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Lucas Rojas Mendoza, cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology, USA
lrojasmendoza@steqtech.com
Frank Hrach, cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology, USA
Kyle Flynn, cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology, USA
Abhishek Gupta, cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology, USA
cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC (STET) zachitika dongosolo buku processing zochokera tribo-electrostatic lamba kulekana amene amapereka makampani mchere processing njira beneficiate zipangizo zabwino ndi luso mphamvu imayenera zokhazokha youma. Mosiyana ndi njira zina electrostatic kulekana kuti amangokhala okha particles >75μm kukula, ndi olekanitsa STET triboelectric lamba ndi yosayenera kulekana kwa chabwino kwambiri (<1μm) kuti amtengo coarse (500μm) particles, ndi matulukidwe apamwamba kwambiri. The STET tribo-electrostatic luso wakhala ntchito pokonza ndi malonda kulekanitsa osiyanasiyana mchere mafakitale ndi zina youma granular ufa.. Pano, zotsatira za benchi-ang'ono zimaperekedwa pa beneficiation wa otsika kalasi Fe ore chindapusa ntchito STET lamba kulekana. Kuyesa kwa benchi kunawonetsa kuthekera kwaukadaulo wa STET kuchira nthawi imodzi Fe ndikukana SiO2 kuchokera ku miyala ya itabirite yokhala ndi D50 ya 60µm ndi ultrafine Fe ore michira yokhala ndi D50 ya 20µm.. Ukadaulo wa STET ukuperekedwa ngati njira ina yopezera chindapusa cha Fe chomwe sichinathe kuthandizidwa bwino kudzera pamabwalo azikhalidwe zamapepala chifukwa cha granulometry ndi mineralogy..
Iron miyalayo ndi wachinayi ambiri amafotokozera mu kutumphuka padziko lapansi [1]. Iron n'kofunika kupanga zitsulo choncho ndi zinthu zofunika chitukuko zachuma padziko lonse [1-2]. Iron amadziwikanso ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga ndi kupanga magalimoto [3]. Kwambiri chuma chitsulo miyala ndi lopangidwa metamorphosed formations mkombero wachitsulo (BIF) imene chitsulo ambiri amene mawonekedwe a oxides, hydroxides ndi Pamlingo wamng'ono carbonates [4-5]. A mtundu winawake wa formations chitsulo ndi nkhani apamwamba carbonate ndi dolomitic itabirites opangidwa wa dolomitization ndi metamorphism wa BIF madipoziti [6]. Yaikulu madipoziti chitsulo miyala mu dziko angapezeke mu Australia, China, Canada, Ukraine, India ndi Brazil [5].
Mipweya ya chitsulo ores ali osiyanasiyana akuoneka lonse mu mipweya makamaka Fe zili ndi kugwirizana gangue mchere [1]. Major chitsulo mchere kugwirizana ndi ambiri a chitsulo ores ndi hematite, goethite, limonite ndi magnetite [1,5]. The Mankhwala oipitsa waukulu mu chitsulo ores ndi SiO2 ndi Al2O3 [1,5,7]. Mmene silika ndi zobala aluminiyamu mchere pano mu chitsulo ores ndi khwatsi, kaolinite, gibbsite, diaspore ndi corundum. Awa nthawi zambiri anaona kuti khwatsi ndi zikutanthauza silika zimakhudza mchere ndi kaolinite ndi gibbsite ndi ziwiri zazikulu aluminiyamu kubala mchere [7].
Iron miyalayo m'zigawo makamaka anachita maopareshoni otsegula dzenje migodi, chifukwa mu tailings m'badwo kwambiri [2]. Dongosolo chitsulo miyala kupanga zimatanthauza magawo atatu: migodi, processing ndi pelletizing ntchito. awa, processing zipangitsa kuti yachitsulo kalasi bwino ndipo umagwirira zimatheka isanafike siteji pelletizing. Processing zikuphatikizapo onongani, Gawo, mphero ndi ndende aiming pa kuwonjezeka zili chitsulo pamene kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mchere gangue [1-2]. Aliyense gawo mchere ali tingachidziwe osiyana ndi ulemu kwa chitsulo ndi gangue kubala mchere, choncho amafuna osiyana ndende njira [7].
Maginito kulekana ndi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu beneficiation wa mkulu kalasi chitsulo ores kumene lalikulu mchere zachitsulo ferro ndi paramagnetic [1,5]. Yonyowa ndi youma otsika Mwamphamvu maginito kulekana (LIMS) njira ntchito pokonza ores ndi katundu amphamvu maginito monga magnetite pamene yonyowa mkulu-mwamphamvu maginito kulekana ntchito nadzawasankhula Fe zobala mchere ndi katundu ofooka maginito monga hematite kwa mchere gangue. ngati goethite ndi limonite Iron ores ambiri opezeka tailings ndipo alibe kupatukana bwino ndi njira kapena [1,5]. njira maginito zimayesa mawu a makhalidwe awo otsika ndi mfundo za lamulo la zitsulo kuti atengeke mphamvu ya maginito [5].
asamire, mbali inayi, ntchito kuchepetsa zili zosafunika mu otsika kalasi chitsulo ores [1-2,5]. Iron ores akhoza anaikira kaya ndi mwachindunji anionic flotation wa oxides chitsulo kapena kuthetsa cationic flotation wa silika, Komabe chigamulocho cationic flotation akanali wotchuka flotation njira ntchito makampani chitsulo [5,7]. Ntchito flotation ake okha ndi mtengo wa reagents, pamaso pa silika ndi aluminiyamu wolemera slimes ndi kukhalapo kwa mchere carbonate [7-8]. Komanso, flotation amafuna zinyalala madzi mankhwala ndi ntchito dewatering pambuyo pake ntchito youma komaliza [1].
