Amoniya Kuchotsa STET Pezani 2015

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Kuchotsa amoniya ku Ntchentche Ash

J. Bittner, S. Gasiorowski, ndipo F. Hrach

kupatukana matekinoloje, LLC 101 nyumba ya Hampton Avenue, Needham, Massachusetts, USA

Mkota

Mwa kundipatsako kwa ntchentche phulusa logwiritsidwa ntchito monga pozzolan mu konkire akhoza kwambiri mwapeza ndi zotsatira za malamulo mpweya khalidwe pa ntchito zofunikira chomera. mwachindunji, analamula kuchepetsedwa mu NOx, particulate, ndipo kenako3 munali milingo aerosol umuna akuyembekezeka amafuna unsembe wa kachitidwe ulamuliro amene angagwiritse ntchito amoniya monga reagent ndi. Malinga ndi msinkhu wa amoniya alipo mpweya flue pa precipitators wagawo, anasonkhana ntchentche phulusa akhoza kwambiri zakhudzana ammonia makamaka ngati salt ammonium sulphate.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC (STET) zachitika ndondomeko imene amachotsa amoniya ku ntchentche phulusa. Dongosololi akuchira 100% wa ntchentche phulusa ankachitira ndi phulusa chifukwa akukumana specifications zonse ntchito simenti. Cha ku Switzerland wa amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko angagwiritsidwe ntchito payekha kapena osakaniza ndi luso kampani mpweya kulekana. The ndondomeko mpweya kupatukana si bwanji ndi kukhalapo la ammonia pa ntchentche phulusa. Njira imeneyi yodziyimira payokha amapereka otsika mtengo njira zochepetsera mwinamwake unusable ntchentche phulusa.

The cha ku Switzerland amoniya kuchotsa dongosolo ikugwira ntchito pa malo awiri mu USA, ndipo wina ku Europe. zimatiyika amoniya wa Popanda kuchitapo kanthu ntchentche phulusa kuti zosiyanasiyana pakati 200 ndi 3000 mg wa NH3 / makilogalamu phulusa (gawo pa miliyoni ndi misa, kapena ppm). The ndondomeko cha ku Switzerland ali bwinobwino yafupika mlingo phulusa amoniya kuti zosakwana 50 mg wa NH3 / makilogalamu phulusa. pa 500,000 matani ntchentche phulusa wakhala anagulitsidwa kwa alimi wokonzeka konkire Kusakaniza kuchokera cha ku Switzerland wa amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko.

Amoniya zakhudzana Ntchentche Ash

Mwa kundipatsako kwa ntchentche phulusa logwiritsidwa ntchito monga pozzolan mu konkire akhoza kwambiri mwapeza ndi zotsatira za malamulo mpweya khalidwe pa ntchito zofunikira chomera.1 mwachindunji, analamula kuchepetsedwa mu NOx , particulate, ndipo kenako3 munali milingo aerosol umuna akuyembekezeka amafuna unsembe wa kachitidwe ulamuliro amene angagwiritse ntchito amoniya monga reagent ndi. Malinga ndi msinkhu wa amoniya alipo mpweya flue pa precipitators electrostatic, anasonkhana ntchentche phulusa akhoza kwambiri zakhudzana ammonia makamaka ngati salt ammonium sulphate 1,2. Pakuti NOx ulamuliro, mlingo flue mpweya wa ammonia chidzamasulidwa kuchuluka la ammonia "slip‿, i.e. unreacted amoniya pano pambuyo SCR kapena SNCR wagawo. Kuchepetsa particulate kapena3 mpweya aerosol, amoniya jekeseni mu flue mafuta isanafike precipitators ndi adzakhala anakaika pa ntchentche phulusa. Mlingo umene izi zimachitika chimadalira CHONCHO3 okhutira, kuuluka phulusa zili sulfure, alkalinity wa ntchentche phulusa, ndende amoniya, ndipo phulusa potsegula mu mpweya flue.

