Ammonia Ukususwa STET Update 2015

Needham Technical Centre

Ukususa ammonia kusuka Fly Ash

J. Bittner, S. Gasiorowski, futhi F. Hrach

Ukwahlukana Technologies, LLC 101 Hampton Avenue, Needham, Massachusetts, USA

abstract

I supply impukane umlotha zitholakalele ukusetshenziswa njengendlela pozzolan ukhonkolo kungenzeka kanzima uthintwe imiphumela yemithetho izinga lomoya ku Umbuso isitshalo imisebenzi. Ngokucacile, entengo igunyazwe e Nox, particulate, manje3 equkethe amazinga aerosol ekushayweni kulindeleke ukuba zidinga ukufakwa control izinhlelo okuyinto zingasebenzisa ammonia njengoba reagent. Kuye ezingeni ammonia ekhona igesi flue unit precipitators, eqoqwe impukane umlotha kungenzeka ongcolile-ammonia ngokuyinhloko njengoba ammonium sulfate nosawoti.

ST Izinsiza kusebenza & ubuchwepheshe LLC (STET) lisungule inqubo osusa ammonia kusuka impukane umlotha. Inqubo uyalulama 100% ka impukane umlotha iphathwa kanye umlotha okuholela ihlangabezana yonke imininingwane ukusetshenziswa ukhonkolo. inqubo ST sika ammonia ukususwa ingasetshenziswa kuphela noma lihambisana carbon ngokwahlukana ubuchwepheshe yenkampani. Inqubo-carbon ngokwahlukana ayitsintseki khona ammonia epheshaneni umlotha. Le ndlela Modular inikeza ikhambi aphansi izindleko zokwelapha ngenye engasebenziseki impukane umlotha.

I ST ammonia ukususwa uhlelo isebenza ezindaweni ezimbili e-USA kanti oyedwa kwabathathu-Europe. Amazinga ammonia we ingelashwa impukane umlotha baye ezihlukahlukene ephakathi 200 futhi 3000 mg NH3 / kg umlotha (ingxenye ngayinye million mass, noma ppm). Inqubo ST kuye kwanciphisa ngempumelelo ezingeni umlotha ammonia ukuba ngaphansi kuka 50 mg NH3 / kg umlotha. Ngokuhamba 500,000 amathani impukane umlotha iye kudayiselwa ukuxubana ngomumo abakhiqizi ukhonkolo kusukela ammonia nokususwa inqubo ST sika.

Ammonia Angcolisiwe Fly Ash

I supply impukane umlotha zitholakalele ukusetshenziswa njengendlela pozzolan ukhonkolo kungenzeka kanzima uthintwe imiphumela yemithetho izinga lomoya ku Umbuso isitshalo imisebenzi.1 Ngokucacile, entengo igunyazwe e Nox , particulate, manje3 equkethe amazinga aerosol ekushayweni kulindeleke ukuba zidinga ukufakwa control izinhlelo okuyinto zingasebenzisa ammonia njengoba reagent. Kuye ezingeni ammonia ekhona igesi flue ngesikhathi precipitators electrostatic, eqoqwe impukane umlotha kungenzeka ongcolile-ammonia ngokuyinhloko njengoba ammonium sulfate nosawoti 1,2. Ukuze Nox ukulawula, ezingeni flue igesi ammonia azosethwa ngenxa yemali ammonia "slip‿, i.e. unreacted ammonia samanje emva SCR noma SNCR iyunithi. Ukuze wehlise particulate noma SO3 aerosol kwekhabhoni, ammonia is injected uzongena kule gesi flue ngaphambi precipitators futhi ngeke zibekwe phezu fly umlotha. Izinga le kwenzeka luncike SO3 okuqukethwe, fly umlotha sulphur, ayinayo of the fly umlotha, emakamu ammonia, futhi umlotha ukulayisha ku igesi flue.

The use of fly umlotha in concrete requires that the fly ash have specific physical and chemical properties3. I izakhiwo pozzolanic kuso umlotha ocushiwe ku eziphathekako ngokwenza isizukulwane ane-alikhali kakhulu lime khulula kusuka hydration we usimende. Lapho impukane umlotha iqukethe ammonia, lokhu ammonia is yakhululwa njengoba igesi ngenxa yesenzo ikhambi ane-alikhali bagogoda ukhonkolo. I ayinayo usekhuluma le yakhoibrium of ammonium ion e ikhambi ammonia yamangqamuzana ngokuvumelana kwesibalo ezilandelayo:

NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) ↔ NH3(aq) + H2I

I ziyoncibilika ammonia yamangqamuzana kalula ukhululeka isixazululo njengoba khulula ammonia igesi.