Ntchito flotation kwa ndende ya chitsulo kumaphatikizapo desliming monga akuyandama pamaso pa zotsatira ndalama mu dzuwa utachepa ndi ndalama yapamwamba reagent [5,7]. Desliming n'zofunika makamaka kuchotsa aluminiyamu monga kulekana kwa gibbsite ku hematite kapena goethite ndi wothandizila aliyense padziko-yogwira ndi kovuta [7]. Ambiri aluminiyamu zimakhudza mchere akupezeka bwino kukula osiyanasiyana (<20m'modzi) kuloleza kuchotsedwa kwake kudzera pakufinya. Cacikulu, kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu (<20m'modzi) Ndipo alumina amalimbikitsa pakufunika kwa wokhometsa cationic ndipo amachepetsa kusankha kwakukulu [5,7].
Komanso, kupezeka kwa mchere wa carbonate - monga mu dolomitic itabirites- Itha kusokonezanso kusankha kwa flotation pakati pa mchere wachitsulo ndi quartz monga chitsulo chokhala ndi carbonates monga dolomite sichiyandama mosankha.. Mitundu ya carbonates yosungunuka imadsorb pamalo a quartz kuwononga kusankha kwa kuyandama [8]. Kuyandama kumatha kukhala kothandiza pakukweza miyala yachitsulo yotsika, koma zimadalira kwambiri mineralogy ya ore [1-3,5]. Kuyandama kwa chitsulo chokhala ndi aluminiyamu wambiri kumatha kutheka kudzera pa desliming ndikuwononga chitsulo chonsecho. [7], pomwe kuyandama kwa chitsulo chokhala ndi mchere wa carbonate kumakhala kovuta ndipo mwina sikutheka [8].
Magawo amakono opangira mchere wa Fe-bearing angaphatikizepo masitepe oyandama komanso maginito [1,5]. Mwachitsanzo, maginito ndende angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa chindapusa mtsinje kuchokera desliming siteji isanayambe kuyandama ndi pa flotation amakana.. Kuphatikizika kwa maginito otsika komanso okwera kwambiri kumathandizira kuwonjezereka kwachiwongolero chachitsulo chonse mugawo lokonzekera pobwezeretsa kachigawo kakang'ono ka ferro ndi paramagnetic iron minerals monga magnetite ndi hematite. [1]. Goethite ndi gawo lalikulu la zomera zambiri zachitsulo zomwe zimakana mitsinje chifukwa cha kufooka kwake kwa maginito [9]. Popeza zina kutsika processing kwa kukana mitsinje ku maginito ndende ndi kuyandama, zokanidwa bwino zidzatayidwa m'madamu a tailings [2]. Kutaya michira ndi kukonza zinthu kwakhala kofunika kwambiri poteteza chilengedwe komanso kubwezeretsanso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, motero, ndipo chifukwa chake kukonza kwazitsulo zachitsulo m'makampani amigodi kwakula kwambiri [10].
Mwachionekere, kukonza tailings kuchokera miyambo chitsulo beneficiation mabwalo ndi processing wa dolomitic itabirite ndi zovuta kudzera miyambo desliming-flotation-maginito ndende flowsheets chifukwa mineralogy awo ndi granulometry., motero njira zina zopezera phindu monga kupatukana kwa tribo-electrostatic komwe kumakhala kocheperako malinga ndi mineralogy ya ore ndipo kumalola kukonzanso kwa chindapusa kungakhale kosangalatsa..
Tribo-electrostatic kulekana yagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana magetsi mlandu pakati zipangizo umatulutsa kukhudzana pamwamba kapena triboelectric adzapereke. Mu njira simplistic, pamene zipangizo awiri ali mu kukhudzana, zinthu ndi apamwamba kuyanjana kwa elekitironi amapindula ma elekitironi motero mlandu zoipa, pamene zinthu ndi m'munsi elekitironi kuyandikana anapatsa zabwino. Momwe ziyenera kukhalira, otsika kalasi zitsulo ore chindapusa ndi dolomitic itabirites kuti si processable mwa kuyandama ochiritsira ndi/kapena kulekana maginito akhoza Mokweza ndi masuku patali nawuza katundu wa mchere wawo. [11].
Apa tikupereka STET tribo-electrostatic lamba kulekana ngati njira beficiation zotheka kuika ultrafine chitsulo tailings ndi beneficiate dolomitic itabirite mchere.. Ndondomeko ya STET imapereka makampani opanga mchere ndi mwayi wapadera wopanda madzi wopangira chakudya chowuma. Njira yosamalira zachilengedwe imatha kuthetsa kufunikira konyowa, kunsi kwa mtsinje kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi otayira ndipo kumafunika kuyanika komaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, The ndondomeko STET amafuna pang'ono chisanadze mankhwala a mchere ndi ukugwira ntchito pa mphamvu mkulu - mpaka 40 malankhulidwe paola. magetsi ndi zosakwana 2 kilowatt-maola tani zinthu kukonzedwa.
zipangizo
Awiri chabwino otsika kalasi chitsulo ores ankagwiritsa ntchito zino mayesero. The miyala woyamba inkakhala ndi ultrafine Fe miyala tailings nyemba ndi D50 wa 20 μm ndi chitsanzo chachiwiri cha itabirite chitsanzo chitsulo miyala ndi D50 wa 60 μm. Onse zitsanzo zimayesa pa beneficiation awo ndipo sangathe efficiently kukonzedwa mwa miyambo madera ndende desliming-flotation-maginito chifukwa granulometry awo ndi mineralogy. zitsanzo onse anali kuwapeza migodi ku Brazil.