The use of kuuluka phulusa in concrete requires that the fly ash have specific physical and chemical properties3. The katundu pozzolanic wa phulusa adamulowetsa mu konkire ndi mbadwo wa kwambiri zamchere ufulu laimu kwa hydration a simenti ndi. Pamene ntchentche phulusa lili amoniya, amoniya izi anamasula monga mpweya ndi zochita za njira kwambiri zamchere wa simenti. The alkalinity akugwiritsa wa mgwirizano wa ion ammonium mu njira yothetsera amoniya maselo malinga ndi aone kuti pali zotsatirazi:

NH4+(aq) + HA–(aq) ↔ NH3(aq) + H2The

The kusungunuka amoniya maselo mosavuta kumasulidwa ku njira mfulu amoniya gasi.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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Amoniya wamphamvu kununkhiza pawiri kuti amanyamula kumatanthauza barnyards, manyowa ndi mkodzo. A fungo amphamvu la ammonia ndi olakwika sewerolo konkire, womanga ntchito ndi simenti, ndi mtheradi konkire wosuta.4

The yomalizidwa katundu wa simenti si linapuwalanso ntchito amoniya zakhudzana ntchentche phulusa, koma fungo ndi zosavomerezeka, makamaka ngati konkire ntchito mu malo mobisa kapena akachita.5,6,7 Malinga limatchula za malo, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa makope Mpweya, amoniya fungo anapezeka kuti n'ngwokayikitsa pamene ntchito ntchentche phulusa okhala 100 kuti 200 mg wa NH3 / kg (gawo pa miliyoni ndi misa, kapena ppm). Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti palibe vuto kukumana, wa amoniya zili ntchentche phulusa sayenera kuposa 100 ppm2,8.

Komabe, Kuwonjezera la ammonia pa amagetsi m'badwo kungachititse ntchentche zili phulusa amoniya wa 200 kuti 2500 ppm, kuguwa ntchentche phulusa zosavomerezeka ntchito simenti.8 Motero, kuchepetsa mavuto mpweya khalidwe ndi kulamulira mpweya mpweya wa zomera mphamvu kumawonjezera olimba vuto zinyalala ndi kuonjezera NKHA2 mpweya kutentha ndi kuwonjezeka kuchuluka kwa simenti ntchito yopanga konkire. Kuchotsa la ammonia ku ntchentche phulusa kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito simenti angapindule zofunikira mwa kupewa olimba zinyalala, sewerolo konkire, wosuta, ndipo mwini mtheradi ndi kutsitsa mtengo wa katundu ndi kuwonjezeka mankhwala khalidwe, ndi chilengedwe ndi kuchepetsa mpweya umenewu kutentha kwa kupanga simenti.

Kuchuluka kwa ammonia ndi ammonium salt opezeka ntchentche phulusa ndi yokhudza kuchuluka la ammonia alipo mpweya flue. Pakuti lililonse pulverized khala wagawo ntchito kum'mawa bituminous khala ndi mkulu Kutentha kufunika 12,000 BTU / LB (6667 kcal / kg), mpweya flue kuti malasha misa chiŵerengero pafupifupi 8 kuti 9.5. Pamene phulusa zili khala ndi 10%, ndi 80% wa phulusa mu khala ndi kubwezeretsedwanso monga ntchentche phulusa (20% kuti phulusa pansi), mpweya flue / phulusa chiŵerengero pafupifupi 100. Ngati onse a mitundu amoniya alipo flue mpweya adayikidwa kapena adsorbed pa ntchentche phulusa, ndende la ammonia mu phulusa adzakhala pafupifupi 50 nthawi woposa mu flue mpweya pa maziko misa, e.g. ndi amoniya “Pepala” wa 2 ppm ndi buku kukanachititsa ndi phulusa okhala 100 mg wa / kg (ppm ndi wt.) amoniya. miyezo zenizeni zikusonyeza ubwenzi kukhala zolondola.9 Ndende la ammonia pa ntchentche phulusa zimasiyana mwa mayunitsi zikugwira ntchito amadalira phulusa zili khala ndi ntchentche phulusa pansi phulusa chiŵerengero komanso zinthu zina.

Amoniya jekeseni kuti precipitators electrostatic (ESP) kuti bwino ndi kuchepetsa plume Kuwonekera kungachititse milingo kwambiri la ammonia mu ntchentche phulusa. Akukwera mpaka 2500 ppm amoniya mu phulusa apezeka kachitidwe ngati. SNCR ntchito amangoona ntchito ndi woipa amoniya Pepala la 5 kuti 20 ppm, ndi phulusa zakhudzana ndi mlingo wa 200 kuti 1000 ppm amoniya. kachitidwe SCR zambiri tinapangidwa ntchito pa pazipita milingo amoniya Pepala la 2 kapena 5 ppm, malinga ndi mfundo unsembe.10 zambiri, zazikulu NH3/NO× chiŵerengero, zazikulu NO× kuchepetsa umene analandira, ndi apamwamba amoniya Pepala chifukwa. Komabe, Pepala amoniya woposa 2 ppm may result in ash-ammonia contents of greater than 100 ppm, wobala ndi phulusa unmarketable.11 zomera zambiri mphamvu Japan ndi Germany zikugwira ntchito mayunitsi SCR cholinga kwa 2 ppm pazipita Pepala aona sizingatisokoneze pa marketability wa ntchentche phulusa.1,5 Komabe, ena SCR padziko lonse akhala anaikira 5 ppm amoniya Pepala. Machitidwe a mayunitsi pa izi mkulu mlingo Pepala chingandithandize makamaka ku woposa 100 ppm la ammonia pa ntchentche phulusa.