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Ammonia kuyinto ukunuka kwakwakhe eqinile oqhubeka kuhlotshaniswa barnyards, umquba kanye umchamo. A iphunga eqinile ammonia Akuvumelekile umkhiqizi ukhonkolo, inkontileka ukusebenza ukhonkolo, kanye oyinhloko umsebenzisi ukhonkolo.4

I izakhiwo ophelele owenziwa nguJesu ukhonkolo kungukuthi zathiya uma usebenzisa i-ammonia okunobuthi impukane umlotha, kodwa iphunga Akwamukelekile, ikakhulukazi uma ukhonkolo isetshenziswa izikhala komhlaba noma okuvalelwe.5,6,7 Kuye imininingwane indawo, kuhlanganise nenani fresh air kwegazi, ammonia iphunga watholwa njengezisolekayo uma usebenzisa impukane umlotha equkethe 100 ukuze 200 mg NH3 / kg (ingxenye ngayinye million mass, noma ppm). Ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi akukho izinkinga ihlangabezane, okuqukethwe ammonia ezindizayo umlotha kufanele ibe ngaphezu 100 ppm2,8.

Nokho, ukwengeza ammonia at sokuphehla amandla isizukulwane kungaholela impukane okuqukethwe umlotha ammonia ka 200 ukuze 2500 ppm, ekunikeleni impukane umlotha Akwamukelekile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ukhonkolo.8 Ngakho, ukunciphisa izinkinga izinga lomoya ngokulawula amagesi emoyeni izitshalo amandla kwandisa inkinga okuqinile ukulahlwa kwezinto okungalawuliwe futhi kwandisa CO2 abamba ukushisa kwekhabhoni ngokwandisa inani usimende kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. Ukususwa ammonia kusuka impukane umlotha ukuze ingasetshenziswa ukhonkolo eyayiyozuzisa Umbuso ngokugwema okuqinile imfucuza, umkhiqizi ukhonkolo, umsebenzisi, futhi umnikazi oyinhloko ngokufaka wehlise izindleko zokwakha nokukhuphula izinga umkhiqizo, futhi imvelo ngokunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa kusuka ukukhiqizwa usimende.

Inani i-ammonia ne ammonium nosawoti ezitholakala impukane umlotha ihlobene lemali ammonia ekhona igesi flue. Ukuze uthole ejwayelekile ziyacolwa amalahle iyunithi usebenzisa empumalanga amalahle bituminous nge okusezingeni eliphezulu Ukushisa ukubaluleka 12,000 BTU / lb (6667 kcal / kg), igesi flue amalahle mass isilinganiso cishe 8 ukuze 9.5. Lapho okuqukethwe umlotha we amalahle yiwo 10%, futhi 80% kuso umlotha e ilahle ayabuya njengoba fly umlotha (20% ukuze umlotha phansi), igesi flue / umlotha isilinganiso cishe 100. Uma zonke kwezinhlobo ammonia ekhona igesi flue abangu imali noma adsorbed epheshaneni umlotha, lokuhlushwa i-ammonia ku umlotha kungaba cishe 50 izikhathi kunelawo igesi flue nsuku mass, isb. i-ammonia “ukushelela” ka 2 ppm by volume kuyophumela i umlotha equkethe 100 mg / kg (ppm by wt.) ammonia. izilinganiso kwangempela ukukhombisa lokhu ubuhlobo ukuba lesifanele.9 Ubuningi ammonia ku impukane umlotha kuzohluka phakathi amayunithi ezisebenza sincike okuqukethwe umlotha we zamalahle impukane umlotha kuya phansi umlotha isilinganiso kanye nezinye izinto.