Chitsanzo choyamba anali kuwapeza alipo ndende dera desliming-flotation-maginito. chitsanzo anali anasonkhana kuchokera tailings damu, ndiye zouma, homogenized nanyamula. Chitsanzo lachiwiri yachitsulo mapangidwe itabirite ku Brazil. chitsanzo idagonjetsedwa ndi zosankhidwa ndi kukula ndi nusu chabwino kuwapeza siteji gulu kenako anakumana magawo angapo desliming mpaka D98 wa 150 μm anali akwaniritsa. chitsanzo Kenako zouma, homogenized nanyamula.
Tinthu kukula yogawa (PSD) anatsimikiza ntchito laser mapindidwe akuwala tinthu kukula chowunikira, ndi Malvern a Mastersizer 3000 E. zitsanzo onse anali yodziwika ndi Loss pa-poyatsira(LAMULO), XRF ndi XRD. imfa pa poyatsira (LAMULO) anatsimikiza poika 4 gm ya nyemba mu 1000 ºC ng'anjo 60 Mphindi ndi lipoti la LOI pa maziko anamlandira. The kusanthula mipweya inatha ntchito timaganiza dispersive X-ray kuwala (WD-XRF) chida ndi crystalline waukulu mbali zinafufuzidwanso ndi XRD njira.
Mipweya ndi LOI kwa tailings chitsanzo (Tailings), ndi itabirite chitsulo mapangidwe chitsanzo (Itabirite), zikusonyezedwa Table 1 ndi tinthu kukula yogawa kwa zitsanzo onse amaoneka mkuyu 1. Pakuti tailings chitsanzo chachikulu Fe recoverable magawo ali goethite ndi hematite, ndi waukulu gangue mchere ndi khwatsi (chith 4). Pakuti chitsanzo itabirite waukulu Fe recoverable magawo ali hematite, ndi waukulu gangue mchere khwatsi ndi dolomite (chith 4).
Table 1. Chifukwa cha kuwunika mankhwala kwa zinthu zikuluzikulu tailings ndi zitsanzo Itabirite.
| Zitsanzo | Grade (wt%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MnO | MgO | CaO | LOI** | Others | |
| Tailings | 30.3 | 47.4 | 4.3 | 1.0 | * | * | 3.4 | 13.4 |
| Itabirite | 47.6 | 23.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 21.0 |
Tinthu Kukula yogawa
njira
A mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano anakonzedwa kufufuza zotsatira za magawo osiyanasiyana pa gulu chitsulo zitsanzo onse chitsulo ntchito STET kampani tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso. Zatsopano inkachitikira ntchito benchi-ang'ono tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa, Tsiku lomaliza anatchula monga 'benchtop olekanitsa'. Benchi-ang'ono kuyezetsa ndi gawo loyamba la atatu gawo luso ndondomeko kukhazikitsa (Onani Table 2) kuphatikizapo benchi-ang'ono kuwunika, woyendetsa-ang'ono kuyezetsa komanso kukhazikitsa malonda-ang'ono. The olekanitsa benchtop ntchito kuphimba umboni wa tribo-electrostatic adzapereke ndi kudziwa ngati chuma ndi wophunzira wabwino beneficiation electrostatic. Kusiyana waukulu pakati pa chidutswa chilichonse cha zida ndi kuperekedwa mu Table 2. Ngakhale zida ntchito mkati gawo lirilonse losiyana kukula, ntchito mfundo limeneli linachokera yemweyo.
Table 2. Zitatu gawo ndondomeko kukhazikitsa ntchito STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso
| Gawo | Zogwiritsidwa ntchito: | Electrode Dimensions (W x L) cm | Type of Process/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bench Scale Evaluation | Qualitative Evaluation | 5*250 | Gulu |
| Pilot Scale Tikuyesa | Quantitative Evaluation | 15*610 | Gulu |
| malonda Scale Implementation | malonda Production | 107 *610 | Zopitilira |
STET Opaleshoni Mfundo
The ntchito mfundo olekanitsa a amadalira tribo-electrostatic adzapereke. Mu tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa (ziwerengero 2 ndi 3), zakuthupi zimalowa kusiyana yopapatiza 0.9 - 1.5 masentimita awiri maelekitirodi kufanana planar. particles ndi triboelectrically mlandu ndi interparticle kukhudzana. Mchere ndithu adawalamulira(m) ndi mchere zoipa adawalamulira(m) amakopeka maelekitirodi popenyana. Mkati mwa particles olekanitsa zikakokoloka ndi yothandizira kusuntha lamba lotseguka-mauna ndi zoperekedwa mbali zosiyana. Lamba ndi opangidwa ndi nsalu pulasitiki ndipo limayenda particles pafupi wina ndi elekitirodi kwa malekezero wosiyana olekanitsa ndi. Kauntala panopa otaya wa particles kulekanitsa ndi zonse triboelectric adzapereke ndi mwansanga tinthu-tinthu amapereka kulekana multistage ndi zotsatira mu chiyero kwambiri ndi kuchira mu gulu limodzi-chiphaso. The triboelectric lamba olekanitsa luso lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatukana osiyanasiyana zipangizo kuphatikizapo zosakaniza aluminosilicates kunyezimira / mpweya (kuuluka phulusa), calcite / khwatsi, talc / magnesite, ndipo barite / khwatsi.