Kulamulira amoniya Pepala kuchepetsa otsika komanso amachepetsa plugging ndi dzimbiri zida pambuyo pake chifukwa mafunsidwe a sulfates ammonium.1,10 Kupewa mpweya preheater plugging chifukwa zodabwitsazi akuyembekezeka kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti ntchito wagawo pamene moto mkulu sulfure, makala US. Motero, kasamalidwe la ammonia Pepala kuchepetsa wagawo azima nthawi adzakhala nkhawa kuposa kulamulira mlingo wa ammonia wa ntchentche phulusa. Chotsatira

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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N'kutheka kuti palibe vuto kwambiri akufotokozera kuti magwiritsidwe wa phulusa pa malo ena zofunikira, malingana ndi winawake ndi ntchito machitidwe ulamuliro umuna.

Njira STET

STET zachitika ndondomeko imene amachotsa amoniya ku ntchentche phulusa.12 Dongosololi akuchira 100% wa ntchentche phulusa ankachitira ndi phulusa chifukwa akukumana specifications zonse ntchito simenti. STET wa amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko angagwiritsidwe ntchito payekha kapena osakaniza ndi luso kampani mpweya kulekana. The ndondomeko mpweya kupatukana si bwanji ndi kukhalapo la ammonia. Njira imeneyi yodziyimira payokha amapereka otsika mtengo njira zochepetsera mwinamwake unusable ntchentche phulusa.

Kuchotsa amoniya monga mpweya ku ntchentche phulusa, ndondomeko STET yagwiritsa ntchito chimodzimodzi lofunika mankhwala anachita kumabweretsa amoniya kutulutsidwa mu konkire. Kumasuka la ammonia ku ntchentche phulusa amafuna kuti ion ammonium

–maselo amoniya mgwirizano kukhala ankatembenukira mu mtima wa amoniya ndi kukhalapo kwa soda. Kuuluka phulusa ndi mwachibadwa mkulu alkalinity sikufunika soda zina. Pakuti phulusa zochepa zamchere, soda aliyense wamphamvu adzatumikira. Gwero yotsika mtengo wa soda ndi laimu (CaO). Zimene salt ammonium ndi laimu kumasula amoniya kwambiri woyanjidwa ndi mankhwala mgwirizano. The mankhwala anachita amapezeka mofulumira kamodzi mankhwala ndi kusungunuka.

Zimene chonse akhoza zowombetsa mkota monga:

(NH4)2CHONCHO4(m) + CaO(m) → 2NH3(ga) + CaSO4(m) + H2The(ga)

Komabe, ndi nthunzi mavuto zolimba ndi otsika kwambiri ndi zotani sanalembedwepo pa mpweya kapena gawo olimba. Ammonium sulphate kwambiri sungunuka m'madzi ndi dissociates kuti ayoni ammonium ndi ayoni sulphate.

(NH4)2CHONCHO4(aq) → 2NH4+(aq) + CHONCHO42-(aq)

Laimu kwambiri wosakhazikika pa kukhudzana ndi madzi, akukondera zimachitika kwambiri exothermic imadziwika monga “slaking”, wobala kashiamu hydroxide kapena hydrated laimu.

CaOm +H2O → Ca(HA)2(m)

The laimu hydrated kokha mouma sungunuka m'madzi, wobala kashiamu ndi ayoni hydroxide.

monga(HA)2(m) ↔ monga2+(aq) + 2 HA–(aq)

Kashiamu sulphate ndi mouma sungunuka, kotero ayoni kashiamu anapangidwa kupezeka ndi Kutha kwa laimu hydrated, iwo kwenikweni kudyedwa ndi mpweya wa sulphate kashiamu.

monga2+(aq) + CHONCHO42-(aq) → CaSO4(m)

Pomaliza, ndi mgwirizano ulipo pakati pa ayoni ammonium ndi amoniya kusungunuka m'madzi.

