Ammonia tloswa STET Update 2015

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Ho tlosa ammonia ho tloha fofa Ash

J. Bittner, S. Gasiorowski, le F. Hrach

karohano Technologies, LLC 101 Hampton Avenue, Needham, Massachusetts, usa

inahaneloang

Phepelo ea fofa molora fumanehang bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka pozzolan ka konkreiti s ka matla haholo, mbano ya mabe na ke liphello tsa melao ea tsamaiso moea boleng ka tshebetso utility dimela. ka ho toba, Morero tsa bohlokoa tse fokotsang ho NOx, particulate, me, ea ba3 e nang le maemo aerosol mohlapo ba lebelletswe ho hloka ho hlongoa tsamaiso ea taolo e ka sebedisa ammonia e reagent ka. Ho itšetlehile ka boemo ba ammonia joale ka khase flue ka precipitators unit trust, ho bokella fofa molora ka haholo silafalitsoe ke ammonia haholo-holo e le letsoai ammonium sulfate.

ST Helmets & Technology LLC (STET) e tsoetseng pele tshebetso hore tlosa ammonia ho tloha fofa molora. tshebetso recovers 100% tsa fofa molora tšoaroa le molora sephetho kopana tobileng tsohle bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka konkreiti. ST o ammonia tlosa thulaganyou e ka sebelisoa feela kapa hammoho le theknoloji e khampani k'habone karohano. Tsela k'habone karohano e sa ameha ka ho ba teng ha ammonia ka fofa molora. Sena mokgwathupelo modular e fana ka tlaase-tlaase theko tharollo bakeng sa ho tšoara ka tsela e nngwe unusable fofa molora.

The ST ammonia tlosa tsamaiso e khopo sebetsang libakeng tse peli ka hara USA 'me e mong ka ho Europe. maemo le ammonia ba untreated fofa molora ne ba fapane pakeng 200 le 3000 mg, NH3 / lik'hilograma molora (karolo ka milione ke boima, kapa ppm). Tsela ST e ka katleho fokotswa boemo molora ammonia ho ka tlase ho 50 mg, NH3 / lik'hilograma molora. tse fetang 500,000 boima ba lithane fofa molora e se e rekiswa ho bahlahisi loketse Remix ka konkreiti tloha ST o ammonia tlosa thulaganyou e.

Ammonia silafalitsoe fofa Ash

Phepelo ea fofa molora fumanehang bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka pozzolan ka konkreiti s ka matla haholo, mbano ya mabe na ke liphello tsa melao ea tsamaiso moea boleng ka tshebetso utility dimela.1 ka ho toba, Morero tsa bohlokoa tse fokotsang ho NOx , particulate, me, ea ba3 e nang le maemo aerosol mohlapo ba lebelletswe ho hloka ho hlongoa tsamaiso ea taolo e ka sebedisa ammonia e reagent ka. Ho itšetlehile ka boemo ba ammonia joale ka khase flue ka precipitators electrostatic, ho bokella fofa molora ka haholo silafalitsoe ke ammonia haholo-holo e le letsoai ammonium sulfate 1,2. Bakeng sa NOx taolo, boemo flue khase ammonia tla beha ka bongata ba ammonia "slip‿, i.e. unreacted ammonia joale ka mor'a hore SCR kapa SNCR unit trust. Ho fokotsa particulate kapa SO3 mesi e kotsi aerosol, ammonia e tshelwa ka flue khase pele ho precipitators le tla beha ka fofa molora. Tekanyo eo o hlahellang e itšetlehile ka SO3 dikahare, fofa molora dikahare sebabole, alkaline tsa fofa molora, ea mahloriso ammonia, le molora play loading tsa khase flue.

