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The American Malasha Ash Association (ACAA) pachaka kafukufuku kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malasha ntchentche phulusa inanena kuti pakati pa 1966 ndi 2011, pa 2.3 biliyoni matani yochepa ntchentche phulusa anapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito malasha amapanga boilers zofunikira. Cha ndalamazo, pafupifupi 625 matani miliyoni akhala mopindulitsa ntchito, makamaka simenti ndi kupanga konkire. Komabe, otsalira 1.7+ matani biliyoni kwenikweni opezeka landfills anadzazidwa ponded impoundments.
Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation wa Landfilled ndi Ponded Ntchentche Ash
Ndi Lewis Baker,Abhishek Gupta, Stephen Gasiorowski, ndipo Frank Hrach
The American Malasha Ash Association (ACAA) pachaka kafukufuku kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malasha ntchentche phulusa inanena kuti pakati pa 1966 ndi 2011, pa 2.3 biliyoni matani yochepa ntchentche phulusa anapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito malasha amapanga zofunikira boilers.1 cha ndalamazo, pafupifupi 625 matani miliyoni akhala mopindulitsa ntchito, makamaka simenti ndi kupanga konkire. Komabe, otsalira 1.7+ matani biliyoni kwenikweni opezeka landfills anadzazidwa ponded impoundments. Pamene ntchito mitengo kwa mwatsopano kwaiye ntchentche phulusa awonjezera kwambiri pa zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi mitengo panopa pafupi 45%, pafupifupi 40 matani mamiliyoni a ntchentche phulusa kupitiriza kuwataya chaka. Ngakhale mitengo ntchito ku Ulaya akhala apamwamba kuposa mu United States, mabuku ndithu ntchentche phulusa akhala kusungidwa mu landfills ndi impoundments m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya
posachedwapa, chidwi akuchira nkhaniyi wabwino chawonjezeka, pang'ono chifukwa kufunika kwa apamwamba ntchentche phulusa kwa konkire ndi simenti kupanga pa nthawi yafupika kupanga monga malasha amapanga mphamvu za ali utachepa ku Ulaya ndi North America. Nkhawa yaitali zingakhudzire chilengedwe cha landfills amenewa komanso asanauzidwe zofunikira kupeza ntchito ntchito opindulitsa phulusa izi kusungidwa.
Ngakhale ena mwa ichi ntchentche phulusa kusungidwa akhale oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito n'zothandiza poyamba zakale, ambiri mufunikira processing kukwaniritsa miyezo khalidwe simenti kapena kupanga konkire. Chifukwa chakuti wakhala ambiri wasambitsa kuti athe akuchitira ndi compaction ongofuna fumbi m'badwo airborne, kuyanika ndi deagglomeration chofunika zofunika ntchito simenti chifukwa alimi konkire adzafuna kupitiriza mchitidwe batching ntchentche phulusa ngati wouma, ufa wosalala. Komabe, kutsimikizila mipweya ya phulusa likumanenso specifications-makamaka zili mpweya, anayeza monga chitayiko poyatsira (LAMULO)ano- vuto lalikulu. Monga ntchito ntchentche phulusa chawonjezeka mu wotsiriza 20+ zaka, kwambiri "-masuliridwe" phulusa wakhala mopindulitsa ntchito, ndi kutali kwambiri phulusa kuwataya. Motero, kuchepetsa LOI adzakhala chofunikira kwa ntchito ambiri ntchentche phulusa recoverable ku impoundments zofunikira.
Pamene ofufuza ena ankagwiritsa ntchito njira kuyaka ndi njira flotation chifukwa kuchepetsa LOI wa anachira landfilled ndi ponded ntchentche phulusa, cha ku Switzerland Zida & umisiri (STET) wapeza kuti wapadera ake triboelectrostatic lamba kulekana dongosolo, yaitali ntchito beneficiation wa mwatsopano kwaiye ntchentche phulusa, ndi wogwira pa anachira phulusa pambuyo kuyanika abwino ndi deagglomeration.
