Triboelectrostatic samaminerali koMhlaba Egcwele futhi Ponded Fly Ash

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

Triboelectrostatic samaminerali ka

Land Egcwele futhi Ponded Fly Ash

Ngu Lewis Baker, Abhishek Gupta, uStefanu Gasiorowski, noFrank Hrach

I-American yamalahle Ash Association (ACAA) ucwaningo lonyaka ka kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa amalahle impukane umlotha ibika ukuthi phakathi 1966 futhi 2011, phezu 2.3 bhiliyoni amathani esifushane impukane umlotha ukuba yakhiqizwa amalahle ngamalahle Umbuso boilers.1 Kuleli nani cishe 625 amathani kwesigidi ziye ezizuzisayo lisetshenziswe, ikakhulu for usimende kanye ukukhiqizwa ukhonkolo. Nokho, okusele 1.7+ amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-ngokuyinhloko ezitholakala landfills noma egcwele impoundments ponded. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa izilinganiso asanda elakhiwe impukane umlotha baye lenyuka kakhulu kuleminyaka edlulile, nge amanani zamanje eduze 45%, cishe 40 amathani ayizigidi ezingu-fly umlotha siqhubeke indle ngonyaka. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa amazinga e-Europe bebelokhu ephakeme kakhulu kunalokho e-US, amavolumu enkulu impukane umlotha tiphindze elondolozwe ku landfills kanye impoundments kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Okusanda, nentshisekelo leli impahla ngokufanele ikhuphukile, ngokwengxenye kubangelwa isidingo eliphezulu impukane umlotha ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo kanye usimende phakathi nenkathi zokukhiqiza encishisiwe namalahle ngamalahle amandla isizukulwane sehlile aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukukhathazeka okukhona mayelana namandla eside umthelela kwezemvelo landfills ezifana nazo esibatshela Izinsiza ukuthola ukusetshenziswa izicelo inenzuzo le umlotha egcinwe.

KOMHLABA siphuphume UMLOTHA QUALITY KANYE KUDINGEKA samaminerali

Phezu kokuba okunye kwalo agcinwe impukane umlotha angase afanelekele ukusetshenziswa nenzuzo njengoba ekuqaleni igodi, iningi kuzodinga ukucubungula ezinye ukuhlangabezana namazinga izinga for usimende noma ukukhiqizwa ukhonkolo. Kusukela Indaba ubulokhu ngokuvamile wetted ukunika amandla ukuphatha compaction ngenkathi kugwenywa sisemoyeni uthuli isizukulwane, omiswe bese deagglomeration kuyimfuneko ezidingekayo ukuze isetshenziswe ukhonkolo kusukela abakhiqizi ukhonkolo basazoqhubeka umkhuba wokusebenzisa batching impukane umlotha njengoba eyomile, okucolekile. Nokho, baqinisekisa ukwakheka amakhemikhali umlotha ihlangabezana Ukucaciswa, ephawuleka kakhulu ngokukhulekelwa okuqukethwe carbon alinganiswe njengahlukile ukulahlekelwa-on-ukuthungela (UMTHETHO), Kuyinselele enkulu. Njengoba impukane umlotha ukusetshenziswa liye lenyuka zinyanga 20+ iminyaka, kakhulu "in-Spec" umlotha iye ezizuzisayo lisetshenziswe, kanye umlotha off-izinga ngokufanele. Ngakho, Loi ukunciphisa kuyoba ngempela imfuneko ukuze umuntu sisebenzisa iningi impukane umlotha ukuyithola kusukela Umbuso impoundments.

Loi ukuncishiswa BY NGOKUHLUKANA TRIBOELECTRIC

Nakuba abanye abacwaningi baye basebenzisa amasu amandla omlilo futhi flotation nezinqubo Loi nokwehlisa walulama landfilled futhi ponded impukane umlotha, ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) Uye wathola ukuthi ibhande triboelectrostatic uhlelo layo eliyingqayizivele ngokuhlukana, eside esetshenziselwa kokuzuza asanda elakhiwe impukane umlotha, ubuye ngempumelelo ku umlotha walulama emva omiswe ofanele futhi deagglomeration.