Tšebeliso ea fofa molora ka konkreite e hloka hore molora oa fofa o be le thepa e khethehileng ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale3. The thepa pozzolanic molora li butswe ka konkreiti s ke moloko oa haholo alkaline mahala kalaka ho tloha hydration tsa samente ka. Ha ntsintsi molora na le ammonia, ammonia ena e lokolloa ka khase e ke ketso ya tharollo haholo alkaline tsa konkreiti s. The alkaline lichifi ho equilibrium tsa Ion ammonium ka tharollo ho ammonia limolek'hule ho ea ka abel latelang:

NH4+(Aq) + OH–(Aq) ↔ NH3(Aq) + H2The

The qhibiliha ammonia limolek'hule e habonolo lokolloa tharollo ka mahala ammonia khase.

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Ammonia ke matla hampe komponeng eo jarelang moelelo oa barnyards, manyolo le moroto. A khathollang a matla ea ammonia ke e sa amoheleheng ho mohlahisi konkreiti s, le konteraka sebetsa ka konkreiti s, le phahameng ka ho fetisisa ka konkreiti mosebedisi.4

Qeta thepa ea ka konkreiti ha hampe amehang ha u sebelisa ammonia silafalitsoe fofa molora, empa o khathollang ke e sa amoheleheng, haholo-holo haeba ka konkreiti e sebelisoa ka bobuelli ka tlas'a lefatše kapa kenyeleditsweng.5,6,7 Ho itšetlehile ka specifics ea sebakeng se, ho akarelletsa le palo ea ajoa foreshe moea, ammonia monko o ile a fumanoa a se ke ba tse sa lokelang ha u sebelisa fofa molora nang 100 ho 200 mg, ea NH3 / kg (karolo ka milione ke boima, kapa ppm). E le hore re tiisetsa hore ha ho na mathata a ba a kopana, le ammonia dikahare tsa fofa molora e lokela ho ba ha ho a maholo ho feta 100 ppm2,8.

Leha ho le joalo, go tlaleletsa ka ammonia ka dimela matla isa molokong o mong ka fella ka fofa dikahare molora ammonia ba 200 ho 2500 ppm, etsetsa ho fofa molora sa amohelehe bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka konkreiti.8 Ka tsela eo, fokotsa mathata moeeng boleng ke ho laola mesi e kotsi moeeng ea limela matla a eketsa o tiileng bothata litšila lahla le eketsa CO2 mesi e kotsi la sethopo ke ho eketseha ha palo ya samente sebediswa tlhahiso ka konkreiti. Tlosa ammonia ho tloha fofa molora e le hore e ka sebelisoa ka konkreiti s tla rua molemo le utility ke qoba tiileng litšila lahla, mohlahisi oa ka konkreiti, mosebedisi, le mong'a phahameng ka ho fetisisa ke ho theola theko ea thepa e le ho hōla boleng sehlahisoa, le tikoloho ka ho fokotsa mesi e kotsi ea likhase la sethopo ho tloha ho hlahisoeng samente.

Ka tjhelete e ya ammonia le ammonium letsoai fumanoa ka fofa molora e amanang le palo ea ammonia le teng ka khase flue. Bakeng sa e tloaelehileng ea pulverized mashala unit trust sebelisa bochabela bituminous mashala le phahameng futhumatsang boleng ba 12,000 BTU / LB (6667 kcal / lik'hilograma), le khase flue ho mashala boima karo-karolelano e ka bang 8 ho 9.5. Ha molora dikahare tsa mashala ke 10%, le 80% ya molora ka mashala e hlaphoheloa ka fofa molora (20% ho molora tlase), le khase flue / molora karo-karolelano e ka bang 100. Haeba kaofela ha mefuta e sa ammonia joale ka flue khase ne beha kapa adsorbed ka fofa molora, ea mahloriso ea ammonia le ka molora ka ba hoo e ka bang 50 makhetlo a maholo ho feta a flue khase ka thōko boima, e.g. e ammonia “setlankana” ya 2 ppm ke bophahamo ba modumo ne ho tla fella ka molora nang 100 mg, / kg (ppm ke boima.) ammonia. litekanyo sebele bontša kamano ena ho nepahetse.9 Ea mahloriso ea ammonia ka fofa molora tla fapana har'a diyuniti sebetsa itšetlehile ka molora dikahare tsa mashala le fofa molora ho tlase molora karo-karolelano hammoho le mabaka a mang.