Akatswiri STET kuti mungayesedwe triboelectrostatic kulekana khalidwe la zouma landfilled phulusa landfills angapo ntchentche phulusa mu America ndi ku Ulaya. Izi phulusa anachira anapambulwa phulusa ofanana kwambiri mwatsopano kwaiye ndi kusiyana kumodzi n'zosadabwitsa: ndi tinthu adzapereke chinafafanizidwa kuchokera kwa phulusa atsopano, ndi mpweya nawuza zoipa poyerekezera mineral.2 ndi ofufuza ena olekanitsa electrostatic wa ntchentche phulusa mpweya ndi anatinso izi phenomenon.3-5 The polarity wa STET triboelectrostatic olekanitsa mosavuta kusintha kulola kukana zoipa mlandu mpweya kuchokera zouma landfilled ntchentche magwero phulusa. No zosintha wapadera kwa kapangidwe olekanitsa kapena amazilamulira ndi zofunika kuti akomere zochitika wake
Mu olekanitsa STET mpweya (chith. 1), zakuthupi zimalowa kusiyana woonda pakati maelekitirodi awiri kufanana planar. particles ndi triboelectrically mlandu ndi interparticle kukhudzana. The ndithu mlandu mpweya ndi mchere zoipa adawalamulira (mu phulusa mwatsopano kwaiye chimene sichinayambe wasambitsa ndi zouma) amakopeka maelekitirodi popenyana. particles kenako yosesa ndi yothandizira avundulidwe lamba ndi zoperekedwa mbali zosiyana. Lamba amasuntha particles pafupi wina ndi elekitirodi kwa malekezero wosiyana olekanitsa ndi. Mkulu lamba liwiro imathandizanso throughputs kwambiri mpaka 36 matani pa ola olekanitsa limodzi. Kusiyana ang'onoang'ono, munda mkulu-voteji, kauntala-panopa otaya, wolimba tinthu-tinthu mukubwadamuka, ndi kudzikonda kukonza kanthu lamba pa maelekitirodi ndi mbali yapadera ya olekanitsa STET. Ndi kulamulira magawo osiyanasiyana ndondomeko, monga liwiro lamba, chakudya mfundo, ndi mlingo chakudya, ndondomeko STET umabala otsika LOI ntchentche phulusa pa nkhani mpweya wa zosakwana 1.5 kuti 4.5% kwa chakudya ntchentche phulusa kuyambira mu LOI ku 4% zoposa 25%.
Kamangidwe olekanitsa ndi osavuta ndi yaying'ono. A makina cholinga pokonza 40 matani paola pafupifupi 30 Ft (9 mamita) yaitali, 5 Ft (1.5 mamita) lonse, ndi 9 Ft (2.75 mamita) wamtali. Lamba ndi odzigudubuza okhudzidwa ndi mbali chabe kusuntha. maelekitirodi ndi n'kupuma ndi lopangidwa ndi zinthu moyenera cholimba. lamba wopangidwa pulasitiki nonconductive. The olekanitsa a mowa mphamvu za 1 kilowatt maola pa tani zinthu kukonzedwa ndi ambiri a mphamvu yochuluka Motors awiri galimoto lamba.
ndondomeko ndi youma kwathunthu, amafuna palibe zipangizo zina ena kuposa ntchentche phulusa, zipange palibe madzi zinyalala kapena mpweya mpweya. Zipangizo anachira zigwirizana ntchentche phulusa yafupika zili mpweya kuchepetsa oyenera ntchito ngati kusakanizikana pozzolanic auzidwa, ndi mkulu mpweya kachigawo zothandiza monga mafuta. Ntchito mitsinje mankhwala onse imapereka 100% njira kuuluka mavuto phulusa nazo.
magwero anayi phulusa kuwapeza landfills: Zitsanzo A kuchokera magetsi ili mu United Kingdom ndi poonekera B, C, ndipo D ku United States. zitsanzo izi zonse inkakhala phulusa kuyaka wa malasha bituminous ndi boilers lalikulu zofunikira. Chifukwa kusakaniza nkhani landfills ndi, palibe mudziwe zambiri amapezeka za yeniyeni khala gwero kapena kuyaka zinthu.