Cacikulu, kamangidwe olekanitsa ndi osavuta ndi lamba ndi okhudzidwa odzigudubuza mbali yokhayo kusuntha. maelekitirodi ndi n'kupuma ndi lopangidwa ndi zinthu moyenera cholimba. The olekanitsa elekitirodi kutalika pafupifupi 6 meters (20 ft.) ndipo m'lifupi 1.25 meters (4 ft.) chifukwa chachikulu mayunitsi malonda. Mkulu lamba liwiro chimathandiza throughputs kwambiri, mpaka 40 matani pa ola chachikulu mayunitsi malonda. The mowa mphamvu ndi zosakwana 2 kilowatt-maola tani zinthu kukonzedwa ndi ambiri a mphamvu yochuluka Motors awiri galimoto lamba.
Chojambula wa triboelectric lamba olekanitsa
Tsatanetsatane wa zone kulekana
Monga mmene taonera mu Table 2, kusiyana waukulu pakati pa olekanitsa benchtop ndi woyendetsa-ang'ono ndi separators malonda-ang'ono ndi kutalika kwa olekanitsa benchtop pafupifupi 0.4 nthawi kutalika mayunitsi woyendetsa-ang'ono ndi malonda-ang'ono. Monga dzuwa olekanitsa ndi ntchito ya kutalika elekitirodi, benchi-ang'ono kuyezetsa sangathe ntchito m'malo kuyezetsa woyendetsa-ang'ono. Pilot-ang'ono kuyezetsa m'pofunika kudziwa mmene olekanitsa kuti ndondomeko STET akhoza kukwaniritsa, ndi kudziwa ngati STET ndondomeko akhoza kukumana mipherezero mankhwala pansi mitengo kupatsidwa chakudya. m'malo, ndi olekanitsa benchtop ntchito akatsimikizire zipangizo wakonzekera kuti zimavuta kusonyeza kusiyana kulikonse kwambiri pa mlingo woyendetsa-ang'ono. Zotsatira analandira pa benchi-ang'ono adzakhala sanali wokometsedwa, ndi kulekana anaona ndi zosakwana lomwe kuti anaona pa malonda kakulidwe STET olekanitsa.
Kumuyesa pa mbewu woyendetsa n'kofunika isanafike malonda lonse analamula, Komabe, kuyezetsa pa benchi-ang'ono amauzidwa kuti gawo loyamba la ndondomeko kukhazikitsa chifukwa cha nkhani iliyonse. Komanso, milandu imene kupezeka zinthu zambiri, ndi benchtop olekanitsa lili chida chothandiza kwa mosamala ntchito kuthekera bwino (i.e., ntchito zimene kasitomala ndi makampani mipherezero khalidwe angathetsedwe ntchito luso STET).
kuyezetsa benchi-ang'ono
Standard mayesero ndondomeko ankachiritsa padziko cholinga cholunjika kuonjezera Fe ndende ndi kuchepetsa ndende ya mchere gangue. zosintha osiyanasiyana kufufuza kudzapeza kayendedwe chitsulo ndi kudziwa malangizo a gulu la mchere osiyana. Malangizo a gulu anaona pa benchtop kuyezetsa zimasonyeza kuti pali malangizo a gulu pa woyendetsa zomera ndi sikelo malonda.
The zosintha ankafufuza m'gulu chinyezi wachibale (RH), kutentha, elekitirodi polarity, lamba liwiro ndi ntchito voteji. awa, RH ndi kutentha yekha tingatengere lalikulu pa masiyanidwe tribo-adzapereke choncho zotsatira kulekana. Motero, akadakwanitsira RH ndi kutentha zinthu anatsimikiza pamaso kufufuza zotsatira za zosintha otsala. m'njira ziwiri polarity anali kufufuza: Ine) pamwamba elekitirodi polarity zabwino ndi Wachiwiri) pamwamba elekitirodi polarity zoipa. Pakuti olekanitsa STET, pansi anapatsidwa polarity dongosolo ndi pansi akadakwanitsira RH ndi kutentha zinthu, lamba liwiro chofunika ulamuliro chogwirira kwa optimizing mankhwala kalasi ndi kuchira misa. Kuyesedwa pa olekanitsa benchi amathandiza amatidziwitsa zotsatira za ena zosintha ntchito pa tribo-electrostatic adzapereke kwa anapatsidwa chitsanzo mchere, choncho analandira zotsatira akavalidwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito, mlingo zina, zodziwira chiwerengero cha zosintha ndi zatsopano kuchitidwa pa woyendetsa chomera lonse. Table 3 Wapamwamba osiyanasiyana zinthu kulekana ntchito monga mbali ya gawo 1 ndondomeko kuwunika kwa tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite.
Table 3 imalemba osiyanasiyana zinthu kulekana
| Parameter | Units | Range of Values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tailings | Itabirite | ||
| Top Electrode Polarity | - | Positive- Negative | Positive- Negative |
| Electrode Voltage | -kV/+kV | 4-5 | 4-5 |
| Feed Relative Humidity (RH) | % | 1-30.7 | 2-39.6 |
| Feed Temperature | ° F (° C) | 71-90 (21.7-32.2) | 70-87 (21.1-30.6) |
| Belt Speed | Fps (Ms) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) | 10-45 (3.0-13.7) |
| Electrode Gap | Inches (mamilimita) | 0.400 (10.2 mamilimita) | 0.400 (10.2 mamilimita) |
Mayesero inkachitikira pa olekanitsa benchtop m'mikhalidwe mtanda, ndi zitsanzo chakudya cha 1.5 lbs. mayeso. A athamangadi chamadzi ntchito 1 LB. zakuthupi unayamba pakati pa mayesero kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense zotheka carryover zotsatira ku chikhalidwe m'mbuyomu anali suona. Pamaso kuyezetsa anayamba chuma anali homogenized ndi matumba chitsanzo munali onse anathamanga ndipo chuma chamadzi anali okonzeka. Kumayambiriro kwa aliyense kuyesera kutentha ndi chinyezi wachibale (RH) anali anayeza ntchito Vaisala HM41 dzanja ankaweruza Chifungafunga ndi Kutentha kafukufuku. Osiyanasiyana kutentha ndi RH kudutsa zatsopano onse anali 70-90 ° F (21.1-32.2 (° C) ndi 1-39.6%, motero. Kuyesa m'munsi RH ndi / kapena apamwamba kutentha, chakudya ndi chamadzi zitsanzo anali mu kuyanika uvuni pa 100 ˛ C kwa nthawi pakati pa 30-60 mphindi. Motsutsana, makhalidwe apamwamba RH anali atapeza powonjezera wochepa madzi nkhani, otsatidwa ndi homogenization. Pambuyo RH ndi kutentha anali anayeza pa aliyense nyemba chakudya, sitepe yotsatira inali kukhazikitsa elekitirodi polarity, lamba liwiro ndi voteji msinkhu anakhumba. Kusiyana mfundo anali chikhalire 0.4 mainchesi (10.2 mamilimita) mmisonkhano kuyezetsa kwa tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite.