Ammonia umjovo precipitators electrostatic (ESP) ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi kuncishiswe fu elinobuthi opacity kungaholela amazinga aphezulu kakhulu ammonia e impukane umlotha. Amazinga kuze kufinyelele 2500 ammonia ppm umlotha eziye zatholakala izinhlelo ezifana. SNCR imisebenzi ngokuvamile usebenza i-ammonia ukushelela lokuhlala 5 ukuze 20 ppm, umlotha ethintekile ukuze izinga 200 ukuze 1000 ammonia ppm. SCR izinhlelo ngokuvamile zenzelwe sokuqhuba esiphezulu amazinga ammonia ukushelela 2 noma 5 ppm, kuye imininingwane yalolu ukufakwa.10 ngokuvamile, aba maningi NH3/CHAx isilinganiso, aba maningi CHAx ukunciphisa okuyinto izotholwa, nge ephakeme ammonia ukushelela okuholela. Nokho, ammonia ukushelela mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 2 ppm kungaholela okuqukethwe umlotha-ammonia ka mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 100 ppm, zokukhiqiza umlotha unmarketable.11 izitshalo eziningi amandla eJapane futhi eJalimane ezisebenza SCR amayunithi lwenzelwe 2 ppm ukushelela esiphezulu babone akuthonye amathuba okudingeka kwekhono ezindizayo umlotha.1,5 Nokho, ezinye sika SCR emhlabeni wonke ziye eyenzelwe 5 ppm ammonia ukushelela. Ukusebenza zalamaqembu.I ngalesi ukushelela ezingeni eliphezulu cishe kunazo umphumela mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 100 ppm ammonia epheshaneni umlotha.

Ukulawula ammonia ukushelela emazingeni aphansi futhi kunciphisa wokufaka futhi ukugqwala of imishini esezansi ngenxa sebethule ammonium sulfate.1,10 Ukugwema emoyeni preheater wokufaka ngenxa lesi simanga okulindeleke ukuba ibe okubaluleke nakakhulu iyunithi opharetha lapho umlilo nesibabule okusezingeni eliphezulu, US amalahle. Ngakho, ukuphathwa ammonia ukushelela ukunciphisa iyunithi kokulungisa isikhathi kuyoba ukukhathalela okukhulu kuka ukulawula i-ammonia ezingeni ezindizayo umlotha. Umphumela

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Kungenzeka ukuthi akunankinga abalulekile eba ngoba ukusetshenziswa umlotha ezinye amasayithi Umbuso, kuncike design ethize kanye nokusebenza izinhlelo zokulawula ukuphuma.

Inqubo STET

STET lisungule inqubo osusa ammonia kusuka impukane umlotha.12 Inqubo uyalulama 100% ka impukane umlotha iphathwa kanye umlotha okuholela ihlangabezana yonke imininingwane ukusetshenziswa ukhonkolo. inqubo STET sika ammonia ukususwa ingasetshenziswa kuphela noma lihambisana carbon ngokwahlukana ubuchwepheshe yenkampani. Inqubo-carbon ngokwahlukana ayitsintseki khona ammonia. Le ndlela Modular inikeza ikhambi aphansi izindleko zokwelapha ngenye engasebenziseki impukane umlotha.

Ukuze ususe ammonia njengoba igesi kusukela impukane umlotha, inqubo STET isebenzisa okufanayo eliyisisekelo chemical yokusabela eholela ammonia ukukhululwa in ukhonkolo. Liberation ammonia kusuka impukane umlotha kudinga ukuthi ion ammonium

–yamangqamuzana ammonia yakhoibrium kube sigudluke esivuna ammonia khona alikhali. Fly umlotha nge ngokwemvelo ayinayo okusezingeni eliphezulu abawudingi alikhali ezengeziwe. Ukuze kancane umlotha ane-alikhali, iyiphi alikhali eqinile uyokhonza. Umthombo eshibhe kunazo alikhali kuyinto lime (Cao). Basabela kanjani ammonium nosawoti ngomcako kokukhulula ammonia kakhulu eyayithandwa yakhoibrium chemical. Ukusabela chemical kwenzeka ngokushesha uma compounds kuthiwa yahlakazeka.

Ukusabela jikelele kungenziwa generalized njengoba:

(NH4)2SO4(s) + Cao(s) → 2NH3(g) + caso4(s) + H2I(g)

Nokho, izingcindezi umusi we ukudla okuqinile sibuthaka kakhulu futhi ukusabela akakwazi zenzeka igesi noma isigaba okuqinile. Ammonium sulfate kakhulu oncibilikayo emanzini futhi dissociates ukuba ammonium ion futhi sulfate ion.

(NH4)2SO4(aq) → 2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

Lime kakhulu engazinzile ku ukuchayeka amanzi, besekela yokusabela exothermic kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi “slaking”, esikhiqiza calcium hydroxide noma lime hydrated.