abacwaningi STET baye yahlola triboelectrostatic ngokwahlukana ukuziphatha omisiwe umlotha landfilled kusuka eziningana landfills impukane umlotha emazweni aseMelika naseYurophu. Lokhu umlotha walulama ahlukaniswe umlotha efanayo kakhulu asanda elakhiwe nomunye umehluko isimanga: ukukhokhiswa kuyizinhlayiyana sahoxiswa kusukela ukuthi umlotha fresh ne-carbon ukushaja negative maqondana nokumbiwa.2 Abanye abacwaningi ngokuhlukana electrostatic ezindizayo umlotha carbon futhi ngilugcinile lokhu imihlola.3,4,5 I polarity of the STET isihlukanisi triboelectrostatic kalula kushintshwe ukuvumela kwenqatshwa carbon omubi icala kusuka omisiwe impukane landfilled umlotha imithombo. Ayikho ukulungiswa ekhethekile umklamo isihlukanisi noma izilawuli ayadingeka sibenendawo imihlola.

TECHNOLOGY ISENDLALELO - FLY UMLOTHA carbon NGOKUHLUKANA

Esikhathini isihlukanisi STET carbon (Figure 1), impahla kufakwa igebe mncane phakathi electrode ezimbili okuhambisana Planar. Izinhlayiya triboelectrically icala by interparticle contact. Ukuhlolwa kwe-carbon kahle icala kanye nokumbiwa omubi icala (umlotha asanda okukhiqizwa engakaze wetted yomiswa) bakhangwa electrode okuphambene. Izinhlayiya ke sikhukhuleke ngumuntu okuqhubekayo ezihambayo ibhande abavezwa oluyi. Ibhande ushukumisela izinhlayiya ezakhelene electrode ngamunye ngase imikhawulo okuphambene isihlukanisi. I ngesivinini ibhande Lisenza throughputs eliphezulu kakhulu, kuya ku 36 amathani ngehora kwi isihlukanisi olulodwa. Igebe encane, high voltage ensimini, bali ukugeleza zamanje, eyingqabavu kuyizinhlayiyana-kuyizinhlayiyana ukuyaluza nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano yokuhlanza isenzo ibhande phezu electrode izici ezibucayi

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

we isihlukanisi STET. Ngokulawula inqubo nemingcele ahlukahlukene, ezifana speed ibhande, feed iphuzu, kanye feed izinga, inqubo STET ukhiqiza ongaphakeme Loi impukane umlotha at okuqukethwe carbon esingaphansi 1.5 ukuze 4.5% kulokho okuphakelayo impukane umlotha ezisukela ku-Loi 4% ukuze phezu 25%.

Fig. 1 STET Isihlukanisi Icubungula omisiwe, landfilled impukane umlotha

Umklamo isihlukanisi lilula futhi icwecwe. Umshini yakhelwe ukucubungula 40 amathani ngehora cishe 30 ft. (9 m.) eside, 5 ft. (1.5 m.) ububanzi, futhi 9 ft., m (2.75 m.) okusezingeni eliphezulu. I ibhande ezinamasondo eziphathelene izingxenye ezinyakazayo kuphela. I electrode kukhona umile futhi yakhiwa i material onensika ngokufanele. Ibhande eyenziwe ngepulasitiki-non-conductive. I isihlukanisi sika amandla ukusetshenziswa imayelana 1 -Hora kilowatt tonne of indaba kusetshenzwe iningi amandla sokudliwa izinjini ezimbili ukushayela ibhande ngayinye.

Inqubo esomile ngokuphelele, aludingi izinto ezengeziwe ngaphandle impukane umlotha futhi ukhiqiza akukho amanzi angcolile noma umoya kwekhabhoni. Izinto walulama aqukethe impukane umlotha kwehliswa carbon okuqukethwe emazingeni ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengendlela admixture pozzolanic ukhonkolo, kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu carbon ingxenyenamba ewusizo njengoba uphethiloli. Ukusetshenziswa kokubili ukusakaza umkhiqizo ihlinzeka 100% isixazululo ukundiza izinkinga umlotha.

PROASH® Wasimama igcwalisa KOMHLABA

Imithombo emine umlotha eyatholakala kusukela landfills: isampula A ngesitshalo amandla elise-United Kingdom futhi amasampula B, C, futhi D wase-United States. Zonke masampuli lalinabashumayeli umlotha kusukela amandla omlilo of amalahle bituminous ngu Umbuso boilers ezinkulu. Ngenxa intermingling ka nezinto landfills, kungekho ukwaziswa okwengeziwe iyatholakala ngokuphathelene umthombo amalahle omlilo nemibandela ethile.