Isanafike aliyense mayeso, yaing'ono chakudya boma chitsanzo munali pafupifupi 20g anali anasonkhana (ikhale 'Chakudya'). Pa atakhala zosintha zonse opareshoni, zakuthupi anali zimalowa ndi olekanitsa benchtop ntchito magetsi vibratory wodyetsa pakati pa mzinda wa olekanitsa benchtop. Zitsanzo anasonkhana kumapeto kwa aliyense kuyesera ndi miyeso ya mapeto mankhwala 1 (ikhale 'E1') ndipo pomalizira pake 2 (ikhale 'E2') anatsimikiza ntchito malamulo chifukwa-malonda ochuluka lonse. Mwake aliyense mayeso, ang'onoang'ono kum'mwera zitsanzo munali pafupifupi 20 ga E1 ndi E2 anali yotolera. zokolola Misa E1 ndi E2 akulongosola:
kumenendipoE1 ndi ndipoE2 ndi zokolola misa kuti E1 ndi E2, motero; ndipo zolemera chitsanzo anasonkhana kwa olekanitsa mankhwala E1 ndi E2, motero. Pakuti zitsanzo onse, Fe ndende anali ziwonjezeke kwa mankhwala E2.
Pakuti aliyense ya kum'mwera zitsanzo (i.e., chakudya, E1 ndi E2) LOI ndi oxides waukulu zikuchokera ndi XRF anatsimikiza. Fe2 The3 nkhani anatsimikiza kwa mfundo ndi. Pakuti tailings chitsanzo LOI utsogoleri kuti zili goethite mu nyemba monga magulu zinchito hydroxyl mu goethite adzakhala oxidize mu H2 Thega [10]. Mosiyana, kwa itabirite chitsanzo LOI utsogoleri kwa muli a carbonates mu chitsanzo, monga kashiamu ndi magnesium carbonates adzakhala kuwola ndinso kubwerera oxides yaikulu chifukwa mu amasulidwe NKHA2ga ndi boma yotsatana chitsanzo kuwonda. mikanda XRF zinakonzedwa ndi kusakaniza 0.6 gm ya nyemba mchere ndi 5.4 magalamu a lifiyamu tetraborate, amene anasankhidwa chifukwa zikuchokera mankhwala tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite. XRF kusanthula anali dekhetsa kwa LOI.
Pomaliza, Fe kuchira EFe kuti mankhwala (E2) ndi SiO2 kukanidwa Qndi anali masamu. EFe ndi kuchuluka Fe anachira mu maganizo kuti a pachiyambi chitsanzo chakudya ndi Qsio2 ndi kuchuluka kuchotsedwa choyambirira chitsanzo chakudya. EFe ndi Qndi akulongosola:
kumene CIne,(chakudya,E1, E2) ndi dekhetsa ndende kuchuluka kwa boma nyemba ine chigawo chimodzi (mwachitsanzo., Fe, sio2)
zitsanzo Mineralogy
The XRD chitsanzo chosonyeza mbali yaikulu mchere kwa tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite amaoneka mkuyu 4. Pakuti tailings chitsanzo chachikulu Fe recoverable magawo ali goethite, hematite ndi magnetite, ndi waukulu gangue mchere ndi khwatsi (chith 4). Pakuti chitsanzo itabirite waukulu Fe recoverable magawo ali hematite ndi magnetite ndi waukulu gangue mchere khwatsi ndi dolomite. Magnetite limapezeka kufufuza woipa mu zitsanzo zonse. koyera hematite, goethite, ndi magnetite muli 69.94%, 62.85%, 72.36% Fe, motero.
D Pantchito. A - Tailings chitsanzo, B - Itabirite chitsanzo
Zimene benchi-ang'ono
A mndandanda wa amathamanga mayeso ankachiritsa pa aliyense nyemba mchere umalimbana maximizing Fe ndi kucheperachepera SiO2 okhutira. Species moonetsetsa kuti E1 adzakhala zimasonyeza ndi adzapereke makhalidwe oipa pamene ndende zamoyo E2 ku adzapereke makhalidwe abwino. Apamwamba lamba imathamanga anali abwino processing wa tailings chitsanzo; Komabe, zotsatira za variable ndekha anapezeka zazing'ono kwa nyemba itabirite.