Ammonia ente ho precipitators electrostatic (ESP) ho ntlafatsa tsela le ho fokotsa plume opacity ka fella ka maemo phahameng haholo ea ammonia ho fofa molora. Maemo ho fihlela ho 2500 ppm ammonia ka molora 'nile ha fumanoa bakeng sa tsamaiso ea joalo. SNCR tshebetso ka tloaelo ho sebetsa le concentrations ammonia Setlankana sa 5 ho 20 ppm, le molora silafalitsoe ho boemo ba 200 ho 1000 ppm ammonia. tsamaiso ea SCR ka kakaretso li etselitsoe ho sebetsa ka palo e kahodimodimo maemo ammonia Setlankana sa 2 kapa 5 ppm, ho itšetlehile ka specifics ea tlhomamiso.10 ka kakaretso, e khōlō ea NH3/NOx, karo-karolelano, e khōlō ho NOx, phokotso e tla fumana, le a godimo a ammonia Setlankana sephetho. Leha ho le joalo, Setlankana ammonia a maholo ho feta 2 ppm ka 'na fella ka dikahare molora-ammonia ba moholo ho feta 100 ppm, ho hlahisa e molora unmarketable.11 dimela tse ngata matla Japane le Jeremane sebetsa diyuniti SCR etselitsoeng bakeng sa 2 ppm lebetsoeng le Setlankana bone tshusumetso hanyane ka marketability ya fofa molora.1,5 Leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba SCR lefatšeng ka bophara ba 'nile ba etselitsoe 5 ppm ammonia Setlankana. Tšebetso ea diyuniti tsena ka hona boemo bo phahameng Setlankana tla lebaka fetisisa ka etsahala hore ebe ka bo boholo ho feta 100 ppm ea ammonia ka fofa molora.

Laola ammonia Setlankana ho maemo tlaase hape fokotsa plugging le ts'enyeho ea thepa tse tlase ka lebaka la ho deposition ya sulfates ammonium.1,10 Ho qoba moea preheater plugging ka lebaka la ho ketsahalo ena e lebeletsoe hore e be ea bohlokoa le ho feta ho lisebelisoa unit trust ha tukang phahameng sebabole, mashala US. Ka tsela eo, taolo ya ammonia Setlankana ho fokotsa unit trust outage nako tla ba le kameho ea moholo ho laola boemo ammonia ba fofa molora. Sephetho

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ka 'na eaba ha ho na bothata bohlokoa develops bakeng sa tshebediso ya molora ka bang libaka utility, ho itšetlehile ka moralo itseng le tshebetso ya tsamaiso ea taolo mohlapo.

The Process STET

STET e ntshetswa pele tshebetso hore tlosa ammonia ho tloha fofa molora.12 tshebetso recovers 100% tsa fofa molora tšoaroa le molora sephetho kopana tobileng tsohle bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka konkreiti. STET o ammonia tlosa thulaganyou e ka sebelisoa feela kapa hammoho le theknoloji e khampani k'habone karohano. Tsela k'habone karohano e sa ameha ka ho ba teng ha ammonia. Sena mokgwathupelo modular e fana ka tlaase-tlaase theko tharollo bakeng sa ho tšoara ka tsela e nngwe unusable fofa molora.

Ho tlosa ammonia e le khase e tsoang ka fofa molora, tshebetso STET utilizes e tšoanang ea motheo lik'hemik'hale itšoara joang hore fella ka ammonia ho lokolloa ka konkreiti s. Ho lokolloa ha ammonia ho tloha fofa molora hloka hore Ion ammonium

–limolek'hule ammonia equilibrium ho ile a khaotsa ho emela ammonia ke boteng ba a alkali. Fofa molora le tlhaho phahameng alkaline hloka ha a alkali eketsehileng. Bakeng sa molora tlase alkaline, a alkali efe kapa efe le matla o tla sebeletsa. Mohloli maleewana ya a alkali ke kalaka (Cao). Ba itšoara joang ea letsoai ammonium ka kalaka ho lokolla ammonia e matla a rata ke lik'hemik'hale equilibrium. The lik'hemik'hale itsoara joang ka le hlaha ka potlako hang metsoako li qhibiliha.