Amasampula njengoba etholwe STET oluqukethwe phakathi 15% futhi 27% amanzi njengoba ejwayelekile izinto landfilled. Amasampula zaziqukethe amanani ehlukene enkulu >1/8 intshi (~ 3 mm) impahla. Ukulungisa amasampula for carbon ngokuhlukana, lowo doti ezinkulu isuswe ngu ukuhlolwa kanye amasampula ke omisiwe futhi deagglomerated ngaphambi carbon lokuhlomulisa. izindlela eziningana ukuze omiswe / deagglomeration ziye esikalini ngesikhathi umshayeli ukuziphilisa ukuze nokwandisa inqubo jikelele. STET ukhethe i ngokuphakeme ezimbonini neshaya, okuphakelayo ukuhlelwa uhlelo enikeza omiswe kanyekanye futhi deagglomeration ezidingekile ngempumelelo ngokwahlukana electrostatic. A inqubo jikelele ukugeleza ishidi uvezwa Figure 2.

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

Figure 2: Inqubo Flow Umdwebo

Izakhiwo amasampula ukulungele base bekhulile esezingeni impukane umlotha etholwe ngokuqondile evamile Umbuso boilers. I izakhiwo oluhlobene kakhulu kokubili izifunzo isihlukanisi nemikhiqizo ifinyeziwe Ithebula 2 kanye umkhiqizo walulama.

carbon NGOKUHLUKANA

Carbon ukunciphisa nokulingwa usebenzisa STET triboelectric ibhande isihlukanisi kuholele yokutakula ezinhle kakhulu imikhiqizo ongaphakeme Loi kuzo zonke ezine landfill impukane umlotha imithombo. I ukushaja reverse of the carbon njengoba kushiwo ngenhla akazange zilulaza ngokwahlukana nganoma iyiphi indlela njengoba kuqhathaniswa ekucubunguleni umlotha fresh.

Izakhiwo ongaphakeme Loi impukane umlotha walulama usebenzisa inqubo STET kokubili umlotha asanda kuqoqwa kubhayela futhi umlotha wasimama landfill ifingqwe Ithebula 1. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ikhwalithi umkhiqizo ProAsh® ikhiqizwa impahla landfilled okulingana nomkhiqizo ikhiqizwa impukane fresh umlotha imithombo.

Ithebula 1: Izakhiwo feed futhi ibuyiselwe ProAsh®.

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

UKUSEBENZA ukhonkolo

Izakhiwo ProAsh® ekhiqizwa kusukela wabophula landfill ezingokwenyama zazihlale kwafaniswa ProAsh® ikhiqizwa fresh impukane umlotha eyenziwe boilers Umbuso kusuka kuleyo ndawo. I kusetshenzwe umlotha wabophula ihlangabezana zonke ezibekiweko ASTM C618 namazinga AASHTO M250. Umdwebo olandelayo ubeka ngokufingqiwe chemistry ngoba amasampula avela ezimbili imithombo ekuboniseni umehluko abangelutho phakathi impahla fresh futhi wabophula.

Ithebula 2: Ash Chemistry of ongaphakeme Loi umlotha.

ukuthuthukiswa Amandla we 20% esikhundleni se-ongaphakeme Loi impukane umlotha esigqulweni equkethe 600 lb cementitious / yd3 (Bona Ithebula 3 ngezansi) iyibonakalisa ProAsh® umkhiqizo ethathwe umlotha landfilled ayithelanga izigqulo ngamandla ifaniswe izigqulo kusetshenziswa ProAsh® kusuka fresh impukane umlotha ekhiqizwa endaweni efanayo. Umkhiqizo ekupheleni beneficiated umlotha wabophula shoka ekupheleni okusezingeni eliphezulu isebenzisa embonini ukhonkolo ehambisana nesikhundla oluyigugu kakhulu ProAsh® uyawuthanda ezimakethe ukhonza.

Ithebula 3: amandla compressive sikakhonkolo amasilinda.