Avereji zotsatira za tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite amene timapemphera mkuyu 5, amene masamu 6 ndi 4 zatsopano, motero. chith 5 akupereka pafupifupi misa zokolola ndi umagwirira chakudya ndi mankhwala E1 ndi E2. Kuphatikiza apo, lililonse chiwembu akupereka bwino kapena kuchepa ndende (E2- chakudya) aliyense chigawo chitsanzo mwachitsanzo, Fe, SiO2 makhalidwe abwino imakhudzana ndi kuwonjezeka mu ndende kuti E2, pamene makhalidwe oipa imakhudzana ndi kuchepa mu ndende kuti E2.
Fig.5. misa zokolola Avereji ndi umagwirira kwa Amadyetsa, E1 ndi E2 mankhwala. Cholakwika mipiringidzo kuimira 95% intervals chidaliro.
Pakuti tailings chitsanzo Fe zomwe kuchuluka kwa 29.89% kuti 53.75%, pafupifupi, pa misa zokolola ndipoE2 - kapena lonse misa kuchira – wa 23.30%. Izi limafanana Fe kuchira ( ndi kukanidwa silika (QE2 ) mfundo za 44.17% ndi 95.44%, motero. Okhutira LOI anali chinawonjezeka kuchoka 3.66% kuti 5.62% zimene zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezeka Fe zili chikukhudzana ndi kuwonjezeka zili goethite (chith 5).
Pakuti chitsanzo itabirite Fe zomwe kuchuluka kwa 47.68% kuti 57.62%, pafupifupi, pa misa zokolola ndipoE2 -wa 65.0%. Izi limafanana Fe kuchira EFe( ndi kukanidwa silika (Qsio2) mfundo za 82.95% ndi 86.53%, motero. The LOI, MgO ndi CaO zili anali kuchuluka kwa 4.06% kuti 5.72%, 1.46 kuti 1.87% ndi kwa 2.21 kuti 3.16%, motero, zimene zikusonyeza kuti dolomite ikuyenda mbali imodzi monga Fe mwankhanza mchere (chith 5).
Pakuti zitsanzo onse,AL2 The3 , MnO ndi P akuoneka kuti nawuza mbali imodzi monga Fe mwankhanza mchere (chith 5). Ngakhale adafuna kuchepa ndende ya mitundu awa atatu, ophatikizana ambiri SiO2, AL2 , The3 , ndipoE2 MnO ndi P ikuchepa kwa zitsanzo onse, choncho zotsatira okwana akwaniritsa ntchito benchtop olekanitsa ndi kuwongola mu mankhwala Fe kalasi ndi kuchepa Mankhwala oipitsa ndende.
Cacikulu, benchtop kuyezetsa anasonyeza umboni wa adzapereke ogwira ndi kulekana kwa chitsulo ndi silika particles. The kulonjezedwa zotsatira zasayansi lonse zikusonyeza kuti mayesero woyendetsa lonse kuphatikizapo mipita loyamba ndi lachiwiri ayenera kuchitidwa.
zokambirana
Deta experimental zikusonyeza kuti olekanitsa STET zinachititsa ponso zofunika Fe okhutira pamene imodzi kuchepetsa SiO2 okhutira.
Pokhala atasonyeza kuti triboelectrostatic kulekana kungachititse kuwonjezeka kwambiri Fe okhutira, kukambirana pa tanthauzo la zotsatira, pa pazipita zili kukwaniritsa Fe ndi zofunika chakudya cha luso m'pofunika.
kuyambitsa, ndikofunika kukambirana akuoneka adzapereke khalidwe la mitundu mchere mu zitsanzo zonse. Pakuti tailings kuyesa kwa Gawo anali oxides Fe ndi khwatsi ndi zotsatira experimental anasonyeza kuti oxides Fe anaikira kuti E2 pamene khwatsi anaikira kuti E1. Mu njira simplistic, tinganene kuti Fe okusayidi particles kuthi mlandu zabwino ndi kuti khwatsi particles kuthi mlandu zoipa. Khalidweli mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe triboelectrostatic mchere onse monga momwe Ferguson (2010) [12]. Table 4 chimasonyeza akuoneka triboelectric mndandanda kwa mchere anasankha zochokera kulekana inductive, ndipo izo zikusonyeza kuti khwatsi ili pansi pa adzapereke mndandanda pamene goethite, magnetite ndipo hematite zili pamwamba pa mndandanda. Mchere pamwamba pa mndandanda adzatengera mlandu zabwino, pamene mchere pansi adzatengera kukhala woyang'anira zoipa.
Mbali inayi, kwa nyemba itabirite ndi Gawo anali hematite, khwatsi ndi dolomite ndi zotsatira experimental anasonyeza kuti oxides Fe ndi dolomite anaikira kuti E2 pamene khwatsi anaikira kuti E1. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti hematite particles ndi dolomite kuthi mlandu zabwino pamene khwatsi particles kuthi mlandu zoipa. Monga mmene taonera mu Table 4, carbonates zili pamwamba pa mndandanda tribo-electrostatic, zimene zikusonyeza kuti particles carbonate amakonda kukhala woyang'anira zabwino, motero kuti ankaganiza kuti E2. Onse dolomite ndi hematite anali anaikira mu mbali imodzi, kusonyeza kuti zotsatira m'katikati particles hematite pamaso pa khwatsi ndi dolomite anali kukhala pa mlandu zabwino.
Malangizo a gulu la mitundu mineralogical aliyense nyemba ndi chidwi yaikulu, monga adzaona pazipita kukwaniritsa Fe kalasi kuti akhoza kuwapeza mwa chikudutsa limodzi ntchito tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso.