NH4+(aq) + HA–(aq) ↔ NH3(aq) + H2The

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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mmene ayoni ammonium mtima kuti amoniya maselo chimadalira pH a dongosolo amadzimadzi, apamwamba pH a akukondera mapangidwe amoniya maselo. mgwirizano uwu ndi bwino kudziwika.13

Mbali yaikulu ya ndondomeko STET ndi ntchito wambiri osachepera madzi (1 kuti 4%, amangoona 2%) ndi zedi kochepa wa soda (< 2%). yambiri madzi angawononge ndondomeko, liwiro mlingo wa amoniya kumasulidwa. The pH wa phulusa chifukwa / layimu / madzi osakaniza ayenera kukhala woposa pH 10.0. zedi chochepa kwambiri cha soda akuwonjezeka kutsimikizira pH izi, malingana ndi pH chilengedwe cha phulusa. Childs, ochepera 1% monga(HA)2 chofunika, ngakhale ndi ntchentche phulusa ndi pH mwachibadwa acidic. Kashiamu zochokera alkalis ntchito yomwe imapanga zosinthidwa kochepa wa umagwirira ntchentche phulusa. Dongosololi amachitidwa pa yozungulira kutentha.

Popeza mtengo wa soda ndi mtengo wa atayanika mankhwala ndi ndalama yaikulu opaleshoni ndipo sizing kusanganikirana ndi kuyanika zida ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za mtengo likulu, mosamala kuyeza zofunika reagent kwa phulusa enieni m'pofunika konza moyenera zachuma kwa ndondomekoyi.

The ndondomeko otaya chithunzi cha ntchito yopitirira ya ndondomeko STET kwake Chithunzi 1. ash, madzi ndi soda mu kufanana kulamulidwa ndi metered kuti chosakanizira ndi. Pofuna kutsimikizira kusanganikirana mofulumira ndi yunifolomu kupezeka kwa madzi anawonjezera ndi soda, ndi chosakanizira mkulu mwamphamvu ntchito. The zogona nthawi mu mtundu uwu wa chosakanizira ndi otsika, pa dongosolo la kachiwiri. Amoniya yomweyo anamasulidwa koma kusanduka wathunthu amafuna kuyanjana nthawi ya 3 kuti 4 Mphindi kulola zoyendera Unyinji wa mafuta kuchokera chochuluka phulusa kulola zoyendera Unyinji wa mafuta kuchokera chochuluka phulusa.

Kupeza izi nthawi kusanganikirana atitsimikizira zoyendera wabwino wa amoniya kuchokera chochuluka phulusa, otsika Mwamphamvu chipangizo monga pug mphero ntchito monga chosakanizira yachiwiri. Popeza mnyontho la phulusa ndi otsika, nkhani umayenda mwa chosakanizira ichi monga kwambiri kukwiya ufa wouma. Amoniya mpweya pamodzi onse opanga mkulu ndi otsika liwiro mwina zobwezerezedwanso kwa ikuyambitsa wagawo flue kapena anatembenukira kwa asafe mu awiri- siteji othandizira wagawo.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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chithunzi 1: STET amoniya Kuchotsa Njira mumayenda Chithunzi

The phulusa deammoniated nafota ndi kupereka chuma kudzera drier kung'anima kuchotsa madzi owonjezera. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kochepa wa madzi anawonjezera, madzi amadya mapangidwe hydrated kashiamu sulphate pa anachita ndi sungunuka sulphate mu phulusa, ndi imfa ya madzi pa siteji otsika mwamphamvu kusakaniza, kokha pang'ono madzi ayenera kuchotsedwa ndi drier ndi. Izi minimizes kufunika mphamvu ya kuyanika siteji. Final phulusa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 150ndiF are adequate to produce a completely free-flowing, mankhwala ntchentche phulusa ndi nkhani chinyezi bwino m'munsimu ASTM C 618 mfundo za 3 wt. %.3