Caos +H2O → Ca(OH)2(s)

I lime hydrated kuphela kancane oncibilikayo emanzini, esikhiqiza calcium ion hydroxide.

njengoba(OH)2(s) ↔ njengoba2+(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)

Calcium sulfate futhi kancane oncibilikayo, ngakho ngokuthi ama-calcium ion zenziwa zitholakale Ukuqedwa lime hydrated, basuke ngokuyinhloko sokudliwa kwezulu-calcium sulfate.

njengoba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → caso4(s)

Ekugcineni, lizama ukuzivumelanisa ukhona phakathi ammonium ion kanye ammonia ziyoncibilika emanzini.

NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) ↔ NH3(aq) + H2I

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Izinga ammonium ion eziguqulelwa ammonia yamangqamuzana luncike pH uhlelo aqueous, ephakeme pH sika besekela kumiswa ammonia yamangqamuzana. Lokhu yakhoibrium eyaziwayo.13

Isici esiyinhloko salelo inqubo STET ukusetshenziswa eliningi esiphansi amanzi (1 ukuze 4%, ngokuvamile 2%) namanani sakugcina alikhali (< 2%). esiningi amanzi elimazako inqubo, okwehlisa izinga ammonia ukukhululwa. PH ash okuholela / eluhlaza / amanzi ingxube kufanele ibe ngaphezu pH 10.0. izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu alikhali kunezelwa futhi ngiqinisekisa pH, kuncike pH kwemvelo umlotha. ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwe 1% njengoba(OH)2 iyadingeka, ngisho ne impukane umlotha nge pH ngokwemvelo esidi. alkalis based Calcium ezisetshenziswa yi e ekuguqulweni sakugcina chemistry impukane umlotha. Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa ngaso ezingeni lokushisa elifanele.

Njengoba izindleko alikhali futhi izindleko iphele umkhiqizo kukhona ezinkulu izindleko yokusebenza sizing ukuxuba nokwesula imishini kuyizinto ezinkulu zohlelo dolobha izindleko, ekulinganiseni ngokucophelela izimfuneko reagent okwesikhathi umlotha ethize kuyadingeka ukuze nokwandisa sezomnotho inqubo.

Inqubo ukugeleza idayagramu for ukusebenza okuqhubekayo yenqubo STET uvezwa Figure 1. Ash, amanzi kanye alikhali ngezabelo ebuswa alinganisiwe ukuba mixer. Ukuze siqinisekise kuhlangana ngokushesha futhi ukuhlakazwa umfaniswano amanzi kungezwa alikhali, mixer umfutho high isetshenziswa. Isikhathi yokuhlala kulolu hlobo mixer sincane kakhulu, ku-oda yesibili eyodwa. Ammonia ngokushesha ukukhululwa kodwa kwemvelo ephelele idinga izikhathi ukuxuba 3 ukuze 4 imizuzu ukuvumela ukuthutha mass igesi kusukela omningi walo umlotha ukuze uvumele ezokuthutha mass igesi kusukela omningi walo umlotha.

Ukuze uthole kulokhu kuhlangana futhi samqinisekisa ezokuthutha ezinhle ammonia kusuka omningi walo umlotha, ephansi umfutho idivayisi ezifana isigayo Pug isetshenziswa njengoba mixer yesibili. Njengoba okuqukethwe umswakama ash sincane kakhulu, okokusebenza kugeleza le mixer njengoba powder ningakhathazeki kakhulu ezomile. Ammonia igesi eqoqwe kokubili high and low isivinini labathaki bamafutha kungenzeka kabusha kuya Generating iyunithi flue noma ekuguqulweni kwazo zisetshenziselwe nitrogen ngendlela ezimbili- isigaba iyunithi okhanda amanye amathuba.