Pakuti tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite pazipita kukwaniritsa Fe zili kudzayesedwa ndi mfundo zitatu: Ine) Kuchuluka kwa Fe mu Fe mwankhanza mchere; Wachiwiri) ndi khwatsi osachepera (SiO2 ) okhutira kuti chingapezeke ndi; III) Chiwerengero cha Mankhwala oipitsa akusuntha mu njira yomweyo monga Fe mwankhanza mchere. Pakuti tailings chitsanzo cha Mankhwala oipitsa waukulu kusuntha mbali imodzi ya Fe zobala mchere Al2 The3 MnO kubala mchere, pamene kwa nyemba itabirite ndi Mankhwala oipitsa chachikulu ndi CaO MgO Al2 The3 kubala mchere.
| Mineral Name | Charge acquired (apparent) |
|---|---|
| Apatite | +++++++ |
| Carbonates | ++++ |
| Monazite | ++++ |
| Titanomagnetite | . |
| Ilmenite | . |
| Rutile | . |
| Leucoxene | . |
| Magnetite/hematite | . |
| Spinels | . |
| Garnet | . |
| Staurolite | - |
| Altered ilmenite | - |
| Goethite | - |
| Zircon | -- |
| Epidote | -- |
| Tremolite | -- |
| Hydrous silicates | -- |
| Aluminosilicates | -- |
| Tourmaline | -- |
| Actinolite | -- |
| Pyroxene | --- |
| Titanite | ---- |
| Feldspar | ---- |
| khwatsi | ------- |
Table 4. Akuoneka triboelectric mndandanda kwa mchere anasankha zochokera kulekana inductive. Kusinthidwa kwa D.N Ferguson (2010) [12].
Pakuti tailings chitsanzo, okhutira Fe anali anayeza pa 29.89%. XRD deta limasonyeza kuti gawo osakhala ndi goethite, otsatidwa ndi hematite, choncho pazipita kukwaniritsa Fe zili ngati kulekana woyera kotheka adzakhala pakati 62.85% ndi 69.94% (ndizo zili goethite koyera ndi hematite Fe, motero). Tsopano, kulekana woyera sikothekha Al2, The3 MnO ndipo P zobala mchere ikuyenda mbali imodzi monga mchere Fe zobala, choncho kuwonjezeka aliyense mu Fe zili adzakhala Padzakhalanso ponso Mankhwala oipitsa izi. ndiye, kuonjezera zili Fe, kuchuluka kwa khwatsi kuti E2 ayenera kukhala kwambiri utachepa kufika izo offsets kayendedwe ka , MnO ndi P kuti mankhwala (E2). Monga tikuonera Table 4, khwatsi ali ndi vuto amphamvu kuti tikhale ndi mlandu zoipa, choncho, pakalibe mchere wokhala zikuoneka zoipa adzapereke khalidwe kudzakhala kotheka kuti ndithu ndichepe wokhutira ndi mankhwala (E2) kudzera mwa ziyambe ntchito triboelectrostatic lamba olekanitsa luso.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati tingayerekezere kuti onse Fe zili mu tailings chitsanzo amagwirizana kuti goethite (FeO(HA)), ndi kuti yekha oxides gangue ndi SiO2, Al2The3 ndi MnO, ndiye zili Fe kuti mankhwala adzapatsidwa ndi:
Fe(%)=(100-SiO2 – (Al2 The3 + MnO*0.6285
kumene, 0.6285 ndi kuchuluka Fe mu goethite koyera. Eq.4 chikusonyezera limagwirira kupikisana chimene chimachitika kuganizira Fe monga AL2The3 + MnO kumawonjezera pamene SiO2 amachepetsa.
Pakuti chitsanzo itabirite okhutira Fe anali anayeza pa 47.68%. XRD deta limasonyeza kuti gawo osakhala ndi hematite choncho pazipita kukwaniritsa Fe zili ngati kulekana woyera kotheka adzakhala pafupi 69.94% (ndilo Fe zili hematite koyera). Monga izo zinkakambidwa kwa tailings ndi kuyesa kulekana woyera sadzakhala n'zotheka CaO, MgO, Al2 The3 kubala mchere ikuyenda mbali imodzi monga hematite, choncho kuonjezera Fe okhutira SiO2 okhutira ayenera kuchepetsedwa. Kungoganiza kuti uthunthu wa Fe zili mu nyemba amagwirizana kuti hematite (Fe2The3) ndi kuti oxides yekha ali mchere gangue ndi SiO2, CaO, MgO, Al2The3 ndi MnO; ndiye Fe zili mu mankhwala adzapatsidwa ndi:
Fe(%)=(100-SiO2-CaO + MgO +Al2The3+MnO+LAMULO*0.6994
kumene, 0.6994 ndi kuchuluka Fe mu hematite koyera. Izo ziyenera anaona kuti Eq.5 zikuphatikizapo LOI, pamene Eq.4 sakutero. Pakuti chitsanzo itabirite, LOI amagwirizana kukhalapo kwa carbonates pamene kwa tailings chitsanzo amagwirizanitsidwa kuti Fe zobala mchere.
Zikuoneka, chifukwa tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite n'zotheka kwambiri pa zili Fe ndi kuchepetsa zili SiO2; Komabe, monga tikuonera Eq.4 ndi Eq.5, pazipita kukwaniritsa zili Fe adzakhala anthu okhawo ndi malangizo kuyenda ndi anthu ambiri oxides kugwirizana kwa mchere gangue.
Momwe ziyenera kukhalira, anthu ambiri Fe mu zitsanzo onse akhoza zina chinawonjezeka ndi njira ya chiphaso chachiwiri pa olekanitsa STET imene CaO,MgO Al2 The3 ndi MnOkubala mchere akhoza anapambulwa pa Fe zobala mchere. kulekana Zimenezi zingakhale zotheka ngati ambiri a khwatsi mu chitsanzo chinatha pa ziyambe. Popeza khwatsi, ena otsala gangue mchere ayenera kuyang'anira chiphunzitso mu zosemphana goethite, hematite ndi magnetite, amene kukanachititsa kuchuluka Fe okhutira. Mwachitsanzo, kwa nyemba itabirite ndi zochokera mu malo dolomite ndi hematite mu mndandanda triboelectrostatic (Onani Table 4), dolomite / hematite Pasakhale nkutheka monga dolomite ali ndi vuto amphamvu kulipiritsa zabwino poyerekezera hematite.