The first full-scale application of STET’s ammonia removal process began operating in 2003 pa phulusa processing malo cha ku Switzerland pa Jacksonville Zamagetsi Authority St. Johns Mtsinje Mphamvu Park mu Jacksonville, Florida. Izi malonda lonse ntchito amangomvera mpaka 40 matani pa ola la phulusa zakhudzana, kuchepetsa zili amoniya kuti zosakwana 30 ppm. Amoniya misinkhu mu ukubwera ntchentche phulusa zimasiyanasiyana ~ 200 900 ppm. ndondomeko ndi wangwiro, kutsatira mu 90+% kuchotsa amoniya pansi zoikamo onse mayesero, wobala phulusa bwino pansipa chandamale wathu wa pazipita 50 ppm amoniya. nkhani chinyezi Final ndi <0.3%. Zotsatira nthumwi zalembedwa mu Table 2. pa 250,000 tons of ammonia-contaminated ash has been successfully processed at the Jacksonville facility.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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Table 2: Zotsatira Chitsanzo lonse malonda dongosolo amoniya

Kuuluka phulusa pa Big Bend Station ku Tampa, Florida lavundira ammonia chifukwa jekeseni wa amoniya mu kachitidwe magetsi a ESP kulamulira umuna wa CHONCHO3 aerosol kwaiye dongosolo SCR NOx ulamuliro. Pa zomera zina mphamvu, amoniya kuipitsidwa likugwiritsidwanso ndi SNCR NOx kulamulira ndi ntchito amoniya kumapangitsanso tinthu chopereka mu kachitidwe ESP. Pa Big Bend, amaudindo ntchentche phulusa amoniya kwa mayunitsi ammonia jekeseni osiyanasiyana kuchokera 750 kuti 3360 ppm amoniya. Choncho, ntchentche phulusa anafuna kupanga konkire ayenera kulandira chithandizo ndi cha ku Switzerland amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko.

Kapangidwe ka STET amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko anaika pa Big Bend (chithunzi 2) ndi lachiwiri zonse lonse unsembe ndi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zambiri. Zofunika zida akuchitira ndi bwino kulola ntchito pa amadwala. Kuyanika dongosolo ndi downsized kwa kapangidwe yapita ndipo zikuphatikizapo yobwezeretsanso mpweya otentha kuchepetsa amafuna chonse mphamvu ya dongosolo. Pomaliza, the ammonia released in the process is fed to a two-stage catalytic unit where the collected ammonia gas is converted into nitrogen. Kutentha kwaiye anachita izi anachira ndipo ntchito yothandiza lamulo la mphamvu ya ntchentche phulusa kung'anima kuyanika dongosolo. The use of the two-stage catalytic system results in minimal NOx emissions. Dongosololi akuchira 100% wa ntchentche phulusa ankachitira ndi phulusa chifukwa akukumana specifications zonse ntchito simenti.

Izi malonda lonse ntchito akhoza kusamalira mpaka 52 matani pa ola la phulusa zakhudzana, kuchepetsa zili amoniya kuti zosakwana 75 mg / kg pa. ndondomeko ndi wangwiro, kutsatira mu 97+% kuchotsa amoniya, wobala phulusa bwino pansipa chandamale wathu wa pazipita 100 mg / kg pa amoniya. nkhani chinyezi Final ndi <0.5%.

An STET amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko wakhala ntchito pa RWE npower Aberthaw siteshoni phulusa maofesi processing mu UK kuyambira 2008. Aberthaw anawonjezera amoniya kusintha ESP zosonkhanitsira Mwachangu ndi milingo amoniya pa phulusa lililonse 200 ppm ndi ndondomeko lakonzedwa 500 pazipita ppm.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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chithunzi 2: Amoniya dongosolo kuchotsa pa Big Bend Station, Tampa Florida

Phulusa Mafotokozedwe

The otsika amoniya ntchentche phulusa mankhwala akukumana zofunikira mankhwala ndi thupi la ASTM C 618 muyezo ndi chifukwa katundu konkire zofanana ndi phulusa osati pansi wa amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko. Table Ine akuyerekeza katundu ankaikira phulusa pasiteshoni ina ikuyambitsa pamodzi ndi katundu wa phulusa zomera yafupika zili amoniya ku 250 mg wa / makilogalamu kuti 20 mg wa / makilogalamu ndi mosalekeza cha ku Switzerland ndondomeko. Onani kuti osiyanasiyana zili kashiamu okusayidi anati kwa phulusa wochokera konkuno ndi 1.4 kuti 12%. Kuwonjezera mpaka 1% monga(HA)2 (0.75% monga CaO) chingandithandize kusintha chabe mu kapangidwe phulusa, poonetsa ndi masiyanidwe insignificantly.