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Figure 1: STET ammonia Ukususwa Inqubo Flow Umdwebo

Udaka deammoniated womile by ukudlulisa izinto ngokusebenzisa uya woma flash ukususa amanzi okweqile. Ngenxa namanzi ayimbijana wanezela, amanzi kudliwe kumiswa hydrated calcium sulfate phezu ukuphendula sulfate oncibilikayo ash, futhi ukulahlekelwa amanzi phakathi esiteji umfutho ongaphakeme ukuxuba, okuncane kuphela lamanzi kufanele isuswe uya woma. Lokhu kunciphisa yamandla adingekayo kwesiteji omiswe. Final okushisa umlotha cishe 150leF kukhona eyanele ukukhiqiza khulula ogeleza ngokuphelele, umkhiqizo impukane umlotha nge okuqukethwe umswakama kahle ngezansi ASTM C 618 Isenzo sokunqophisa 3 wt. %.3

I full-scale isicelo sokuqala inqubo STET sika ammonia ukususwa saqala ukusebenza 2003 ngesikhathi ST sika umlotha ukucutshungulwa luhlobo ngesikhathi Jacksonville Electric Authority St. Johns River Amandla Park Jacksonville, Florida. Lo msebenzi yezomnotho izibambo kuze kufinyelele 40 amathani ihora umlotha enobuthi ngayinye, ukunciphisa okuqukethwe ammonia ukuba ngaphansi kuka 30 ppm. Ammonia amazinga engenayo impukane umlotha kuhluka ~ 200 kuya 900 ppm. Inqubo negalelo kakhulu, Imiphumela 90+% ammonia ukususwa ngaphansi zonke izilungiselelo Isivivinyo, esikhiqiza umlotha kahle ngezansi target ethu esiphezulu 50 ammonia ppm. okuqukethwe umswakama Final kukhona <0.3%. Imiphumela Omele ahlelwe kuThebula 2. Ngokuhamba 250,000 amathani umlotha ammonia elinegciwane icutshungulwe ngempumelelo kuleso sikhungo Jacksonville.

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Ithebula 2: Ejwayelekile yezomnotho ammonia uhlelo Imiphumela

Fly umlotha e-Big Bend uphethiloli e Tampa, Florida ingcoliswe ammonia ngenxa umjovo ammonia ku ESP izinhlelo amandla isitshalo ukuze ulawule ekushayweni SO3 aerosol eyenziwe SCR Nox indawo elawula uhlelo. Ngezinye izitshalo amandla, ammonia ukungcoliswa futhi kwenzeka nge SNCR Nox ukulawula kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-ammonia ukuthuthukisa iqoqo kuyizinhlayiyana e ESP izinhlelo. Ngezinye Big Bend, amazinga impukane umlotha ammonia ngoba amayunithi-ammonia umjovo basukela 750 ukuze 3360 ammonia ppm. Ngenxa yalokho, fly umlotha senzelwe ukukhiqizwa ukhonkolo kufanele kuthathwe yi ST ammonia nokususwa inqubo.

Umklamo we STET ammonia nokususwa inqubo efakwe Big Bend (Figure 2) kuyinto ukufakwa yesibili egcwele esikalini futhi kuhlanganisa ukuhluzwa eziningi. Material handling imishini kuyathuthuka ukuvumela ukusebenza ngamazinga aphezulu. Uhlelo omiswe is kokuncane kusuka esakhiweni sangaphambili futhi kuhlanganisa kabusha amagesi esishisayo ukunciphisa jikelele yamandla adingekayo kohlelo. Okokugcina, ammonia eyakhishwa ngo inqubo sidla a ezimbili isigaba iyunithi okhanda amanye amathuba lapho eqoqwe ammonia igesi iguqulwe ibe nitrogen. Ukushisa eyenziwe okunjena ayabuya futhi wasebenzisa ukwelekelela imfuneko zamandla impukane umlotha uhlelo flash omiswe. Ukusetshenziswa ezimbili isigaba ohlelweni okhanda amanye amathuba kuphumela sakugcina Nox kwekhabhoni. Inqubo uyalulama 100% ka impukane umlotha iphathwa kanye umlotha okuholela ihlangabezana yonke imininingwane ukusetshenziswa ukhonkolo.

Lo msebenzi yezomnotho Ungasingatha kuze kufinyelele 52 amathani ihora umlotha enobuthi ngayinye, ukunciphisa okuqukethwe ammonia ukuba ngaphansi kuka 75 mg / kg. Inqubo negalelo kakhulu, Imiphumela 97+% ammonia ukususwa, esikhiqiza umlotha kahle ngezansi target ethu esiphezulu 100 mg / ammonia kg. okuqukethwe umswakama Final kukhona <0.5%.

Kuvele STET ammonia nokususwa inqubo luqhubeka ngesikhathi RWE npower Aberthaw esiteshini umlotha ukucutshungulwa izindawo e-UK kusukela 2008. Aberthaw unezela ammonia ukuthuthukisa ESP iqoqo kahle nge amazinga ammonia phezu umlotha ejwayelekile 200 ppm futhi inqubo yakhelwe 500 ppm esiphezulu.