Zitsanzo anamlandira ndi STET uli pakati 15 ndi 27% madzi, monga mmene chifukwa cha nkhani landfilled. zitsanzo The analinso ndi ndalama osiyanasiyana lalikulu >1/8 mu. (3 mamilimita) zakuthupi. Kuti akonze zitsanzo kwa mpweya kulekana, zinyalala lalikulu adachotsedwa ndi kuphimba ndi zitsanzo ndiye zouma ndi deagglomerated isanafike mpweya beneficiation. njira zingapo kuyanika / deagglomeration akhala ayesedwa pa woyendetsa lonse konza moyenera ndondomeko akukhudzidwira. STET wasankha ndi m'mafakitale kutsimikiziridwa chakudya processing dongosolo umene opambana munthawi yomweyo kuyanika ndi deagglomeration zofunika zothandiza electrostatic kulekana. A ambiri ndondomeko flowchart kwake mkuyu. 2.
The katundu wa okonzeka zitsanzo anali bwino mkati osiyanasiyana kuuluka phulusa zopezeka molunjika kuchokera ku ma boilers abwinobwino. The katundu zogwirizana kwambiri kwa onse amadyetsa olekanitsa ndi mankhwala zakambidwa mwachidule mu Table 2, pamodzi ndi mankhwala anachira.
STET olekanitsa processing zouma, landfilled ntchentche phulusa
Ndondomeko otaya chithunzi
mayesero mpweya kuchepetsa ntchito STET triboelectric lamba olekanitsa zinachititsa kuchira wabwino kwambiri mankhwala otsika-LOI ku anayi akhala akutayirapo dothi malo ntchentche phulusa. N'zosiyana nawuza mpweya monga takambirana kale sanali amanyoza kulekana mwa njira iliyonse poyerekeza processing phulusa atsopano.
The katundu wa otsika-LOI ntchentche phulusa anachira ntchito ndondomeko STET onse phulusa mwatsopano anasonkhana ku kukatentha ndi phulusa anachira kuyambira akhala akutayirapo dothi lapansi zalongosoledwa mwachidule mu Table 1. Zotsatira kusonyeza kuti mankhwala khalidwe kwa ProAsh® yopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu landfilled ndi ofanana ndi mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera mwatsopano ntchentche magwero phulusa.
The katundu wa ProAsh opangidwa kuchokera watenganso akhala akutayirapo dothi zakuthupi poyerekezera ndi wa ProAsh amapangidwa kuchokera mwatsopano ntchentche phulusa kwaiye boilers zofunikira kuchokera pamalo omwewo. The kukonzedwa watenganso phulusa likukwaniritsa specifications onse ASTM C618 ndi AASHTO M 250 miyezo. Table 2 chifupikitso umagwirira chifukwa zitsanzo kuchokera awiri mwa zinthu zosonyeza kusiyana zonyozeka pakati pa zinthu zatsopano ndi watenganso.
Mphamvu pakhale 20% m'malo otsika-LOI ntchentche phulusa mu mtondo okhala 600 LB / yd3 cementitious zakuthupi (onani Table 3) anasonyeza ProAsh mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku phulusa landfilled zidapatsa mortars ndi mphamvu ofanana mortars pogwiritsa ntchito ProAsh kuchokera mwatsopano ntchentche phulusa opangidwa pamalo omwewo. Mapeto mankhwala a beneficiated watenganso phulusa adzakhala mkulu-mapeto amagwiritsa makampani konkire mogwirizana ndi udindo kwambiri wapatali ProAsh amakonda m'misika panopa akutumikira.