Konkire kuyezetsa anachita pa phulusa deammoniated anawasonyeza kukhala wabwino pozzolanic zakuthupi. Compressive mphamvu chitukuko ntchito phulusa izi ndi zabwino kusiyana ndi phulusa unammoniated wochokera konkuno. Pomalizira konkire durability katundu komanso zosiyana, kuphatikizapo bwino kukana dzimbiri, kukana sulphate, permeability mankhwala enaake, ndi laimu shrinkage.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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Table I: Kuwuluka Ash thupi ndi mankhwala katundu.

Chidule

mmene khalidwe labwino ntchentche phulusa adzakhala kusweka ngati zotsatira za NOx kapena particulate umuna kachitidwe mu m'tsogolo umadalira kusankha luso yotentha ndi zofunikira kuchepetsa NOx, mpweya particulate kanthu ndi plume Kuwonekera. Komabe, STET wa amoniya kuchotsa ndondomeko zingagwiritsidwe kuchotsa amoniya ku phulusa zakhudzana, kubala mkulu mtengo ntchito yopanga konkire. Anachira amoniya akhoza zobwezerezedwanso kwa ikuyambitsa wagawo kwa reutilization. This ammonia removal process can be installed as a stand-alone system or can be used in conjunction with STET’s successful fly ash carbon removal system.

1Stewart, B.R., Yosakonzekera Zimene EPA a Recent Mpweya umene Transport Rule, Zokambirana, 1999 Conference on Selective Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Reduction for NOx control, mulole 1999, pp.9-10.

2Sloss, L. L., Hjalmarsson, A-K, khoti, H.N., Campbell, L.M., Stone, D.K., Shareef, G.S., Emmel, T., Naebodi, M., Livengood, C.D., Markussen, J. Asafe oxides Control Technology Zoona Book, Noyes Data Corporation, mas. 94-95, 1992

3“Standard mfundo kwa Malasha Ntchentche Ash ndi yaiwisi kapena Calcined Natural Pozzolan Ntchito monga Maminolo kusakanizikana mu Konkire”, ASTM C 618, American Society kwa kuyezetsa magazi ndi Zida, Philadelphia, PA.

4umalimbikira, R.K., Hill, R., McMurry, R., Thomas, S., A Kuphunzira Impact la ammonia jekeseni pa malonda Ntchentche Ash kuphatikizapo Quality Control Opaleshoni, Zokambirana, 1999 Conference pa Kusankha othandizira ndi Non-othandizira Kuchepetsa kwa NOx ulamuliro, mulole 1999, pp.11-13.

5Kuchokera kumeneko Brugghen, F.W., mlendo, C.H., Van khola Berg, J.W., Kuiper, W.H., Visser, R., Mavuto anakumana Pa Ntchito ammonium zakhudzana Ntchentche Ash. Zokambirana: EPRI / EPA 1995 Olowa yosiyirana pa Station kuyaka NOx Control, mulole 16-19, 1995. Book 4, Gawo 8a, mas. 1-16.

6Van khola Berg, J.W., Cornelissen, H.A.W. ,Mmene otsika NOx matekinoloje pa Ntchentche Ash Quality, Zokambirana: 13TH Yosiyirana mayiko pa Ntchito ndi Management wa Malasha kuyaka Zamgululi, 1999, mas. 29-1 – 29-11.

7Koch, H-J., Prenzel, H., Mayesero pa fungo Zotani kuponyera kwa Screed Konkire – Using a NH3-Contaminated Fly Ash, Konkire Precasting Chomera ndi Technology, Vol 11, 1989 mas. 72-75.

8Fisher, B.C., Blackstock, T. Ntchentche Ash Beneficiation ntchito amoniya anamuvula Njira, 12TH International Symposium on Coal Combustion By-Products Management and Use, 1997 mas. 65-1 – 65-8.

cha ku Switzerland Zida & Technology LLC 101 Nyumba ya Hampton Avenue Needham, MA 02494 Tel: 781-972-2700

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9Larrimore, L., Dodgen, D., Monroe, L., Mapangidwe la ammonia Zotsatirapo pa Ash ndi Kufufuza Njira Kuchotsa, Zokambirana: 13TH Yosiyirana mayiko pa Ntchito ndi Management wa Malasha kuyaka Zamgululi, 1999, mas. 16-1 – 16-15.

10Control wa mpweya nitrogen oxide: Kusankha othandizira Kuchepetsa (SCR), Woyera Malasha Technology, Apakhungu Number Report 9. U.S. Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ndi Kumwera Company Services, Inc. July, 1997.

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