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Figure 2: Ammonia uhlelo ukususwa at Big Bend Station, Tampa Florida

I Umkhiqizo Ash

I ongaphakeme ammonia impukane umlotha umkhiqizo ihlangabezana zonke izidingo chemical nabonakalayo ASTM C 618 ejwayelekile kanye okuholela ukhonkolo izakhiwo ncamashí nomlotha hhayi ngaphansi ammonia nokususwa inqubo. Ithebula mina eqhathanisa izakhiwo ejwayelekile umlotha komunye esiteshini Generating kanye izakhiwo ash isitshalo kwehliswa ammonia okuqukethwe kusukela 250 mg / kg 20 mg / kg yi okuqhubekayo ST inqubo. Qaphela ukuthi uhla calcium oxide okuqukethwe okuqhubekisela umlotha lokhu umthombo 1.4 ukuze 12%. Ukwengeza kuze kufinyelele 1% njengoba(OH)2 (0.75% i-CAO) kuzoholela ushintsho oluncane kuphela chemistry umlotha, ukunabisa kokuhlukana insignificantly.

ukuhlolwa Ukhonkolo ukwenziwa ash deammoniated tshengisa it ukuba impahla esihle pozzolanic. Compressive ukuthuthukiswa amandla ngokusebenzisa le umlotha kufana noma ungcono umlotha unammoniated kulomthombo. Eside ukhonkolo ukuqina izakhiwo nazo kakhulu, kuhlanganise ngcono ukumelana ukugqwala, ukumelana sulfate, chloride permeability, nomcako ukuncipha.

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Ithebula mina: Fly Ash Physical futhi Chemical Properties.

Okufingqiwe

Izinga izinga ezinhle impukane umlotha kuyokwenziwa sengozini ngenxa Nox noma particulate ekushayweni izinhlelo esikhathini esizayo kuxhomeke ubuchwepheshe izinqumo ezenziwa Izinsiza ukunciphisa Nox, particulate ndaba kwekhabhoni fu elinobuthi opacity. Nokho, inqubo STET sika ammonia ukususwa lingasetshenziswa ukususa ammonia kusuka umlotha enobuthi, ekukhiqizeni high value impahla ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. ammonia Itholiwe kungenziwa kabusha kuya Generating Iyunithi reutilization. Le nqubo ammonia ukususwa ingafakwa njengoba uhlelo azimele wodwa noma ingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela yimpumelelo impukane umlotha uhlelo STET sika-carbon ukususwa.

1Stewart, B.R., Imiphumela ongahlosiwe kwakamuva Ozone Ezokuthutha Rule EPA sika, iziNyathelo, 1999 INgqungquthela okukhethwayo Ukuncipha Catalytic and Non-Catalytic ngoba Nox ukulawula, May 1999, pp.9-10.

2Sloss, L.L., Hjalmarsson, A-K, enkantolo, H.N., Campbell, L.M., Stone, D.K., Shareef, G.S., Emmel, T., Maibodi, M., Livengood, C.D., Markussen, J. Nitrogen oxides Control Technology Iqiniso Book, Noyes Data Corporation, kk. 94-95, 1992

3“Ukucaciswa Standard for yamalahle Fly Ash futhi Raw noma Calcined Yemvelo Pozzolan Zokusetshenziswa njengoba amaminerali admixture e Ukhonkolo”, ASTM C 618, American Society zokuhlola namathuluzi, Philadelphia, PA.

4majors, R.K., Hill, R., McMurry, R., Thomas, S., A Study of the Umphumela ammonia Injection ku izothandwa Fly Ash kuhlanganise Quality Control Izinqubo, iziNyathelo, 1999 INgqungquthela okukhethwayo Catalytic futhi Non-Catalytic Kwezintela Nox ukulawula, May 1999, pp.11-13.

5Kusuka lapho Brugghen, F.W., isivakashi, C.H., Van den Berg, J.W., Kuiper, W.H., Visser, R., Izinkinga nazo Phakathi Ukusetshenziswa ammonium okunobuthi Fly Ash. iziNyathelo: EPRI / Epa 1995 Joint Symposium on uphethiloli amandla omlilo Nox Control, May 16-19, 1995. Incwadi 4, Session 8a, kk. 1-16.

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