Kupezeka kwa chotchipa gasi mu United States timapitiriza kwambiri zachuma njira kuyanika, kuphatikizapo kuyanika wa wasambitsa ntchentche phulusa landfills. Table 4 chifupikitso ndalama nkhuni za ntchito mu United States kuti 15% ndi 20% nkhani chinyezi. inefficiencies ankaikira kuyanika aphatikizidwa mfundo za masamu. Ndalama zochokera misa zakuthupi pambuyo kuyanika. Ndalama owonjezekera kwa kuyanika ntchentche phulusa kwa STET processing triboelectrostatic kulekana ndi wotsika.
Ngakhale Kuwonjezera kuyanika ndalama chakudya, ndondomeko STET kulekana amapereka chotchipa, m'mafakitale chotsimikiziridwa ndondomeko kuchepetsa LOI wa landfilled ntchentche phulusa. The STET ndondomeko watenganso ntchentche phulusa ndi gawo limodzi kwa theka la mtengo likulu poyerekeza kachitidwe kuyaka ofotokoza. The STET ndondomeko watenganso ntchentche phulusa alinso mpweya kwambiri m'munsi chilengedwe poyerekeza kuyaka kapena machitidwe flotation ofotokoza. Chifukwa chokhacho zina mpweya umuna gwero muyezo STET ndondomeko unsembe Mwachibadwa mpweya amapanga chowumitsira, zololera zingakhale osavuta.
| Dyetsani chitsanzo kwa olekanitsa | LAMULO, % | ProAsh MALAMULO, % | ProAsh fineness, % +325 thumba |
ProAsh misa zokolola, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mwatsopano A | 10.2 | 3.6 | 23 | 84 |
| Landfilled A | 11.1 | 3.6 | 20 | 80 |
| mwatsopano B | 5.3 | 2.0 | 13 | 86 |
| Landfilled B | 7.1 | 2.0 | 15 | 65 |
| mwatsopano C | 4.7 | 2.6 | 16 | 82 |
| Landfilled C | 5.7 | 2.5 | 23 | 72 |
| Landfilled D | 10.8 | 3.0 | 25 | 80 |
| gwero | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mwatsopano B | 51.60 | 24.70 | 9.9 | 2.22 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Landfilled B | 50.40 | 25.00 | 9.3 | 3.04 | 0.85 | 2.41 | 0.21 | 0.11 |
| mwatsopano C | 47.7 | 23.4 | 10.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
| Landfilled C | 48.5 | 26.5 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 0.86 | 2.39 | 1.18 | 0.02 |
| 7-tsiku compressive mphamvu, % kulamulira atsopano phulusa | 28-tsiku compressive mphamvu, % kulamulira atsopano phulusa | |
|---|---|---|
| mwatsopano B | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled B | 107 | 113 |
| mwatsopano C | 100 | 100 |
| Landfilled C | 97 | 99 |
| chinyezi wokhutira, % | Kutentha chofunika KWhr / T yonyowa maziko | Kuyanika mtengo / T youma maziko (gasi ndalama $ 3,45 / mmBtu) |
| 15 | 165 | $ 2.28 |
| 20 | 217 | $ 3.19 |
Kuwonjezera pa otsika mpweya mankhwala ntchito concrete- mtundu dzina ProAsh-ndondomeko STET kulekana komanso akuchira mwinamwake adadzonga unburned mpweya mu mawonekedwe a kaboni wolemera ntchentche phulusa, kuwasindikiza EcoTherm™. EcoTherm n'kopindulitsa kwambiri mafuta ndi mosavuta anabwerera ku mphamvu ya magetsi chomera ntchito dongosolo STET EcoTherm Bwererani kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito khala pa chomera. Pamene EcoTherm ndi watentha kukatentha zofunikira, mphamvu kwa kuyaka ndi kutembenukira ku paipi / mkulu-kutentha nthunzi ndipo kenako magetsi pa dzuwa chimodzimodzi monga malasha, amangoona 35%. Kutembenuka kwa anachira mphamvu matenthedwe kwa magetsi mu dongosolo STET EcoTherm Bwererani nthawi ziwiri kapena zitatu kuposa wa sayansi kupikisana mphamvu ndi kubwezeretsedwanso monga kutentha otsika kalasi mu mawonekedwe a madzi otentha, amene akufalitsa kwa kukatentha chakudya dongosolo madzi. EcoTherm amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati gwero la aluminiyamu mu kilns simenti, chimakankhira ndi bauxite zodula, amene inkatinyamulira ataliatali. Ntchito yapamwamba mpweya EcoTherm phulusa kapena pa amagetsi kapena uvuni simenti maximizes ayambe mphamvu khala anapulumutsa, kuchepetsa kufunika kwanga ndi kunyamula mafuta ena owonjezera kuti malowa.