Ba itšoara joang ka kakaretso ka generalized jwalo:

(NH4)2SO4('s) + Cao('s) → 2NH3(g,) + CaSO4('s) + H2The(g,)

Leha ho le joalo, le mouoane likhatello tsa-butle ho ba tlaase haholo 'me ba itšoara joang ka se etsahalang ka khase kapa mohato tiileng. Ammonium sulfate e haholo qhibilihang ka har'a ka metsi le dissociates ho ions ammonium le ions sulfate.

(NH4)2SO4(Aq) → 2NH4+(Aq) + SO42-(Aq)

Lime ke haholo sa tsitsang ka ho pepesehela metsi, bakopitsi ho ba ikutloa ka tsela haholo exothermic tsejoang “slaking”, ho hlahisa k'halsiamo hydroxide kapa hydrated kalaka.

Cao's +H2O → Ca(OH)2('s)

The kalaka hydrated ke feela mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng qhibilihang ka har'a ka metsi, ho hlahisa k'halsiamo le ions hydroxide.

jwalo(OH)2('s) ↔ jwalo2+(Aq) + 2 OH–(Aq)

K'halsiamo sulfate e boetse ke ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng qhibilihang ka har'a, e le ions k'halsiamo di fumaneha ka dissolving le kalaka hydrated, di-holo oa chesa ka pula ea sulfate k'halsiamo.

jwalo2+(Aq) + SO42-(Aq) → CaSO4('s)

Qetellong, e equilibrium teng pakeng tsa ions ammonium le ammonia qhalwa ho ya ka metsi.

NH4+(Aq) + OH–(Aq) ↔ NH3(Aq) + H2The

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Hore na ions ammonium ba sokolohela ammonia limolek'hule ke itšetlehile ka ph ea tsamaiso ea metsi, phahame ph oa bakopitsi ho sebopeho sa ammonia limolek'hule. equilibrium Sena ke hantle e tsebahalang.13

Tšobotsi ea bohlokoa ea ho STET ke tshebediso ya palo bonyane ya metsi (1 ho 4%, ka tloaelo ho 2%) le bongata fokolang haholo ba a alkali (< 2%). e ngata ea metsi a kotsi ho tshebetso, slowing tekanyo ea ammonia ho lokolloa. The ph ya molora sephetho / Lime / metsi motsoako e lokela ho ba moholo ho feta ph 10.0. ngata e nyenyane haholo ea a alkali di a phaella ka ho ba tiisetsa ph ena, ho itšetlehile ka ph ea tlhaho ea molora. Ka tloaelo ho, ka tlase ho 1% jwalo(OH)2 e A hlokahala, esita le fofa molora le ph tlhaho asiti. Ho sebelisoa alkalis e thehiloeng ho calcium e bakang phetoho e fokolang ea k'hemik'hale ea molora oa fofa. Mokhoa ona o etsoa ka mocheso o tloaelehileng.

Kaha litšenyehelo tsa alkali le litšenyehelo tsa ho omisa sehlahisoa ke litšenyehelo tse kholo tsa ts'ebetso, 'me boholo ba lisebelisoa tsa ho kopanya le ho omisa ke likarolo tse kholo tsa litšenyehelo tsa chelete., ho lekanya ka hloko litlhoko tsa reagent bakeng sa molora o itseng ho hlokahala ho ntlafatsa moruo oa ts'ebetso.

