel, J., "Indima Weathering ku Fly Ash Charge Distribution ngesikhathi Triboelectrostatic samaminerali,"I-Journal of Materials Kuyingozi, V. 164, 2009, kk. 683-688.
Lewis Baker kuyinto European Technical Support Manager ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) ezinze e-United Kingdom
Abhishek Gupta a Process engineer based ngesikhathi isitshalo STET umshayeli lab wenkundla Needham, MA.
UStefanu Gasiorowski kuyinto Senior Research Usosayensi ngoba ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) ezinze New Hampshire.
Frank Hrach kuyinto uSekela Mongameli Process Engineering based ngesikhathi isitshalo STET umshayeli lab wenkundla Needham, MA.
| esiteshini Umfelandawonye namandla | Indawo | Ukuqala ukusebenza commercial | imininingwane Insiza |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy-Roxboro Station | North Carolina | Sept. 1997 | 2 separators |
| Talen Energy-Brandon Shores Station | Maryland | April. 1999 | 2 separators 35,000 ton isitoreji Dome Ecotherm Buyisela 2008 |
| Shchotash (Lafarge / Scottish Amandla Joint Venture)-Longannet Station | Scotland, UK | Oct. 2002 | 1 isihlukanisi |
| Jacksonville Electric seziPhathimandla St. KaJohane River Amandla Park, FL | Florida | May 2003 | 2 separators yamalahle / petcoke ihlangana ammonia ukususwa |
| South Mississippi Electric Power Authority R.D. Morrow Station | Mississippi | uJan. 2005 | 1 isihlukanisi Ecotherm ukubuya |
| New Brunswick Power Company Belledune Station | New Brunswick, Canada | April. 2005 | 1 isihlukanisi yamalahle / petcoke ihlangana Ecotherm ukubuya |
| RWE npower Didcot Station | England, I | Aug. 2005 | 1 isihlukanisi Ecotherm ukubuya |
| Talen Energy Brunner Isiqhingi Station | Pennsylvania | Dec. 2006 | 2 separators 40,000 ton isitoreji Dome |
| Tampa Electric Co. Big Bend Station | Florida | April. 2008 | 3 separators, pass double 25,000 ton isitoreji Dome ammonia ukususwa |
| OF npower Aberthaw Station (Lafarge Cement UK) | Wales, UK | Sept. 2008 | 1 isihlukanisi ammonia ukususwa Ecotherm ukubuya |
| EDF Energy West Burton Station (Lafarge Cement UK, Cemex) | England, UK | Oct. 2008 | 1 isihlukanisi Ecotherm ukubuya |
| ZGP (Lafarge Cement Poland / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | Mar. 2010 | 1 ehlukile |
| Korea South-East Power Yeongheung Units 5&6 | INingizimu Korea | Sept. 2014 | 1 isihlukanisi Ecotherm ukubuya |
| PGNiG-Siekierki Termika | Poland | Kuhleliwe 2016 | 1 isihlukanisi Ecotherm ukubuya |
| To Be Wamemezela | Poland | Kuhleliwe 2016 | 1 isihlukanisi Ecotherm ukubuya |