INQUBO EZOMNOTHO

Ukutholakala eziphansi igesi yemvelo e-USA kuyandisa kakhulu sezomnotho omiswe izinqubo, kuhlanganise omiswe wetted fly ash kusukela landfills. Ithebula 4 esifingqa kaphethiloli imisebenzi e-USA ngoba 15% futhi 20% okuqukethwe umswakama. ukungasebenzi ejwayelekile omiswe afakiwe amagugu ibalwa. Izindleko zisekelwe nenqwaba impahla emva omiswe. Izindleko ekhuphukayo for omiswe impukane umlotha ngoba STET triboelectrostatic ngokwahlukana ukucutshungulwa okulula ongaphakeme.

Ithebula 4: Omiswe izindleko ku ngesisekelo mass omisiwe.

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

Ngisho ne ukwengeza okuphakelayo omiswe izindleko, inqubo STET ngokwahlukana inikeza eziphansi, ngokuphakeme ezimbonini neshaya, inqubo-Loi nokwehlisa landfilled impukane umlotha. Inqubo STET ngoba wabophula impukane umlotha kuyinto eyodwa ukuze isigamu izindleko dolobha kuqhathaniswa izinhlelo amandla omlilo okusekelwe. Inqubo STET ngoba wabophula impukane umlotha Ubuye kwekhabhoni aphansi ukuze imvelo kuqhathaniswa omlilo noma izinhlelo flotation based. Njengoba nje ezengeziwe emoyeni ekushayweni umthombo endinganisweni inqubo STET ukufakwa dryer igesi yemvelo ngamalahle, evumela kungaba elula.

Walulama OKOKUTHUNGELA INZUZO HIGH-carbon FLY ASH

Ngaphezu ongaphakeme carbon umkhiqizo ukusetshenziswa ukhonkolo, brand okuthiwa ProAsh®, the STET ngokwahlukana inqubo futhi uyalulama ngenye okulahlwayo carbon unburned efomini carbon-ocebile impukane umlotha, EcoTherm uphawu™. EcoTherm™ onezici eziphawulekayo fuel value futhi kalula phinda kagesi amandla plant usebenzisa EcoTherm STET™ Buyela uhlelo ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa amalahle simila. lapho EcoTherm™ uyaphakama e kubhayela Umbuso, amandla omlilo is kuguquka umfutho ophakeme / eliphezulu lokushisa umusi bese ugesi ngesikhathi kahle efanayo amalahle, ngokuvamile 35%. Ukuguquka energy ezishisayo livuke ugesi e ST Izinsiza kusebenza & Ubuchwepheshe LLC EcoTherm™ Buyisela uhlelo izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwemithathu kunakunoma ubuchwepheshe yokuncintisana lapho amandla ayabuya njengoba ongaphakeme-ebangeni ukushisa ngesimo amanzi ashisayo okuyinto yaze yafika kubhayela uhlelo amanzi okuphakelayo. EcoTherm™ liyasetshenziswa njengendlela umthombo alumina e usimende bokushisa, displacing le bauxite ezibizayo ngokuvamile zithutha amabanga amade. Sisebenzisa okusezingeni eliphezulu carbon EcoTherm™ nomlotha kungaba isitshalo amandla noma kuhhonela usimende, maximizes yokutakula amandla amalahle zilethwe, ngokunciphisa isidingo kwesami futhi athutha uwoyela owengeziwe ezakhiweni.

STET sika Talen Energy Brandon Shores, SMEPA R.D. Morrow, NBP Belledune, RWEnpower Didcot, EDF Energy West Burton, RWEnpower Aberthaw, kanye Korea South-East Power fly izitshalo umlotha zonke zihlanganisa EcoTherm™ Buyisela izinhlelo.

STET UMLOTHA Icubungula IZAKHIWO

inqubo ngokuhlukana STET liye lasetshenziswa commercial kusukela 1995 I-fly umlotha lokuhlomulisa futhi luye lwashukumisa phezu 20 amathani ayizigidi ezingu izinga okusezingeni fly umlotha ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. Elawulwa Loi ongaphakeme impukane ProAsh®, okwamanje ekhiqizwa nge ubuchwepheshe STET sika eziteshini amandla nanye lonke US, Canada, U.K, Poland, futhi Republic of Korea. ProAsh® fly umlotha sivunyiwe ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo onguthelawayeka zikahulumeni phezu amabili, kanye eziningi nezinye izinhlaka sebhithi. ProAsh® Futhi liye eqinisekise ngaphansi Canadian Amazinga Association futhi EN 450:2005 namazinga izinga eYurophu. Ash ukucutshungulwa izindawo usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe STET ahlelwe kuThebula 5.