Setšoantšo sa phallo ea ts'ebetso bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea ts'ebetso ea STET e hlahisoa ho Figure 1. Ash, metsi le alkali ka tekanyo e laoloang li lekanyetsoa ho motsoako. Ho tiisetsa ho tsoaka ka potlako 'me junifomo hasana ha metsi a phaella ka le a alkali, le mixer phahameng matla e sebediswa. The ea bolulo nako ka mofuta ona wa mixer e tlaase haholo, ka taelo ea bobeli e mong. Ammonia e hang-hang ka lokolloa empa ho iphetola ha lintho ka ho feletseng ho hloka ho kopanya linakong tsa 3 ho 4 metsotso ea ho lumella bakeng sa ho tsamaisa boima ba khase eo ho tswa ho tse ngata tsa molora ho lumella bakeng sa ho tsamaisa boima ba khase eo ho tswa ho tse ngata tsa molora.

Ho fumana ena nako tsoaka le tiisetsa lipalangoang tse molemo tsa ammonia ho tswa ho tse ngata tsa molora, e tlaase matla sesebediswa kang pug leloala e sebelisoa e le mixer mahareng. Ho tloha mongobo dikahare molora o tlaase haholo, lintho tse bonahalang tse phallang ka mixer sena e le haholo ferekanang phofo omileng. Ammonia khase bokella ka bobeli ba mixers phahameng le tlaase lebelo e ka recycled ho fehla motlakase unit trust flue kapa sokolohela naetrojene ka tse pedi- sethaleng catalytic unit trust.

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Figure 1: STET ammonia tloswa Process Phalla Setšoantšo se Qanollang

Molora deammoniated e omisitsoeng ka ho fetisa boitsebiso boo ka o oma halima ho tlosa metsi feteletseng. Ka lebaka la chelete e fokolang haholo ea metsi a phaella, metsi a nooang ka sebopeho sa hydrated calcium sulfate ha a arabela ka soluble sulfate moloreng., le tahlehelo ea metsi nakong ea boemo bo tlase ba ho kopanya, ke metsi a manyane feela a hlokang ho ntšoa ke se omisang. Sena se fokotsa tlhoko ea matla ea sethala sa ho omisa. Mocheso oa ho qetela oa molora oa hoo e ka bang 150hoF li lekane ho hlahisa ho phalla ho feletseng ka bolokolohi, Sehlahisoa se fofa molora o nang le mongobo o ka tlase ho ASTM C 618 tlhaloso ea 3 wt. %.3

Ts'ebeliso ea pele e felletseng ea ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa ammonia ea STET e qalile ho sebetsa ka 2003 ka molora sebetsa setsing ST e ka Jacksonville Electric Authority St. Johns River Power Park in Jacksonville, Florida. Ena khoebo tekanyo e tshebetsong mehele ho fihlela ho 40 boima ba lithane tse ka hora molora silafetseng, fokotsa dikahare ammonia ho ka tlase ho 30 ppm. Ammonia maemo ka o tlang fofa molora fapana ho ~ 200 ho 900 ppm. tshebetso e robust haholo, e bakang 90+% tlosa ammonia tlas'a Litlhophiso tsohle teko, ho hlahisa molora hantle tlase shebiloeng rona tsa palo e kahodimodimo 50 ppm ammonia. dikahare mongobo ea ho qetela ke <0.3%. diphetho moemeli thathamisitsoe ka Lethathamo 2. tse fetang 250,000 lithane tsa molora o silafalitsoeng ke ammonia li sebelitsoe ka katleho setsing sa Jacksonville.

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tafole 2: diphetho tloaelehileng tekanyo e khoebo tsamaiso e khopo ammonia

Fofa molora ka Big Bend Station ka Tampa, Florida e silafalitsoe ke ammonia e loketseng ho ente ea ammonia ka litsamaiso matla dimela e ESP ho laola peō ea SO3 aerosol generated ka tsamaiso SCR NOx taolo. Ha limela tse ling matla a, tšilafalo ea ammonia e boetse e etsahala ka taolo ea SNCR NOx le ts'ebeliso ea ammonia ho ntlafatsa pokello ea likaroloana lits'ebetsong tsa ESP.. Ho Big Bend, maemo a fly ash ammonia bakeng sa diyuniti tse nang le ente ea ammonia ho tloha ho 750 ho 3360 ppm ammonia. Ka lebaka leo, molora oa fofa o reretsoeng tlhahiso ea konkreite o tlameha ho phekoloa ka mokhoa oa ho tlosa ammonia oa ST.