Popeza takambirana pa pazipita zili kukwaniritsa Fe kukambirana pa zofunika zakudya za luso m'pofunika. The STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa amafuna nkhani chakudya wouma ndi finely pansi. Kwambiri wochepa chinyezi tingatengere lalikulu pa masiyanidwe tribo-adzapereke choncho chakudya chinyezi ayenera utachepa kuti <0.5 wt.%. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya chiyenera kudulidwa mokwanira kuti amasule gangue zipangizo ndipo ayenera kukhala osachepera 100% kudutsa mauna 30 (600 m'modzi). Osachepera kwa zitsanzo za ma tailings, zinthuzo ziyenera kuchotsedwa madzi ndikutsatiridwa ndi siteji yowumitsa kutentha, pomwe kwa chitsanzo cha itabirite kupera pamodzi ndi, kapena kutsatira, kuyanika matenthedwe zikanakhala zofunika isanafike beneficiation ndi olekanitsa STET.
Zitsanzo za ma tailings zidatengedwa kuchokera kudera lomwe lilipo la desliming-flotation-magnetic concentration ndikusonkhanitsidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku dziwe la ma tailings.. Chinyezi chofanana ndi phala chochokera ku michira chiyenera kukhala mozungulira 20-30% ndipo chifukwa chake michirayo iyenera kuumitsidwa posiyanitsa ndi madzi olimba (kuchepetsa madzi) kutsatiridwa ndi kuyanika kwamafuta ndi deagglomeration. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina ochotsera madzi musanayambe kuyanika kumalimbikitsidwa chifukwa njira zamakina zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pagawo lililonse lamadzimadzi lomwe limachotsedwa poyerekeza ndi njira zotenthetsera.. Za 9.05 Btu amafunikira pa kilogalamu imodzi ya madzi ochotsedwa ndi kusefera pamene kuyanika kwamafuta, mbali inayi, amafuna kuzungulira 1800 Btu pa kilogalamu imodzi ya madzi inasanduka nthunzi [13]. Mitengo yokhudzana ndi kukonza zitsulo zachitsulo pamapeto pake idzadalira chinyezi chochepa chomwe chingapezeke panthawi yothira madzi komanso pamtengo wamphamvu wokhudzana ndi kuyanika..
Chitsanzo cha itabirite chinapezedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha itabirite kotero kuti pokonza chitsanzo ichi zinthu zimayenera kuphwanyidwa ndi mphero ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuyanika kwamafuta ndi deagglomeration.. Njira imodzi yotheka ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mphero zopukutira mpweya wotentha, momwe kugaya kawiri ndi kuyanika kutha kutheka mu sitepe imodzi. The ndalama kugwirizana ndi processing wa itabirite ore zimadalira chakudya chinyezi, kudyetsa granulometry ndi mtengo wachangu wokhudzana ndi mphero ndi kuyanika.
Pakuti onse zitsanzo deagglomeration n'kofunika pambuyo nkhani akhala zouma kuonetsetsa particles amamasulidwa wina ndi mzake.. Deagglomeration akhoza kuchitidwa molumikizana ndi matenthedwe kuyanika siteji, kulola kusamutsa bwino kutentha ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu.
Zotsatira benchi-ang'ono pano atsimikiza umboni wamphamvu wa nawuza ndi kulekana kwa Fe mwankhanza mchere ku khwatsi ntchito triboelectrostatic lamba kulekana.
Pakuti tailings chitsanzo Fe zomwe kuchuluka kwa 29.89% kuti 53.75%, pafupifupi, pa zokolola misa 23.30%, Chofanana Fe kuchira ndi silika kukana mfundo za 44.17% ndi 95.44%, motero. Pakuti chitsanzo itabirite Fe zomwe kuchuluka kwa 47.68 % kuti 57.62%, pafupifupi, pa zokolola misa 65.0%, Chofanana Fe kuchira ndi silika kukana mfundo za 82.95% ndi 86.53%, motero. Zotsatira anamalizidwa pa olekanitsa kuti n'chochepa ndi molongosoka kuposa olekanitsa STET malonda.
anapezazo Experimental amasonyeza kuti tailings ndi zitsanzo itabirite pazipita kukwaniritsa Fe zili kudzadalira osachepera kukwaniritsa zili khwatsi. Kuphatikiza apo, kukwaniritsa apamwamba Fe sukulu kungakhale kotheka mwa chikudutsa chachiwiri pa olekanitsa STET lamba.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku izi zinasonyeza kuti otsika kalasi chitsulo ndalama miyala akhoza akweza mwa STET tribo-electrostatic lamba olekanitsa. ntchito mopitirira pa woyendetsa chomera lonse bwino kudziwa chitsulo maganizo kalasi ndi kuchira kuti chingapezeke. Yachokera pa zimene, mankhwala achire komanso / kapena kalasi adzakhala kwambiri kusintha pa woyendetsa processing lonse, poyerekeza chipangizo benchi-ang'ono mayeso ntchito pa izi mayesero chitsulo miyalayo. The STET tribo-electrostatic kupatukana ndondomeko angapeleke ubwino kwambiri pa njira ochiritsira processing kwa ndalama zachitsulo miyalayo.