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

Ithebula 5. Fly Ash Icubungula izindawo usebenzisa STET ngokwahlukana ubuchwepheshe

PREPRINT- sihloko sinyatheliswe e ACAA Ash Emsebenzini, Inkinga II 2015

NEZIPHETHO

Ngemva scalping ezifanele impahla enkulu, omiswe, futhi deagglomeration, fly umlotha wasimama Umbuso isitshalo landfills zingancishiswa carbon okuqukethwe usebenzisa STET inzuzo triboelectric ibhande isihlukanisi. Ikhwalithi fly umlotha umkhiqizo, ProAsh® kokusebenzisa uhlelo STET ku wabophula landfill impahla okulingana ProAsh® ikhiqizwa fresh okuphakelayo impukane umlotha. I ProAsh® mkhiqizo kakhulu awunankinga futhi kungase kutholakale ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. Yokutakula nokuzuza umlotha landfilled ngeke ukulethela Ngokuqhubeka high umlotha kubakhiqizi ukhonkolo ngaphakathi spite of ukukhiqizwa ukuncipha "fresh" umlotha njengoba Izinsiza amalahle ngamalahle ukunciphisa isizukulwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla izitshalo ukuthi udinga ukususa umlotha landfills ukuhlangabezana ezishintshayo iziqondiso kwemvelo uzokwazi ukusebenzisa inqubo kokulungiswa ehluphayo imfucuza umkhiqizo ibe impahla eyigugu zokusetshenziswa for abakhiqizi ukhonkolo. I STET ngokwahlukana inqubo nge okuphakelayo oyi-processing imishini ukuze omiswe bese deagglomerating landfilled impukane umlotha okukhethwa kukho ezikhangayo umlotha lokuhlomulisa nge izindleko kakhulu aphansi nentuthu oyikhiphayo ephansi kuqhathaniswa nezinye amandla omlilo futhi izinhlelo flotation based.

IZINDAWO ZOLWAZI

[1]American yamalahle Ash yamalahle imikhiqizo amandla omlilo futhi Sebenzisa Izibalo: http://www.acaa- usa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports.

[2]umbiko yangaphakathi ST, Agasti 1995.

[3]e,T.X,. Schaefer, JL, Ban, H., Neathery, J.K., futhi Stencel, J.M. Dry samaminerali Ukucubungula Combustion Fly Ash, Ekuqhubeni lenkomfa DoE ku Carbon Unburned ku Umfelandawonye Fly Ash, May 19 20, Pittsburgh, PA, 1998.

[4]Baltrus, J.P., Diehl, J.R., Soong, Y., Sands, W. ngokuhlukana Triboelectrostatic ezindizayo umlotha futhi inkokhelo Ukubuyiselwa emuva, Okokhelekayo 81, (2002) pp.757-762.

[5]Cangialosi, F., Notarnicola, M., Liberti, L, Stencel, J. Indima weathering ku impukane umlotha icala ukusatshalaliswa ngesikhathi lokuhlomulisa triboelectrostatic, Journal of Materials Kuyingozi, 164 (2009) pp.683-688.

ababhali

Lewis Baker kuyinto European Technical Support Manager ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) ezinze e-United Kingdom

Abhishek Gupta a Process engineer based ngesikhathi Ngokwahlukana Technologies umshayeli isitshalo futhi lab luhlobo, STET Technical Centre, 101 Hampton Ave, Needham MA 02494 +1-781-972-2300

uDkt. uStefanu Gasiorowski, Ph.D. kuyinto Senior Research Usosayensi ngoba ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe (STET) zisekelwe kuyi-New Hampshire.

Frank Hrach kuyinto uSekela Mongameli Process Engineering based ngesikhathi Ngokwahlukana Technologies umshayeli isitshalo futhi lab luhlobo, STET Technical Centre, 101 Hampton Ave, Needham MA 02494 +1-781-972-2300