Moralo oa ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa ammonia ea STET e kentsoeng ho Big Bend (Figure 2) ke sekala sa bobeli se felletseng mme se kenyelletsa lintlafatso tse ngata. Thepa ea ho sebetsana le thepa e ntlafatsoa ho lumella ho sebetsa ka litekanyetso tse phahameng. Sistimi ea ho omisa e fokotsehile ho tloha moralong o fetileng mme e kenyelletsa ho sebelisoa hape ha likhase tse chesang ho fokotsa litlhoko tsa matla tsa sistimi.. Qetellong, ammonia e lokollotsoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso e fepeloa ho yuniti e thusang ea mekhahlelo e 'meli moo khase ea ammonia e bokeletsoeng e fetoloang ho naetrojene.. Mocheso o hlahisoang ke karabelo ena oa hlaphoheloa 'me o sebelisoa ho tlatsetsa tlhoko ea matla ea fly ash flash drying system.. Tšebeliso ea methati e 'meli ea catalytic system e fella ka tlhahiso e fokolang ea NOx. tshebetso recovers 100% tsa fofa molora tšoaroa le molora sephetho kopana tobileng tsohle bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka konkreiti.

Ena khoebo tekanyo e tshebetsong ka sebetsana ho fihlela ho 52 boima ba lithane tse ka hora molora silafetseng, fokotsa dikahare ammonia ho ka tlase ho 75 mg, / lik'hilograma. tshebetso e robust haholo, e bakang 97+% ho tlosoa ha ammonia, ho hlahisa molora hantle tlase shebiloeng rona tsa palo e kahodimodimo 100 ammonia ka mg/kg. dikahare mongobo ea ho qetela ke <0.5%.

Ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa ammonia ea STET esale e sebetsa setsing sa RWE npower Aberthaw setsing sa ho lokisa molora UK ho tloha ka nako eo. 2008. Aberthaw e eketsa ammonia ho ntlafatsa katleho ea pokello ea ESP ka maemo a ammonia holim'a molora o tloaelehileng 200 ppm mme ts'ebetso e etselitsoe 500 ppm boholo.

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Figure 2: Sistimi ea ho tlosa Ammonia ho Big Bend Station, Tampa Florida

Molora oa Sehlahisoa

Sehlahisoa se tlase sa ammonia fly ash se kopana le litlhoko tsohle tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa 'mele tsa ASTM C 618 thepa e tloaelehileng le e hlahisoang ea konkreite e ts'oana le molora o sa kengoang ts'ebetsong ea ho tlosa ammonia. Tafole ea I e bapisa thepa e tloaelehileng ea molora ho tloha seteisheneng se le seng hammoho le thepa ea molora oa semela e fokolitsoeng ka ammonia ho tloha 250 mg, / kg ho 20 mg, / kg ka ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ea ST. Hlokomela hore mefuta e mengata ea calcium oxide content e hlokometsoeng bakeng sa molora o tsoang mohloling ona ke 1.4 ho 12%. Keketso ea ho fihlela ho 1% jwalo(OH)2 (0.75% joalo ka CaO) e tla fella ka liphetoho tse nyane feela k'hemistri ea molora, ho pharalla ho fetoha ho sa reng letho.

Teko ea konkreite e entsoeng moloreng o nang le deammoniated e bontšitse hore ke sesebelisoa se setle sa pozzolanic. Tsoelo-pele ea matla a hatellang ka ho sebelisa molora ona ke ntho e ntle kapa e molemo ho feta molora o senang ammoniated o tsoang mohloling ona. Thepa ea nako e telele ea konkreite le eona e ntle haholo, ho kenyeletsa ho ntlafala ha kutu, ho hanyetsa sulfate, chloride permeability, le ho honyela ha kalaka.