STET a Talen Energy Brandon Shores, SMEPA R.D. Morrow, NBP Belledune, RWEnpower Didcot, EDF Energy West Burton, RWEnpower Aberthaw, ndi Korea South-East Mphamvu kuwuluka zomera phulusa zonse monga machitidwe EcoTherm Bwererani.
STET ndi ndondomeko kulekana lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito malonda kuyambira 1995 kuti ntchentche phulusa beneficiation ndipo kwaiye pa 20 matani mamiliyoni a apamwamba kuuluka phulusa kupanga konkire. Ankalamulira otsika-LOI ProAsh panopa opangidwa ndi luso STET pa 12 okwerera mphamvu mu United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Poland, ndi Republic of Korea. ProAshfly phulusa kwavomelezedwa ntchito ndi oposa 20 Akuluakulu msewu boma, komanso mabungwe ena ambiri mfundo. ProAsh wakhalanso aŵiri pansi pa Canada Mfundo Association ndi EN 450:2005 mfundo khalidwe Europe. Ash processing maofesi ntchito luso STET zalembedwa mu Table 5.
Pambuyo scalping yabwino zinthu zazikulu, kuyanika, ndipo deagglomeration, kuuluka phulusa anachira kuyambira zofunikira mbewu landfills zikhoza kuchepetsedwa amanena mpweya ntchito malonda STET triboelectric lamba olekanitsa. Khalidwe la ntchentche phulusa mankhwala, ProAsh, ntchito dongosolo STET pa akhala akutayirapo dothi zinthu watenganso, Matanthawuzo kuti ProAsh amapangidwa kuchokera atsopano chakudya ntchentche phulusa. The ProAsh mankhwala kwambiri zogwirizana ndi kutsimikiziridwa kupanga konkire. The achire komanso beneficiation wa phulusa landfilled adzapereka chakudya kupitiriza wa apamwamba phulusa opanga simenti ngakhale yafupika yopanga "atsopano" phulusa monga malasha amapanga zofunikira kuchepetsa m'badwo. Komanso, zomera mphamvu kuti ayenera kuchotsa phulusa landfills kukumana kusintha malamulo zachilengedwe adzatha ntchito ndondomeko ya kusintha kungotaya mankhwala udindo mu mfundo zamtengo wapatali yaiwisi opanga konkire. The STET kupatukana ndondomeko ndi zida chakudya preprocessing kwa kuyanika ndi deagglomerating landfilled ntchentche phulusa ndi njira wokongola kwa phulusa beneficiation ndi mtengo kwambiri m'munsi ndi mpweya wotsika poyerekeza kuyaka ena- ndi machitidwe flotation ofotokoza. ❖
1. American Malasha Ash Malasha kuyaka Zamgululi ndi Ntchito Kafukufuku, HTTP://www.acaausa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports.