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Tafole I: Fofa Thepa ea Molora oa 'Mele le oa Lik'hemik'hale.

kakaretso

The degree to which good quality fly ash will be compromised as the result of NOx or particulate emission systems in the future will depend upon technology choices made by utilities to reduce NOx, particulate matter emissions and plume opacity. Leha ho le joalo, STET’s ammonia removal process can be utilized to remove the ammonia from contaminated ash, producing a high value material for use in concrete production. Recovered ammonia can be recycled to the generating unit for reutilization. This ammonia removal process can be installed as a stand-alone system or can be used in conjunction with STET’s successful fly ash carbon removal system.

1Stewart, B.R., Unintended Effects of EPA’s Recent Ozone Transport Rule, ditsamaiso, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Reduction for NOx control, E se eka 1999, pp.9-10.

2Sloss, L.L., Hjalmarsson, A-K, Soud, H.N., Campbell, L.M., Stone, D.K., Shareef, G.S., Emmel, T., Maibodi, M., Livengood, C.D., Markussen, J. Nitrogen Oxides Control Technology Fact Book, Noyes Data Corporation, maq. 94-95, 1992

3“Standard ga tlhaloso bakeng sa mashala fofa Ash le Tala kapa Calcined Natural Pozzolan bakeng Sebelisa ka matsoai Admixture ka Concrete”, ASTM C 618, American Society bakeng Testing le Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

4Majors, R.K., Hill, R., McMurry, R., Thomas, S., A Thuto ya tshusumetso ya ammonia ente ka Marketable fofa Ash ho akarelletsa le Quality Control Mekhoa, ditsamaiso, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Bao e seng Catalytic Reduction for NOx control, E se eka 1999, pp.11-13.

5Ho tloha moo Brugghen, F.W., moeti, C.H., Van lehaha Berg, J.W., Kuiper, W.H., Visser, R., Mathata a kopana Nakong Tšebeliso ea Ammonium silafalitsoe fofa Ash. ditsamaiso: EPRI / EPA 1995 Kopanetsoeng neheletsano ka Station combustion e NOx Control, E se eka 16-19, 1995. Book 4, fa setlhopha se kopane 8a, maq. 1-16.

6Van lehaha Berg, J.W., Cornelissen, H.A.W. ,Effect of low NOx Technologies on Fly Ash Quality, ditsamaiso: 13th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Products, 1999, maq. 29-1 – 29-11.

7Koch, H-J., Prenzel, H., Tests on Odour Developments in the Casting of a Concrete Screed – Using a NH3-Contaminated Fly Ash, Concrete Precasting Plant and Technology, Vol 11, 1989 maq. 72-75.

8Fisher, B.C., Blackstock, T. Fly Ash Beneficiation using an Ammonia Stripping Process, 12th International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Products Management and Use, 1997 maq. 65-1 – 65-8.

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9Larrimore, L., Dodgen, D., Monroe, L., Characterization of Ammonia Effects on Ash and Evaluation of Removal Methods, ditsamaiso: 13th International Symposium on Use and Management of Coal Combustion Products, 1999, maq. 16-1 – 16-15.

10Taolo ea mesi e kotsi naetrojene oxide: Khetha Catalytic Phokotso (SCR), Hloekileng mashala Technology, Lihlooho tsa puisano Number Report 9. U.S. Lefapha la Energy le Southern Company Services, Inc. July, 1997.

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12Gasiorowski, S.A., le Hrach, F.J., Mokhoa bakeng sa tlosa ammonia ho tloha ammonia silafalitsoe fofa Ash, United States Number Patent 6,077,494, June 20, 2000.

13Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., Emerson, K., Ea metsi ammonia Equilibrium – Tabulation of Percent Un-ionized Ammonia, Tšireletso United States Tikoloho, EPA-600 / 3-79-091, Phato, 1979.

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