2. Internal Report cha ku Switzerland, Aug. 1995.
3. mu, T. X.; Schaefer, J. L.; Ban, H.; Neathery, J. K.; ndipo Stencel, J. M., "Kuuma Beneficiation Processing wa kuyaka Ntchentche Ash,"Zokambirana za Conference Doe pa Unburned Mpweya pa Kagwiritsidwe Ntchentche Ash, Pittsburgh, PA, mulole 19-20, 1998.
4. Baltrus, J. P.; Diehl, J. R.; Soong, Y.; ndipo Sands, W., "Triboelectrostatic Kupatukana wa Ntchentche Ash ndi Lamulira zitasintha,"Mafuta, V. 81, 2002, mas. 757-762.
5. Cangialosi, F.; Notarnicola, M.; Liberti, L.; ndipo Stencel, J., "Ntchito ya Weathering pa Ntchentche Ash Lamulira Kufalitsa pa Triboelectrostatic Beneficiation,"Journal of woopsawo zipangizo, V. 164, 2009, mas. 683-688.
Lewis Baker ndi Manager European zaumisiri Zothandizira cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology (STET) zochokera ku United Kingdom
Abhishek Gupta ndi Njira akatswiri okonza zochokera pa STET woyendetsa zomera ndi malo labu mu Needham, MA.
Stephen Gasiorowski ndi Senior Research Scientist kwa cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology (STET) zochokera ku New Hampshire.
Frank Hrach ndi wotsatila mutsogoleli wa Njira Engineering zochokera pa STET woyendetsa zomera ndi malo labu mu Needham, MA.
| Kagwiritsidwe ndi mphamvu siteshoni | Location | Yambani ntchito malonda | mfundo malo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duke Energy-Roxboro Station | North Carolina | Sept. 1997 | 2 separators |
| Talen Energy-Brandon Shores Station | Maryland | Apr. 1999 | 2 separators 35,000 tani yosungirako mzikiti Ecotherm Bwererani 2008 |
| Shchotash (Lafarge / Scottish Mphamvu olowa ankapitabe)-Longannet Station | Scotland, UK | Oct. 2002 | 1 olekanitsa |
| Jacksonville Zamagetsi Authority- St. Yohane Mtsinje Mphamvu Park, FL | Florida | mulole 2003 | 2 separators Malasha / petcoke zikulumikizana amoniya kuchotsa |
| South Mississippi magetsi Authority R.D. Morrow Station | Mississippi | Jan. 2005 | 1 olekanitsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
| Latsopano Brunswick Mphamvu Company Belledune Station | latsopano Brunswick, Canada | Apr. 2005 | 1 olekanitsa Malasha / petcoke zikulumikizana Ecotherm kubwerera |
| RWE npower Didcot Station | England, The | Aug. 2005 | 1 olekanitsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
| Talen Energy Brunner Island Station | Pennsylvania | Dis. 2006 | 2 separators 40,000 tani yosungirako mzikiti |
| Tampa Zamagetsi Co. Big Bend Station | Florida | Apr. 2008 | 3 separators, awiri chikudutsa 25,000 tani yosungirako mzikiti amoniya kuchotsa |
| OF npower Aberthaw Station (Lafarge simenti UK) | Wales, UK | Sept. 2008 | 1 olekanitsa amoniya kuchotsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
| EDF Energy West Burton Station (Lafarge simenti UK, Cemex) | England, UK | Oct. 2008 | 1 olekanitsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
| ZGP (Lafarge simenti Poland / Ciech Janikosoda JV) | Poland | Mar. 2010 | 1 osiyana |
| Korea South-East Mphamvu Yeongheung mayunitsi 5&6 | Korea South | Sept. 2014 | 1 olekanitsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
| PGNiG-Siekierki Termika | Poland | Maulendo 2016 | 1 olekanitsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
| Kulengeza | Poland | Maulendo 2016 | 1 olekanitsa Ecotherm kubwerera |
